start Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 16, the reader should be able to: • • • • • Identify a vehicle Interpret vehicle identification numbers and placard information Interpret vehicle emissions and emission control information Read and interpret casting numbers Locate calibration codes Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 KEY TERMS: bin number • calendar year (CY) • calibration codes • California Air Resources Board (CARB) • casting numbers • country of origin Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • gross axle weight rating (GAWR) • gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) model year (MY) • tier • tier vehicle emissions control information (VECI) • vehicle identification number (VIN) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 PARTS OF A VEHICLE The names of the parts of a vehicle are based on the location and  purpose of the component Left Side of the Vehicle—Right Side of the Vehicle  Both terms  refer to the left and right as if the driver is behind the steering  wheel. Therefore, the left side (including underhood components)  is the driver’s side Front and Rear The proper term for the back portion of any  vehicle is rear (ex: left rear tire) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE VS REAR-WHEEL DRIVE Front­wheel drive (FWD) means that the front wheels are being  driven by the engine, as well as turned by the steering wheel Rear­wheel drive (RWD) means that the rear wheels are driven by  the engine. If the engine is in the front, it can be either front­ or  rear­wheel drive In many cases, a front engine vehicle can drive all four wheels  called four­wheel drive (4WD) or all­wheel drive (AWD) If the engine is located at the rear of the vehicle, it can be rear­ wheel drive or four­wheel (AWD) drive Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION All service work requires that the vehicle, including  engine and  accessories, be properly identified. Common identification is the  make, model, and year of the vehicle Figure 16–1 Typical vehicle identification number (VIN) as viewed through the windshield The year of the vehicle is often difficult to determine. Typically, a  new model year (MY) starts in September or October prior to the  actual new year. The vehicle identification number, (VIN) is  very important for this reason Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Since 1981 all vehicle manufacturers have used a VIN that is 17 characters long. Codes differ, but there are some constants: The first number or letter designates the country of origin The vehicle model is commonly the fourth and/or fifth character The eighth character is often the engine code. (Some engines  cannot be determined by the VIN number) The tenth character represents the calendar year (CY) A vehicle safety certification label is attached to the left side pillar  post of the left front door. It indicates month and year of  manufacture as well as: The gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) The vehicle identification number (VIN) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman Continued ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 VIN Year Chart (pattern repeats every 30 years.) Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 VECI LABEL The vehicle emissions control information (VECI) label under the  hood of the vehicle shows informative settings, emission hose  routing information, and: Engine identification Emissions standards  Vacuum hose routing  Base ignition timing Spark plug type and gap Valve lash Emission calibration code Figure 16–2 A VECI label on a 2004 Pontiac GTO The VECI sticker can be located on the bottom side of the hood,   radiator fan shroud, radiator core support, or strut towers.  Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 EMISSION STANDARDS IN THE US In the United States, standards are managed by the Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA) and some state governments. Some of  the strictest standards in the world are formulated by the California  Air Resources Board (CARB) Tier 1 and Tier 2  Federal emission standards are set by the Clean  Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, grouped by tier. All  vehicles sold in the US must meet Tier 1 in effect in 1994, and are  the least stringent Tier 2 standards have been optional since 2001, currently being  phased­in to be adopted by 2009. Current Tier 1 standards are  different between automobiles and light trucks (SUVs, pickup  trucks, and minivans). Tier 2 standards are the same for both 10 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Several ratings can be given to vehicles, and a certain percentage of a manufacturer’s vehicles must meet different levels for the  company to sell its products in affected regions. Beyond Tier 1, in order by stringency, are: TLEV—Transitional Low­Emission Vehicle  More stringent  for HC than Tier 1 LEV (also known as LEV I)—Low­Emission Vehicle  An  intermediate California standard about twice as stringent as  Tier 1 for HC and NOX ULEV (aka ULEV I)—Ultra­Low­Emission Vehicle  stronger California standard emphasizing very low HC  emissions Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 11 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 ULEV II—Ultra­Low­Emission Vehicle  A cleaner­than­ average vehicle certified under the Phase II LEV standard. HC,  CO levels nearly 50% lower than a LEV II­certified vehicle.  SULEV—Super­Ultra­Low­Emission Vehicle  A California  standard tighter than ULEV, much lower HC and NOX  emissions;  equivalent to Tier 2 Bin 2 vehicles ZEV—Zero­Emission Vehicle  California standard prohibiting  emissions. Restricted to electric and hydrogen­fueled vehicles Figure 16–3 The underhood decal showing that this Lexus RX-330 meets both national (Tier 2; BIN 5) and California LEV-II (ULEV) regulation standards 12 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Vehicle manufacturers can meet ZEV obligations by meeting  standards similar to the ZEV rule in 2001 Manufacturers may also choose an alternative ZEV compliance  strategy, meeting part of the ZEV requirement by producing the  sales­weighted market share of 250 fuel­cell vehicles by 2008 The required number of fuel­cell vehicles will increase through  2017. Manufacturers can substitute battery­electric vehicles for up  to 50% of the fuel­cell vehicle requirements NOTE: A battery­powered electric vehicle charged from the power grid will still be up to 10 times cleaner than even the cleanest gasoline vehicles over their respective lifetimes 13 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Tier 2 standards are more stringent. Variations are appended with  “II,” such as LEV II or SULEV II. Other categories: PZEV—Partial­Zero­Emission Vehicle  Compliant with   SULEV standard; near­zero evaporative emissions, 15­ year/150,000­mile warranty on emission control equipment ILEV—Inherently Low­Emission Vehicle AT­PZEV—Advanced Technology Partial­Zero­Emission  Vehicle  If a vehicle meets PZEV standards, using high­tech  features such as electric motor or high­pressure gaseous fuel  tanks for compressed natural gas, it qualifies as an AT­PZEV.  Hybrids such as Toyota Prius and vehicles that run on natural gas (CNG), such as the Honda Civic GX can qualify NLEV—National Low­Emission Vehicle  All vehicles must  meet this standard, started in 2001.  14 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Table 16–1 LEV standard Categories NOTE: Numbers in parentheses are 100,000-mile standards for LEV I, and 120,000-mile standards for LEV II NMOG means non-methane organic gases, which includes alcohol CO means carbon monoxide NOX means oxides of nitrogen Data compiled from California Environmental Protection Agency—Air Resource Board (CARB) documents Table 16–2 California LEV II 120,000-Mile Tailpipe Emissions Limits 15 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 Federal EPA Bin Number  The higher the tier number, the  newer the regulation; the lower the bin number, the cleaner the  vehicle. The 2004 Toyota Prius is a very clean Bin 3, while the  Hummer H2 is a dirty Bin 11. Examples: Tier 1: Former federal standard; carried to model year 2004 for  vehicles not yet subject to the phase­in Tier 2, Bin 1: Cleanest federal Tier 2 standard; a (ZEV) Tier 2, Bins 4–2: Cleaner than the average standard Tier 2, Bin 5: “Average” of Tier 2 standards, equivalent to a  LEV II vehicle Tier 2, Bins 6–9: Not as clean as average requirement for Tier  2  Tier 2, Bin 10: Least­clean Tier 2 bin applicable to passenger  vehicles 16 Continued Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 See these tables on Page 118 of your textbook Table 16–4 Air Pollution Score Table 16–3 EPA Tier 2—120,000-Mile Tailpipe Emission Limits NOTE: The bin number is determined by the type and weight of the vehicle The highest bin allowed for vehicles built after January 1, 2007, is Bin Data compiled from the EPA Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 17 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 CALIBRATION CODES Calibration codes are usually located on power train control  modules (PCMs) or other controllers. Some are only accessible  with a scan tool. When diagnosing an operating fault, it is often  necessary to know the calibration code to be sure the vehicle is the  subject of a technical service bulletin or other service procedure Figure 16–4 A typical computer calibration sticker on the case of the controller The information on the sticker is often needed when ordering parts or a replacement controller Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 18 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 CASTING NUMBERS Whenever an engine part is cast, a number is put in the mold to  identify the casting. These casting numbers can be used to check  dimensions and other information. Most often the casting number  is the best piece of information for identifying an engine Figure 16–5 Engine block identification number cast into the block is used for identification Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 19 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 SUMMARY The front, rear, left, and right side of a vehicle are as viewed  from the driver’s seat The vehicle identification number (VIN) is very important as it  includes when the vehicle was built, as well as the engine code  and many other details about the vehicle The VECI label under the hood often needs to be checked by  the technician to properly service the vehicle Other vehicle information that the technician may need for a  service or repair include calibration codes, casting numbers,  and emissions rating Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 20 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458 end Automotive Technology: Principles, Diagnosis, and Service, 3rd Edition By James D Halderman 21 ©©2008 2009Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc Inc Pearson PearsonPrentice PrenticeHall Hall- -Upper UpperSaddle SaddleRiver, River,NJ NJ07458 07458