12. People have been talking about picture phones for years, but they've never ________ ________. 13. The boss ________ me ________ ________ the new strategy. 14. If you're not busy, would you like to ________ ________ for a while? We could watch TV or play cards. 15. The crooks tried to steal a 747 by pretending to be pilots, but they couldn't ________ it ________. 16. I finished my letter, but I can't ________ it ________ because I'm out of toner. 35. FOCUS ON: gerund phrasal verbs In Section 10 we looked at gerunds as the objects of phrasal verbs. Now we will look at phrasal verbs as gerunds themselves. Like ordinary verbs, gerund phrasal verbs can be the subject of a sentence: Narrowing down the list will be difficult. subject the object of a sentence: We discussed narrowing down the list. object or the object of a preposition: We talked about narrowing down the list. object of preposition How and when phrasal verbs can be separated is unaffected by their use as gerunds: Narrowing it down will be difficult. We discussed narrowing it down. We talked about narrowing it down. 264 Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle fool around fool around & fools around fooling around fooled around fooled around 1. fool around p.v. When you waste time playing or doing silly or unimportant things, you fool around. Goof around is the same as fool around. My son is lazy. He spends his time fooling around instead of looking for a job. My boss said, "I'm not paying you to fool around — get to work!" 1. fool around (with) p.v. When you fool around with something, you do something that may be dangerous or foolish. Fooling around with drugs is pretty stupid. You shouldn't fool around with the insides of your computer unless you know what you're doing. 3. foot around (with) p.v. [informal] When two people fool around or fool around with each other, they have sexual relations, even though one or both of them may be married to someone else or even though their families or society may not approve. Sally's father caught her and Jim fooling around in the basement. Her husband's been fooling around with his secretary, and everyone in town knows it. go by go by & goes by going by went by gone by 1. go by p.v. When people go by a place or thing, they pass near that place or thing. When a thing goes by or goes by you, it passes near you. We watched the parade go by. I went by Jim's house to see if his car was in the driveway. 2. go by p.v. When you go by a place, you go there so that you can do something or get something. Let's go by Paul's house to get his tools before we work on your car. You can forget about going by the dry cleaner to pick up your stuff— it's closed. 3. go by p.v. When a period of time goes by, it passes. / can't believe that thirty years have gone by since I got out of high school. As time went by, Betty moved up in the company until she was the head of the finance department. 4. go by p.v. When you go by a policy or standard, you use it as a reference or a guide in making decisions and determining your behavior. When you go by the book, you follow rules, policies, or laws exactly. Going by the book has always been my policy. Jim told me to do one thing, and Tom told me to do another, but since Tom is the boss, I'm going to go by what he says. 5. go by p.v. When you go by a clock, you use it to tell the time. Don't go by the clock on the wall; it's fast. Go by the clock on the desk. No wonder I'm always late for work — the clock I've been going by is ten minutes slow. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle hold against hold against & holds against holding against held against held against 1. hold .against p.v. When you hold things against people, you continue to blame them for something and continue to be upset about it. Ten years ago I got a promotion that Ned thought he deserved, and he's held it against me ever since. Jane tost her job because of a mistake Bob made, but she doesn't hold it against him. leave behind leave behind & leaves behind leaving behind left behind left behind 1. leave . behind p.v. When you leave someone or something behind, you go to a different place. The explorers left the mountains behind and entered the jungle. The enemy soldiers retreated and left behind a city in ruins. 2. leave . behind p.v. When you leave something or someone behind, you do not take them with you because you forgot or because you cannot or do not want to take them. We packed too much luggage for our trip, so we had to leave some things behind. Leaving our children behind at a gas station was pretty dumb. 3. leave . behind p.v. When you move, learn, or work faster than others in your group, you leave them behind. My husband walks so fast that he always leaves me behind. If you don't start working harder, you're going to be left behind. Mark was so good at calculus that he soon left the rest of the class behind. live with live with & lives with living with lived with lived with 1. live with p.v. When you live with someone, you live at the same address. When you say that one person lives with a person of the opposite sex, you mean that they live in the same place but are not married. Living with my in-laws is driving me crazy. Mike's been living with his girlfriend for five years. Are they ever going to get married? 2. live with p.v. When you live with a disease or other problem, you endure or put up with it. 266 Living with this disease is not easy. t can't change the situation, so I'll just have to learn to live with it. 3. live with p.v. When you live with shame, guilt, or a painful memory, you continue with your life in spite of the shame, guilt, or painful memory. Jake committed suicide rather than live with the shame of what he had done. He said he couldn't go on living with the knowledge that he had caused the death of 14 innocent people. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle make of make of & makes of making of made of made of 1. make of p.v. What you make of something is your understanding or opinion of it. So what did you make of the prime minister's speech? What he said was so strange that I didn't know what to make of it. narrow down narrow down & narrows down narrowing down narrowed down narrowed down 1. narrow . down p.v. When you narrow down things or people in a list or group, you remove some of them so that the number of things or people is reduced. All the candidates for the job have excellent qualifications. Narrowing the list down won't be easy. The detective narrowed the suspects down to the butler, the cook, and the maid. trick into trick into & tricks into tricking into tricked into tricked into 1. trick . into p.v. When you trick people into doing something, you persuade them to do something by fooling or deceiving them. Con into is similar to trick into. The con artist tricked them into giving him their life savings. I was an idiot to let Hank trick me into selling him my car for so little money. EXERCISE 35a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. 1. The man who was killed in the accident ________ a wife and three children ________. 2. The prosecutor ________ Jake ________ admitting his guilt. 3. I took a job in Japan, and six years ________ ________ before I returned to the United States. 4. Paul's been ________________ his parents since his house burned down. 267 5. There were fifty contestants at the beginning of the contest, but the judges ________ it ________ to five finalists. 6. Look at this strange letter I received. Read it and tell me what you ________ ________it. 7. I was my parents'favorite, and my brother still________it________me. 8. Frank's wife filed for divorce after she learned that he was ________ ________ with her best friend. 9. The train always blows its whistle when it ________ ________. 10. ________ ________ diabetes means carefully monitoring your blood sugar. 11. .________ your friends and family ________ when you emigrate to a new country is very difficult. 12. Todd failed the test because he _______ _______ all evening instead of studying. 13. Sergeant Jones was very strict when he was in the Army. He always ________ ________ the book. 14. Don't let your kids ________ ________ with cigarette lighters; they might start a fire. 15. How can you ________ ________ yourself after the terrible thing you did? 16. Melanie has my biology book, so on the way to school I need to ________ ________ her house to get it. 17. Mike wasn't ready for the advanced algebra class, and he was quickly ________ ________ by the rest of the class. 18. I ______ ______ my wristwatch — not the wall clock — because it's more accurate. EXERCISE 35b — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs from this section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. 1. Her disease is incurable, so unfortunately she'll just have to learn to endure it. What will she have to do? 2. Jim and I worked on a project together, but Jim told everyone that he did all the work, and I'm still angry about it. How do I feel about what Jim did? 268 3. Sally and her sister's husband go to a motel sometimes during their lunch hour. What are they doing? 4. My father has a lot of horrible memories from the war. What does he have to do with them? 5. Bill made a list of cities that he might move to, and then he eliminated those that are too cold or have high crime rates. What did Bill do to his list of cities? 6. When the boss isn't in the office, you just play computer games and make personal phone calls. What do you do when the boss isn't in the office? 7. Hank told his sister that he needed money for his wife's doctor bills, but he really wanted money to buy drugs. What did Hank do to his sister? 8. The scientist asked her colleague his opinion of the test results. What did the scientist ask her colleague about the test results? 9. A police car passed me while I was driving. What did the police car do? 10. Susie's parents are going to take a vacation without her. What are Susie's parents going to do to her? 11. The last year passed quickly. What did the last year do? EXERCISE 35c — Write eight original sentences using phrasal verbs from this section. Try to make all the phrasal verbs gerunds and to use them as subjects, objects, or objects of prepositions. 1. __________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________ 5.______________________________________________________ 6. ______________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________ 8. ______________________________________________________ 269 EXERCISE 35d, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one. break up, 28 flip out, 29 lie around, 20 stand for, 34 come apart, 29 float around, 34 luck out, 29 stay up, 20 do over, 34 hang around, 20 mess up, 28 stick around, 34 end up, 20 lead up to, 34 run across, 29 take back, 34 1. The robber was only three feet away when he fired the gun at me, but the gun jammed and didn't fire. I really________________. 2. Nancy said being sick wasn't so bad. She ________ ________ in bed all day watching TV and eating ice cream. 3. I'll ________________ if you drop my new camera in the swimming pool. 4. Dan's daughter was very sick last night, so Dan ________ ________ all night with her. 5. This is outrageous! I will not ________ ________ dishonesty in my company. 6. I told Mark that I would never speak to him again if he didn't ________ ________ the nasty things he said. 7. If you're looking for Hank, go to the bar on the corner. That's where he ________ ________. 8. A number of minor events will ______ ______ ______ the main event. 9. I had a very busy day planned, but I got a flat tire and that ________ ________ everything. 10. My boss is a jerk! I worked for three days on this, and just because he found one mistake he made me ________ it ________. 11. Sam has been very depressed since he ________ ________ with his girlfriend. 12. Have you seen the dictionary? It's ________ ________ the office somewhere, but I can't find it. 13. Don't stand on that chair — it's ________ ________. 14. Do you really have to leave now? Why don't you ________ ________ for a while. 270 15. Bill was talking about moving to Florida or Hawaii, but I'm not sure where he finally ________ ________. 16. Someone told me that Sarah is in town, but I haven't ______ _______ her yet. 36. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs with the particle down The particle down is used in many phrasal verbs and has many meanings. Down can be used to say that something literally moves from a higher position to a lower position or from north to south: Bob went down the ladder. His friends came down from Canada. Sit down; dinner is ready. that something decreases in size, intensity, quantity, or quality: Her fever has gone down to 100 degrees. The doctor gave her a sedative to calm her down. We've narrowed the list down to three choices. that something or someone is fought, defeated, or overpowered: Hank backed down when he saw my shotgun. The police cracked down on street crime. that something falls to the ground: The boy was running and fell down. The warehouse burned down. Open the door or I'll break it down! or that a process or activity is ending or has ended: My car broke down on the highway. The FBI tracked down the spy. The campaign is winding down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle back down back down & backs down backing down backed down backed down 1. backdown p.v. When one side in a disagreement stops making threats and lets the other have what it wants or do what it wants, the side that stops making threats backs down. The dictator didn't back down after the United Nations Security Council voted in favor of sending in troops. The police officer tried to force me to pay him a bribe, but when I said I would report him to the chief of police, he backed down. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle calm down calm down & calms down calming down calmed down calmed down 1. calm . down p.v. When you calm down, you become less active, nervous, or upset. When you calm other people down, you do something to make them less active, nervous, or upset. Settle down is similar to calm down. I was very nervous about the test, but I calmed down when I saw how easy it was. Mike tried to calm his sister down after she had a fight with her husband. 2. calm . down p.v. When a confused or violent situation becomes less confused or violent, it calms down. When you calm a confused or violent situation down, you make it less confused or violent and more calm. Settle down is similar to calm down. The neighborhood where the riot occurred calmed down after the army started patrolling the streets. A conference between the two sides was organized to try to calm the situation down. fall down fall down & falls down falling down fell down fallen down 1. fall down p.v. When people or things fall to the ground from a higher position, they fall down. I slipped on some ice on the sidewalk and fell down. All the dishes on that shelf will fall down if there's another earthquake. go down go down & goes down going down went down gone down 1. go down (to) p.v. When you move to a lower level or position or from north to south, you go down or go down to that place. Go up is the opposite of go down. Toronto is too cold, so we usually go down to Mexico in the winter. Going down the mountain was a lot easier than going up. 2. go down (to) p.v. When the cost, rate, quality, quantity, or level of something decreases, it goes down. Go up is the opposite of go down. The temperature went down to zero last night. The crime rate in New York City has gone down. 3. go down (to) p.v. When something extends to a certain point that is farther south or at a lower elevation, it goes down to that point. Go up is the opposite of go down. How far south does this road go down? Does this road go down to the south side of town? After dinner we went down to the basement and played ping pong. 272 4. go down p.v. When something goes down in a certain way, people react to or perceive it in this way. The new no smoking policy didn't go down very well with the smokers in the office. The judge's decision went down well with the prosecutor. 5. go down p.v. When a computer or computer network stops working because of a problem or because it has been disconnected, it goes down. I couldn't withdraw any money at the bank because its computers had gone down. If your computer terminal goes down, you can use the one in the next office. 6. go down p.v. When the sun goes below the horizon, it goes down. After the sun goes down, it'll get a little cooler. The sun went down at 8:34 last night. Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle lay down lay down & lays down laying down laid down laid down 1. lay . down (on) p.v. When you lay something down, you put it on a horizontal surface. Put down is similar to lay down. Marsha laid the tray down. The police ordered Jake to lay down his gun and surrender. 2. lay down p.v. When you lay down a new law, policy, rule, and so on, you create and announce it. The IRS laid down several new tax regulations. Congress decided against laying down any new campaign financing laws. put down put down & puts down putting down put down put down 1. put .down p.v. When you put something down, you put something in your hand or something that you are carrying on a horizontal surface. The suitcase was so heavy that I had to put it down and rest for a minute. Susie, put that knife down. It's dangerous! 2. put . down p.v. When you put people down, you criticize them. Jim hates his stepfather and puts him down constantly. I'm not inviting Sam to any more parties. I hate the way he puts everyone down. put-down n, A put-down is an insult or critical remark. At the party Sam asked Nancy if she had made her dress from an old curtain. What a put-down! 3. put . down (on) p.v. When you put money down or put money down on something, you pay a portion of the cost of something you want to buy to be sure that it will still be available to you when you are able to pay the rest of the cost. 273 [...]... marijuana in my daughter's purse, I sat her down and had a serious talk with her The detective sat Hank down and began to interrogate him EXERCISE 36a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense 1 Heather thinks she's so high-class She other people all the time 2 The situation after the cease-fire was declared 3 The sun comes... mechanic laid down (her tools, them) 3 I put down (my books, them) 4 The taxi ran down (the traffic cop, him) EXERCISE 36c — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs, participle adjectives, and nouns from this section Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense 1 The car dealer reviewed the list of the car's options with me What did the car dealer do? 2 In Question 1,what did the car dealer... basement yet? I told you I'm tired of looking at this junk! 15 There's nothing in the room It's all EXERCISE 36e, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from previous sections Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense To check their meanings, review the section number given after each one blow up, 33 come about, 33 make of, 35 pull off, 33 care for, 31 do without, . 35. FOCUS ON: gerund phrasal verbs In Section 10 we looked at gerunds as the objects of phrasal verbs. Now we will look at phrasal verbs as gerunds themselves 35c — Write eight original sentences using phrasal verbs from this section. Try to make all the phrasal verbs gerunds and to use them as subjects, objects,