GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 GRAMMAR STRUCTURES ENGLISH 9 UNIT 1: A VISIT FROM A PEN PAL A/> USED TO: (Đã từng) 1/ Affirmative: S + used to + bare infinitive  My father used to be a high school teacher. 2/ Negative: S + didn’t use to + bare infinitive  We didn’t use to go to school by bus, but now we do. 3/ Questions: Wh-word + Did + S + use to + bare infinitive?  Where did you use to live when you were a child? B/> Be/ Get + used to + Noun / V + ing = Quen với = Be / Get + accustomed to + Noun / V + ing  Mr Brown has lived in Vietnam for 5 years. He is used to the hot weather.  Mr Lam is a farmer. He gets used to getting up early. C/> S + be + used to + infinitive/ S + be + used for + V + ing = Được dùng để  This knife is used for cutting meat. It is used to cut meat. D/> Sentence structures with Wish and If only ( giá mà, ước gì) 1/ For present actions. S 1 + wish + S 2 + unreal past ( V ed / V 2 / be  were / can  could) If only + S + unreal past ( V ed / V 2 / be  were / can  could)  I can’t speak Chinese. → I wish / If only I could speak Chinese.  Lan doesn’t understand the grammar lesson. → She wishes she / If only she understood the grammar lesson. 2/ For future actions. S 1 + wish + S 2 + would / could / were going to + infinitive If only + S + would / could / were going to + infinitive  We are going to do a test tomorrow. → We wish we/ If only we weren’t going to do a test tomorrow.  Tom won’t come with us on the trip to the countryside. →We wish he/ If only he would come with us on the trip to the countryside. 3/ For past actions. S 1 + wish + S 2 + had / could have + p.p If only + S + had / could have + p.p  Tom didn’t go to Mary’s birthday party last night. → Tom wishes he/ If only he had gone there.  I could,’t come to the meeting last night. → I wish I / If only I could have come to the meeting last night. E/> Structures with It’s time / I’d rather 1/ It’s time + S + past subjunctive  It’s time you studied your lessons./ it’s midnight. It’s time we went home. 2/ I’d rather + S + past subjunctive  I’d rather you cooked dinner. / I’d rather he didn’t go. *************** UNIT 2: CLOTHING A/> Passive voice. I/> Some ordinary Passive Forms. 1/ Modal passive: S + modal verb + be + p.p Ex: Our house will be repainted by my mother./ A new house is going to be built in this area. 2/ Present simple passive: S + am/ is/ are + p.p Ex: A lot of rice is grown in Asia. 3/ Simple past passive: S + were / was + p.p Ex: When the headmaster was away, his work was done by his assistant. 4/ Present cotinuous passive: S + am / is / are + being + p.p HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 1 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 Ex: I can’t use my car today. It is being serviced in the garage. 5/ Pass continuous passive: S + was/ were + being + p.p Ex: When we came, a new market was being built in the town center. 6/ Present perfect passive: S + has/ have + been + p.p Ex: The car can work now. It has just been repaired. II/> Some special passive forms. 1/ Questions.  Who wrote that play? → By whom was that play written?  Have they read the letter? → has the letter been read? 2/ Material agent.  Smoke filled the room. → the room was filled with smoke. 3/ Negative pronoun agent.  Nobody can unlock the case. → the case can’t be unlocked.  No students can do this execise. → this execise can’t be done by any students. 4/ Sentences with two objects.  Mary’s parents gave her a birthday present. → Mary was given a birthday present by her parents. → A birthday present was given to Mary by her parents. 5/ Sentences with: People think/ consider/ believe …  People think that he is living abroad. → It is thought that he is living abroad. → He is thought to be living abroad. B/> The present perfect tense. I/> Form: • Affirmative: S + has/ have + p.p • Negative: S + has/ have + not + p.p • Interrogative: Wh- word + has/ have + S + p.p? II/> Use: 1. Repeated events . Ex: We have often seen Jim and his dog in the park. 2. Indefinite past events . Ex: I have met that man. 3. Unfinished actions with Since/ For . Ex: She has worked for this company for 5 years. 4. Expriences . Ex: Have you ever eaten Japanese food? – No, I’ve never eaten it. We have visited 5 countries so far. 5. Completion . Ex: we have already done our homework. 6. Recent events .Ex:Mary has just phoned from the airport./ My grandma hasn’t felt well recently. *************** UNIT 3: TRIP TO THE COUNTRYSIDE A/> Modal Could / Would with Wish. ( Review Unit 1 ) B/> Adverb clauses of results. 1/ Main clause + so + Result clause  Our suitcases were very heavy, so we took a taxi.  The teacher was ill, so the class was cancelled. 2/ S + V + so + Adjective / Adverb + that + S + V  He was so ill that we had to send for a doctor.  She spoke so softly that I could hardly hear her. 3/ S + V + so + many + countable noun / (much + uncountable noun ) + that + S + V  She put so much sugar in the coffee that she couldn’t drink it.  I have so many books that I can’t read them all. 4/ S + V + so + few + countable noun / ( little + uncountable noun ) + that + S + V HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 2 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9  There were so few students that the class had to be cancelled.  I had so little free time that I could hardly see any films. 5/ S + V + such + (a / an) + adjective + noun + that + S + V  I saw such a funny cartoon that I couldn’t help laughing. C/> Prepositions of time. IN:  in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening  in march, in 1999, in the winter, in the 20 th century  in an hour, in a minute, in a week, in a moment  in the beginning, in the end, in a day ON:  on August 8 th , on Tuesday, on weekdays, on Christmas day  on Monday morning, on a fine sunny day AT:  at 9 o’clock, at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at lunchtime  at Christmas, at Easter, at Ramadan, at the beginning  at the end, at least, at the moment, at present, at times *************** UNIT 4: LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE A/> Modal verbs with conditional sentences ( Type 1) Form: If clause + Main clause If clause (Present tenses: simple present/ present continuous/ present perfect) + Main clause ( will, can/ may, might/ must, have to/ should, ought to + infinitive). Ex:  If Tom studies harder, he will past the exam.  If father is sleeping, you can go out.  If you give me your willing help, I may get success.  If Mary has finished her work, she may go home.  If you want to get good marks, you must study harder.  If you want to become a doctor, you have to go to University of Medicine.  If you want to be healthy, you should/ ought to do morning execises regularly. B/> Reported speech. 1/ Statements. Form: S + said that/ said to/ told + Object + that + S + V( changed) + O. Direct : He said, “ I’ll lend you my book, Alice”. Reported : He told Alice that he would lend her his book. 2/ Wh- questions: Form: S + asked /wanted to know + O + wh- word + S + V( changed) + O. Direct : She said, “ Where are you going now, Tom?” Reported : She asked Tom where he was going then. 3/ Yes- No questions: Form: S + asked /wanted to know + O + if / whether +S + V( changed) + O. Direct : She said, “ Do you go to school today, my son?” Reported : She asked her son if he went to school that day. 4/ Imperatives: Form: S + asked/ told/ ordered/ forced / advised / begged + Oject + To- infinitive/ Not to- infinitive. Direct : She said,” Open the windows, please”. Reported : She told me to open the windows. Direct : He said, “ Don’t be late for school, Alice”. HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 3 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 Reported : He advised Alice not to be late for school. NOTES: 1/ Khi động từ tường thuật ở các thì hiện tại (simple present/ present continuous/ present perfect ) hay tương lai thì ta không đổi thì của động từ cũng như các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. Ex : She says “ I will go there with you today”. Reported : She says that she will go there with me today. 2/ Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ ta tiến hành đổi thì của động từ cũng như các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp như sau. Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple present Simple past Present cotinuous Past cotinuous Present pefect Past pefect Simple past Past pefect Past perfect Past pefect Present pefect cotinuous Past pefect cotinuous Will/ can/ may Would / could / might Would / should / could Would / should / could Used to / ought to Used to / ought to Today That day Yesterday The day before/ the previous day Tomorrow The next day/ the following day Now Then, at once Ago Before Last week The previous week Here There This That These Those * Sentences with: Wish / If only/ It’s time + S + past subjunctive / would rather + S + past subjunctive / conditional sentences ( Type 2, 3) → Không đổi *************** UNIT 5: THE MEDIA A/> Tag questions. 1/ General rule: Affirmative statement, negative tag-question./ Negative statement, affirmative tag-question Ex: Your brother likes watching foreign films, doesn’t he?/ Mary has never been late for class, has he? 2/ Some exceptions. a) Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? b) Open the windows, will you? c) Somebody came here yesterday, didn’t they? d) Everything will be all right, won’t it? e) I am always on time for class, aren’t I? B/> Gerund ( V + ing ) after some verbs 1/ mind, enjoy, finish, like, dislike, love, hate, avoid, practice, feel, imagine, deny, admit, keep, suggest, risk. Ex: Tom enjoys watching TV, he dislikes playing football. 2/ Phrasal verbs: give up, go on, keep on, insist on … Ex: Mr. John gave up looking for a new job. He insisted on doing his old job again. 3/ Prepositions + V + ing Ex: I am interested in listening to pop music. 4/ Expressions + V + ing . Can’t stand / Can’t help / It’s worth / It’s no use/ It’s no good + V + ing HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 4 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 *************** UNIT 6: THE ENVIRONMENT A/> Adjectives and adverbs. I/>Adjectives: Modifying Nouns and Pronouns 1/ Attributive adjectives. a. Before nouns: Ex: Tom is a happy boy./ We are looking at a beautiful girl. b. After pronouns: Ex: Something strange happened./ He found nothing valuable in the house. c. After liking verbs:Ex: My father becomes old and weak. 2/ Predicative adjectives. a. Afetr nouns: Ex: I saw a baby asleep. b. After liking verbs: Ex: The girl was alive and well. II/ Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs 1. After verbs, after objects: Ex: He runs fast./ He always drives his car carefully. 2. Before adjectives: Ex: I’m terribly sorry./ You are absolutely right. 3. Before adverds: Ex: He ran very fast./ He ran extremely fast. 4. Adverbs of manner: Adjective + ly = Adverbs of manner Ex: Careful – carefully; happy – happily; quick – quickly 5. Some adverbs have the same form with adjectives: fast, late, hard. Ex: Work hard and you will succeed. * Note: well/ good → well B/>Adverb clauses of Reason. Main clause + Adverb clause of Reason ( As/ Since/ Because + S + V ) Ex: John wants to go home as / since / because he feels sick. C/> Adjectives + that + clauseAshamed / Sorry / Afraid / Disappointed that + clause Ex: I’m afraid that I can’t join the trip to the zoo with you tomorrow. / Tom isn’t sure that he will win. S + be + important / essential / necessary/ anxious + that + S + should + infinitive V ( base form) (present subjunctive) Ex: it’s necessary that she (should) do her duty. D/> Conditional sentences 1/ Type 1: Main clause (will/ can/ may + infinitive) If clause (present tense: simple present/ present perfect/ present continuous) • Conditions: real, probable • Time: present or future Ex: Tom will pass the final exam if he studies harder. 2/ Type 2: Main clause ( would/ could / might + infinitive) If clause ( Past subjunctive) • Conditions: unreal, impossible • Time: present Ex: If my mother were here now, she would help me. *************** UNIT 7: SAVING ENERGY A/> Connectives. 1/ Coordinating conjunctions. and ( và ) :Tom is unsocial and he can be quite rude. but ( nhưng ) :Tom is unsocial but he has a few friends. for ( vì ) :Tom is unsocial for he is afraid of crowds. or ( hoặc ) :Tom is unsocial or at least he seems that way. HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 5 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 so ( vì vậy ) :Tom is unsocial so many people don’t like him. yet ( nhưng ) :Tom is unsocial yet he loves to go to party. 2/ Transition words. Moreover, futhermore ( hơn nữa ) Ex: the dinner was delicious; moreover, it wasn’t expensive. However, nevertheless ( tuy vậy ) Ex: The main course was wonderful; however, we didn’t like the desert. Therefore, thus ( do vậy ) Ex: Tom didn’t come; therefore, we went without him. B/> Phrasal verbs. 1/ Type 1: Verb + adverb = ( no object ) Ex:  get up ( thức dậy), break down ( hư, hỏng máy), break out (bùng nổ), take place (xảy ra).  The car broke down and we had to walk. 2/ Type 2: Verb + adverb + object Ex:  put off (hoãn lại),bring in(đưa ra, giới thiệu),call off (huỷ bỏ),carry on(tiếp tục), give up (từ bỏ).  The doctor told Jane to give up sweets to lose weight. 3/ Type 3: Verb + preposition + object Ex:  take after (giống ai), live out (bỏ sót), fill in (điền vào), look into (điều tra), look for (tìm kiếm).  I’m looking for a suitable hotel. Can you suggest one? 4/ Type 4: Verb + adverb + preposition + object Ex:  put up with (chịu đựng), look up to (kính trọng), look down on (coi thường), run out of (cạn, hết), go down with (mắc bệnh).  Our holiday was fine until John went down with a bad cold. C/>Making suggestions. 1.Suggest + V + ing Ex: I suggested walking to the station. 2.S 1 + suggest + that + S 2 + should + infinitive Ex: I suggested that we should walk to the station. 3.Why don’t we + infinitive … ? Ex: why don’t we walk to the station? 4.Shall we/ Let’s + infinitive …? Ex: Shall we / Let’s walk to the station? 5.What about / How about + V + ing …? Ex: What about / How about walking to the station? *************** UNIT 8 CELEBRATIONS A > Relative clauses.(Adjective clauses) I/> Restrictive relative clauses.(Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn) Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose Ex1: The man is my uncle. He is standing near the window. The man who/that is standing near the window is my uncle. subject Antecedent Relative clause (adjective clause) Ex2: The man is my uncle. You met him yesterday.  The man (whom/that) you met yesterday is my uncle. Object  The man you met yesterday is my uncle. Ex3: The bike is nice. It is blue and white.  The bike which/ that is blue and white is nice. subject Relative clause Ex4: The bike is nice. You are riding it. The bike (which/ that) you are riding is nice. HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 6 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 Object The bike you are riding is nice. Ex5: The woman is beautiful. Her daughter won the first prize English speaking cotest.  The woman whose daughter won the first prize English speaking cotest is beautiful. Relative clause Ex6: The book is mine. The cover if the book is pink.  The book of which the cover/ the cover of which is pink is mine. or:  The book whose cover is pink is mine. II/> Non-restrictive clauses.(Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn) Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, whose. Ex1: My teacher is going to Ha Noi next Sunday. You met her yesterday morning.  My teacher, whom you met yesterday morning, is going to Ha Noi next Sunday. Non-restrictive clause Ex2: Ba is a student in my class. He has just won the school scholarship.  Ba, who has just won the school scholarship , is a student in my class. Ex3: That hotel is near the beach. It’s the most expensive.  That hotel, which is the most expensive, is near the beach. Ex4: Charlie Chaplin died in 1977. his firms amused millions.  Charlie Chaplin, whose firms amused millions, died in 1977. Ex5: Nam has three brothers. All of them are married.  Nam has three brothers, All of whom are married. Ex6: Mai has lot of books. She hasn’t read most of them.  Mai has lot of books, most of which she hasn’t read. III/> Relative Adverbs: where, when, why. Ex1: I’ll nerver forget the day. We first met on that day.  I’ll nerver forget the day when we first met. Ex2: He has just come back to the village. He was born there.  He has just come back to the village where he was born. Ex3: She didn’t tell us the reason. She gave up her job that reason.  She didn’t tell us the reason why she gave up her job. IV/> Relative pronoun “THAT”. <1>That can’t be used after a comma, after a preposition. Ex: Those men, who pulled me from the burning car, saved my life.  She is the woman that I wrote to.  She is the woman to whom I wrote. <2>That must be used a) After mixed antecedent.( tiên hành tự hỗn hợp vùa chỉ người vừa chỉ vật) Ex: The people and cattle that went to the market raised a cloud of dust. b) After adjectives in superlative degree or afetr the first, the second, the last. Ex: Paris is the finest city that he has ever seen. Ex: Miss Thu was the last woman that left the office. c) After all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody, only. Ex: Answer all the questions that I asked. Ex: I bought the only English book that they had. d) After It is/ It was. Ex: It is he that killed the lion. B> Adverb clauses of concession. 1) Although / though / even though + clause Ex: Although he was poor, he was a honest man. He was a honest man although he was poor. HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 7 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 2) Adjective / adverb + as + S + V + main clause Ex: Rich as he is, he is never happy. Fast as he ran, he still lost the game. 3) Neverthless / However / on the order hand / on the contrary + clause Ex: Mary wanted to keep the book; however / neverthless, Stephen gave it away. 4) In spite of + Noun Despite + Noun phrase Ex: Although he was ill, he went to school as usual.  In spite of his illness, he went to school usual.  Despite his illness, he went to school usual. *************** UNIT 9: NATURAL DISASTERS I/> Relative clauses. (see unit 8) II/> Types of relative clauses. 1/ Restrictive relative clauses.(mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định) dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, là mệnh đề quan trọng của câu. Nếu bỏ đi, mệnh đề chính không có ý nghĩa rõ ràng. Ex:  The man whom you met yesterday came again.  This is the book that I told you about.  We will never forget the days when we first came to HCM City.  This is the village where I was born. 2/ Non- restrictive relative clauses. (Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định) là mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, đưa thêm thông tin để giải thích. mệnh đề này thường tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy hay dấu gạch ngang, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn có ý nghĩa rõ ràng. Đại tù “That” không được dùng trong loại mệnh đề này. Ex:  His father, who is copany director, will come here tomorrow.  Miss White, whom we studied English with, is a nice teacher.  I often come to Nha Trang, where I grew up. 3/ Conective relative clauses.(mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp) Dùng để giải thích cả câu. chỉ đại từ which được dùng và có một dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đ ề này luôn đứng đầu câu. Ex: Tom failed the exam. That made his parents disappointed. → Tom failed the exam, which made his parents disappointed. Ex: It rained heavily, which prevented my going out. 4/ Chú ý: Cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ với: all, most, none, either, neither, some, a few, few, both, each, one, several, none, many, half, … + of which (cho vật ) / whom (cho người ) Ex:  I tried on several pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.  I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers. *************** UNIT 10: LIFE ON THE OTHER PLANETS A/> Modal verbs: May and Might 1/ Form: S + may/might + infinitive 2/ Use: May/ Might expresses a possibility (khả năng có thể xảy ra) in the future. HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 8 GRAMMARTICAL POINTS FOLLOWING UNIT OF ENGLISH 6- 7 – 8 – 9 Ex1: Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It may rain. (perhaps it will rain) Ex2: The bus doesn’t always come on time. We might have to wait a few minutes. (perhaps we will have to wait). 3/ Notes: a/ Chúng ta đều có thể dùng May hay Might trong các tình huống tương tự như trong những vd trên. Ex: I may/ might go to England for holiday. b/ đối với những tình huống không có thật ở hiện tại ta chỉ dùng Might. Ex: If I knew the Browns better, I might invite them to the party. B/> Conditional sentences. 1/ Type 1: Main clause – If clause. Main clause ( Will/ Can / May + infinitive ) – If clause ( Present tense: Simple present/ present perfect/ present continuous) Conditions: real, probable Time: present or future Ex: Tom will pass the final exam if he studies harder. 2/ Type 2: Main clause – If clause. Main clause ( Would / Could / Might + infinitive ) – If clause ( Past subjunctive ) Conditions: unreal, impossible Time: present Ex: If my mother were here now, she would help me. 3/ Type 3: Form: If clause ( S + had + p.p) – Main clause ( S + would / could / might + have + p.p ) Conditions: unreal conditions. Time: past Ex1: I didn’t know that you were in hospital. → If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have come to see you. Ex2: Tom didn’t study carefully. He failed the exam. → If Tom had studied more carefully, he could have passed the exam. 4/ Mixed conditions. • Form: If clause ( S + had + p.p) – Main clause ( S + would / could / might + infinitive ) • Use: to express past actions that affect present results. Ex: Mary ate a lot of ice-cream an hour ago. Now she feels sick. → If Mary hadn’t eaten so much ice-cream, she wouldn’t feel sick. 5/ Deleting If ( lược bỏ if) Ex1: If someone asks me, please give him my phone number. → If someone should ask me, please give him my phone number. chỉ sự nghi ngờ → Should someone ask me, please give him my phone number. Ex2: If I were a little taller, I would join the army. → Were I a little taller, I would join the army. Ex3: If Tom had studied hard, he could have passed the final exam. → Had Tom studied harh, he could have passed the final exam. *************** HOANG VAN THU SCHOOL – TEACHER: NGUYEN THUAN 9 . ought to Used to / ought to Today That day Yesterday The day before/ the previous day Tomorrow The next day/ the following day Now Then, at once Ago Before. day ON:  on August 8 th , on Tuesday, on weekdays, on Christmas day  on Monday morning, on a fine sunny day AT:  at 9 o’clock, at midnight, at noon,