THEORY AND DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS FOR ELEKTRODA PEOPLE E TAIT Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits Index Introduction Chap 01 Generalities Chap 02 Polarization of components Chap 03 Dissipator of heat Chap 04 Inductors of small value Chap 05 Transformers of small value Chap 06 Inductors and Transformers of great value Chap 07 Power supply without stabilizing Chap 08 Power supply stabilized Chap 09 Amplification of Audiofrecuency in low level class A Chap 10 Amplification of Audiofrecuenciy on high level classes A and B Chap 11 Amplification of Radiofrecuency in low level class A Chap 12 Amplification of Radiofrecuency in low level class C Chap 13 Amplifiers of Continuous Chap 14 Harmonic oscillators Chap 15 Relaxation oscillators Chap 16 Makers of waves Chap 17 The Transistor in the commutation Chap 18 Multivibrators Chap 19 Combinationals and Sequentials Chap 20 Passive networks as adapters of impedance Chap 21 Passive networks as filters of frequency (I Part) Chap 22 Passive networks as filters of frequency (II Part) Chap 23 Active networks as filters of frequency and displaced of phase (I Part) Chap 24 Active networks as filters of frequency and displaced of phase (II Part) Chap 25 Chap 26 Chap 27 Chap 28 Chap 29 Chap 30 Chap 31 Chap 32 Amplitude Modulation Demodulación of Amplitude Modulation of Angle Demodulation of Angle Heterodyne receivers Lines of Transmission Antennas and Propagation Electric and Electromechanical installations Chap 33 Control of Power (I Part) Chap 34 Control of Power (II Part) Chap 35 Introduction to the Theory of the Control Chap 36 Discreet and Retained signals Chap 37 Variables of State in a System Chap 38 Stability in Systems Chap 39 Feedback of the State in a System Chap 40 Estimate of the State in a System Chap 41 Controllers of the State in a System Bibliography Theory and Design of Electrical and Electronic Circuits _ Introduction Spent the years, the Electrical and Electronic technology has bloomed in white hairs; white technologically for much people and green socially for others To who writes to them, it wants with this theoretical and practical book, to teach criteria of design with the experience of more than thirty years I hope know to take advantage of it because, in truth, I offer its content without interest, affection and love by the fellow Eugenio Máximo Tait _ Chap 01 Generalities Introduction System of units Algebraic and graphical simbology Nomenclature Advice for the designer _ Introduction In this chapter generalizations of the work are explained Almost all the designs that appear have been experienced satisfactorily by who speaks to them But by the writing the equations can have some small errors that will be perfected with time The reading of the chapters must be ascending, because they will be occurred the subjects being based on the previous ones System of units Except the opposite clarifies itself, all the units are in M K S They are the Volt, Ampere, Ohm, Siemens, Newton, Kilogram, Second, Meter, Weber, Gaussian, etc The temperature preferably will treat it in degrees Celsius, or in Kelvin All the designs not have units because incorporating each variable in M K S., will be satisfactory its result Algebraic and graphical simbology Often, to simplify, we will use certain symbols For example: — Parallel of components / (1/X1 + 1/X2 + ) like X1// X2// — Signs like " greater or smaller" (≥ ≤), "equal or different " (= ≠), etc., they are made of form similar to the conventional one to have a limited typesetter source In the parameters (curves of level) of the graphs they will often appear small arrows that indicate the increasing sense In the drawn circuits when two lines (conductors) are crossed, there will only be connection between such if they are united with a point If they are drawn with lines of points it indicates that this conductor and what he connects is optative Nomenclature A same nomenclature in all the work will be used It will be: — instantaneous (small) v — continuous or average (great) V — effective (great) V or Vef — peak Vpico or vp — maximum Vmax — permissible (limit to the breakage) VADM Advice for the designer All the designs that become are not for arming them and that works in their beginning, but to only have an approximated idea of the components to use To remember here one of the laws of Murphy: " If you make something and works, it is that it has omitted something by stop " The calculations have so much the heuristic form (test and error) like algoritmic (equations) and, therefore, they will be only contingent; that is to say, that one must correct them until reaching the finished result So that a component, signal or another thing is despicable front to another one, to choose among them 10 times often is not sufficient One advises at least 30 times as far as possible But two cases exist that are possible; and more still, up to times, that is when he is geometric (52 = 25), that is to say, when the leg of a triangle rectangle respect to the other is of that greater magnitude or This is when we must simplify a component reactive of another pasive, or to move away to us of pole or zero of a transference As far as simple constants of time, it is to say in those transferences of a single pole and that is excited with steps being exponential a their exit, normally constants are taken from time to arrive in the end But, in truth, this is unreal and little practical One arrives at 98% just by constants from time and this magnitude will be sufficient As far as the calculations of the permissible regimes, adopted or calculated, always he is advisable to sobredetermine the proportions them The losses in the condensers are important, for that reason he is advisable to choose of high value of voltage the electrolytic ones and that are of recognized mark (v.g.: Siemens) With the ceramic ones also always there are problems, because they have many losses (Q of less than 10 in many applications) when also they are extremely variable with the temperature (v.g.: 10 [ºC] can change in 10 [%] to it or more), thus is advised to use them solely as of it desacopled and, preferably, always to avoid them Those of poliester are something more stable Those of mica and air or oil in works of high voltage are always recommendable When oscillating or timers are designed that depend on capacitiva or inductive constant of times, he is not prudent to approach periods demarcated over this constant of time, because small variations of her due to the reactive devices (v.g.: time, temperature or bad manufacture, usually changes a little the magnitude of a condenser) it will change to much the awaited result _ Chap 02 Polarization of components Bipolar transistor of junction (TBJ) Theory Design Fast design Unipolar transistor of junction (JFET) Theory Design Operational Amplifier of Voltage (AOV) Theory Design _ Bipolar transistor of junction (TBJ) Theory Polarizing to the bases-emitter diode in direct and collector-bases on inverse, we have the model approximated for continuous The static gains of current in common emitter and common bases are defined respectively β = h21E = hFE = IC / IB ~ h21e = hfe (>> para TBJ comunes) α = h21B = hFB = IC / IE ~ h21b = hfb (~< para TBJ comunes) La corriente entre collector y base ICB es de fuga, y sigue aproximadamente la ley The current between collector and bases ICB it is of loss, and it follows approximately the law ICB = ICB0 (1 - eVCB/VT) ~ ICB0 where VT = 0,000172 ( T + 273 ) ICB = ICB0(25ºC) ∆T/10 with ∆T the temperature jump respect to the atmosphere 25 [ºC] From this it is then ∆T = T - 25 ∂ICB / ∂T = ∂ICB / ∂∆T ~ 0,07 ICB0(25ºC) ∆T/10 On the other hand, the dependency of the bases-emitter voltage respect to the temperature, to current of constant bases, we know that it is ∂VBE / ∂T ~ - 0,002 [V/ºC] The existing relation between the previous current of collector and gains will be determined now IC IC β α = = = = ICE + ICE + α/(1β/(1+ ICB = α IE + ICB ICB = β IBE + ICB = β ( IBE + ICB ) + ICB ~ β ( IBE + ICB ) α) β) Next let us study the behavior of the collector current respect to the temperature and the voltages ∆IC = (∂IC/∂ICB) ∆ICB + (∂IC/∂VBE) ∆VBE + (∂IC/∂VCC) ∆VCC + + (∂IC/∂VBB) ∆VBB + (∂IC/∂VEE) ∆VEE of where they are deduced of the previous expressions ∆ICB = 0,07 ICB0(25ºC) ∆T/10 ∆T ∆VBE = - 0,002 ∆T VBB - VEE = IB (RBB + REE) + VBE + IC REE IC = [ VBB - VEE - VBE + IB (RBB + REE) ] / [ RE + (RBB + REE) β-1 ] SI = (∂IC/∂ICB) ~ (RBB + REE) / [ REE + RBB β-1 ] SV = (∂IC/∂VBE) = (∂IC/∂VEE) = - (∂IC/∂VBB) = - / ( RE + RBB β-1 ) (∂IC/∂VCC) = being ∆IC = [ 0,07 ∆T/10 (RBB + REE) ( REE + RBB β-1 )-1 ICB0(25ºC) + + 0,002 ( REE + RBB β-1 )-1 ] ∆T + ( RE + RBB β-1 )-1 (∆VBB - ∆VEE) Design Be the data IC = VCE = ∆T = ICmax = RC = From manual or the experimentation according to the graphs they are obtained β = ICB0(25ºC) = VBE = ( ~ 0,6 [V] para TBJ de baja potencia) and they are determined analyzing this circuit RBB = RB // RS VBB = VCC RS (RB+RS)-1 = VCC RBB / RB ∆VBB = ∆VCC RBB / RS = ∆VEE = REE = RE RCC = RC and if to simplify calculations we RE >> RBB / β us it gives SI = + RBB / RE SV = - / RE ∆ICmax = ( SI 0,07 ∆T/10 ICB0(25ºC) - SV 0,002 ) ∆T and if now we suppose by simplicity ∆ICmax >> SV 0,002 ∆T are RE = >> 0,002 ∆T / ∆ICmax RE [ ( ∆ICmax / 0,07 ∆T/10 ICB0(25ºC) ∆T ) - ] = > RBB =