QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF RUMINANT DIGESTION AND METABOLISM Second Edition This page intentionally left blank QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF RUMINANT DIGESTION AND METABOLISM Second Edition Edited by J Dijkstra Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen University The Netherlands J.M Forbes Centre for Animal Sciences University of Leeds UK and J France Centre for Nutrition Modelling University of Guelph Canada CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CAB International Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: ỵ44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: ỵ44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org CABI Publishing 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: ỵ1 617 395 4056 Fax: ỵ1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org ß CAB International 2005 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism / edited by J Dijkstra, J M Forbes, and J France.- -2nd ed p cm Includes index ISBN 0–85199–814–3 (alk paper) Rumination Digestion Metabolism Ruminants I Dijkstra, J (Jan), 1964– II Forbes, J M (John Michael), 1940–III France, J IV Title QP151.Q78 2005 573.3’1963- -dc22 2004029078 ISBN 85199 8143 Typeset by SPI Publishing Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn Contents Contributors ix 1 Introduction J Dijkstra, J.M Forbes and J France DIGESTION Rate and Extent of Digestion D.R Mertens 13 Digesta Flow G.J Faichney 49 In Vitro and In Situ Techniques for Estimating Digestibility S Lo´pez 87 Particle Dynamics P.M Kennedy 123 Volatile Fatty Acid Production J France and J Dijkstra 157 Nitrogen Transactions in Ruminants J.V Nolan and R.C Dobos 177 Rumen Microorganisms and their Interactions M.K Theodorou and J France 207 v vi Contents Microbial Energetics J.B Russell and H.J Strobel 229 10 Rumen Function A Bannink and S Tamminga 263 METABOLISM 11 Glucose and Short-chain Fatty Acid Metabolism R.P Brockman 291 12 Metabolism of the Portal-drained Viscera and Liver D.B Lindsay and C.K Reynolds 311 13 Fat Metabolism and Turnover D.W Pethick, G.S Harper and F.R Dunshea 345 14 Protein Metabolism and Turnover D Attaix, D Re´mond and I.C Savary-Auzeloux 373 15 Interactions between Protein and Energy Metabolism T.C Wright, J.A Maas and L.P Milligan 399 16 Calorimetry R.E Agnew and T Yan 421 17 Metabolic Regulation R.G Vernon 443 18 Mineral Metabolism E Kebreab and D.M.S.S Vitti 469 THE WHOLE ANIMAL 19 Growth G.K Murdoch, E.K Okine, W.T Dixon, J.D Nkrumah, J.A Basarab and R.J Christopherson 489 20 Pregnancy and Fetal Metabolism A.W Bell, C.L Ferrell and H.C Freetly 523 21 Lactation: Statistical and Genetic Aspects of Simulating Lactation Data from Individual Cows using a Dynamic, Mechanistic Model of Dairy Cow Metabolism H.A Johnson, T.R Famula and R.L Baldwin 551 Contents vii 22 Mathematical Modelling of Wool Growth at the Cellular and Whole Animal Level B.N Nagorcka and M Freer 583 23 Voluntary Feed Intake and Diet Selection J.M Forbes 24 Feed Processing: Effects on Nutrient Degradation and Digestibility A.F.B Van der Poel, E Prestløkken and J.O Goelema 627 Animal Interactions with their Environment: Dairy Cows in Intensive Systems T Mottram and N Prescott 663 25 607 26 Pasture Characteristics and Animal Performance P Chilibroste, M Gibb and S Tamminga 681 27 Integration of Data in Feed Evaluation Systems J.P Cant 707 Index 727 This page intentionally left blank Contributors R.E Agnew, Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland, Large Park, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, UK D Attaix, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite´ de Nutrition et Me´tabolisme Prote´ique, Theix, 63122 Ceyrat, France R.L Baldwin, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA A Bannink, Division of Nutrition and Food, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University Research Centre, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands J.A Basarab, Western Forage/Beef Group, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 CandE Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada A.W Bell, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA R.P Brockman, St Peter’s College, Muenster, Saskatchewan S0K 2Y0, Canada J.P Cant, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada P Chilibroste, Facultad de Agronomı´a, Estacio´n Experimental M A Cassinoni, Ruta km 363, CP 60000, Paysandu´, Uruguay R.J Christopherson, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada J Dijkstra, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands W.T Dixon, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada R.C Dobos, Beef Industry Centre of Excellence, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale, 2351 Australia ix x Contributors F.R Dunshea, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; and Department of Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia G.J Faichney, School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia T.R Famula, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA C.L Ferrell, USDA ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA J.M Forbes, Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK J France, Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada M Freer, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia H.C Freetly, USDA ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA M Gibb, Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK J.O Goelema, Pre-Mervo, PO Box 40248, 3504 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands G.S Harper, CSIRO, Division of Livestock Industries, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia H.A Johnson, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8521, USA E Kebreab, Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada P.M Kennedy, CSIRO Livestock Industries, J.M Rendel Laboratory, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia D.B Lindsay, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK S Lo´pez, Department of Animal Production, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain J.A Maas, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK D.R Mertens, USDA – Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA L.P Milligan, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada T Mottram, Silsoe Research Institute, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS, UK G.K Murdoch, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada ... Russell and H.J Strobel 229 10 Rumen Function A Bannink and S Tamminga 263 METABOLISM 11 Glucose and Short-chain Fatty Acid Metabolism R.P Brockman 2 91 12 Metabolism of the Portal-drained Viscera and. .. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism / edited by J Dijkstra, J M Forbes, and J France .- -2 nd ed p cm Includes index ISBN 0–8 519 9– 814 –3... Lindsay and C.K Reynolds 311 13 Fat Metabolism and Turnover D.W Pethick, G.S Harper and F.R Dunshea 345 14 Protein Metabolism and Turnover D Attaix, D Re´mond and I.C Savary-Auzeloux 373 15 Interactions