Tích lũy chuyên môn Năm học : 2110 - 2011 Formation of nouns Cách thành lập Danh từ Noun is usally form by adding the prefix or suffix to root form. Danh từ đợc cấu trúc bằng cách cộng tiền tố howawcj hậu tố vào ngữ căn A . prefix addition Prefix + Rootform Meaning Examples Re + noun Lặp lại Reorganization : sự tổ chức lại Recovery : sự phục hồi Relation : sự thuật lại , mối quan hệ Fore + noun Pre + noun Trớc Forethought : sự nghĩ trớc Foresail : buồm trớc Foresight : sự thấy trớc , lo xa Preface : lời nói đầu Precaution : sự đề phòng trớc Mis + noun Xấu Sai lầm Misfortune : sự rủi ro Misbehaviour : hạnh kiểm xấu Misapplication : sự áp dụng sai Miscaculation : sự tính toán sai nhầm Un In + noun Dis Không Trái ngợc Untruth : không thật Unease : không yên , bứt rứt Displeasure : bất mãn Disregard : coi chừng Over Under + noun After Ngoài quá Dới sau Overtime ; giờ phụ trội Overdose : quá liều Overdress : quá diện Underwear : quần áo lót Underline : đờng gạch dới Afterthought : nghĩ lại Afternoon : buổi chiều (sau chính ngọ ) B . Suffix addition Root form - Suffix Meaning Examples ER Verb + OR AR Ngời tác động Teacher beggar Driver liar Viewer GV : Đào Thị Tố Oanh Trờng THCS Quảng Đông 1 Tích lũy chuyên môn Năm học : 2110 - 2011 Sailor ; actor Noun + IST IAN Ngời tác động Scientist Pianist Musician physician ION Verb + ING MENT Sự việc Conclusion Action Writing Making Punishment amusement Noun + FUL Sức chứa Pocketful Basketful Handful Noun + DOM Adjective Lãnh vực - trạng thái Freedom Wisdom Kingdom Noun + MOOD Adj Thời kỳ - tình trạng Neighbourhood Childhood falsehood Noun + ISM Adj Chủ nghĩa Patrialism Socialism terrorism Noun + SHIP Chủ nghĩa Friendship leadership Adj + NESS TY Tình trạng Happyness Loyalty ; cruelty Compoun noun Danh từ kép đợc thành lập bằng cách kết hợp hai hay nhiều từ lại với nhau Nó đợc thành lập với các hình thức sau : Noun + noun Postman horserace moonlight - football Adj + noun Grand - parents - blackboard sweetheart Verb + noun Breakwater - pickpocket Gerund + noun Participle Singingbird readinginglamp lookingglass Adverd + noun preposition Foreleg inside downfall Adverd + noun preposition Income offstring - upstar Verb + adveb Standstill send off - drawback GV : Đào Thị Tố Oanh Trờng THCS Quảng Đông 2 Tích lũy chuyên môn Năm học : 2110 - 2011 Một danh từ kép thờng đợc dùng để chỉ : * Giá trị ( valua ) : dollar bill / peny stamp * Nơi chốn ( place ) : city theatre / town people * Thời gian ( time ) : morning class / day train / everning show * Vật liệu ( material ) : store house / brick wall * Nguồn gốc ( origin ) : Englishman / Vietnamese leather * Sự tơng tự ( resemblance ) : tissue paper / wof - dog * Vật dụng ( object ) : tea pot / tooth brush * Đờng phố ( road -street ) : Oxford road / Baker street Danh từ kép không dùng để chỉ số lợng hay dung tích . Ví dụ : - a cup of tea - a glass of beer Không bao giờ Compound noun đợc thành lập . - a tea cup - a beer glass Compound Adjective Compound Adjective đợc hình thành dới nhiều dạng 1. Noun- - Adj + Present participle Adv ---> snow - covered mountain)- horse- drawn(cart ) ---> ready- made( clothes) --->badly-tom(papper)-well- know( author) 2. Noun Adj + Present participle Adv --->rice producing( country)- glass eating(animal ) --->sweet- smelling(flower)-good looking(man) --->fast moving(traffic)-ever lasting(friendship ) 3. Adj + Adj Noun + Adj Adj + Noun ) --->dard-blue ( trousers )- red- hot( stell ) --->sea sick( passenger)- snow- white ( hair ) ---> first class(ticket)- five room ( house ) 4. Adj +Noun +ed Noun + ed ---> long eared(animal)- yellow-skinned(people ) --->lion hearted ( man )- moon-faced (woman ) Adjective equivalent * Noun used as an Adjective : seawind- rivefish * Possessive noun : mans life-suns ray * Noun in appoisition : money, a gold key * Part-iciple : fading flower- fallen tree * infinitive : water to drink- book to learn * Adv ( with participle understood ): the then (reigning ) king * A phrase : a man of high position a girl with red shirt * A clause : the man who is talking to my father is a teacher . GV : Đào Thị Tố Oanh Trờng THCS Quảng Đông 3 Tích lũy chuyên môn Năm học : 2110 - 2011 Word building (cấu tạo từ ) Từ gốc ta gọi là ngữ căn ( root form ) . Khi ngữ căn thêm tiền tố (prefix ) nó sẽ đổi nghĩa A root is a word in its basic simple form . A word maybe built up or have its meaning changed by an addition at the beginning ( prefix.eg.unsafe )or at the end ( sufix . eg . gadener ) . Prefixes Prefix Meaning Examples a a- ,ab- ,abs- ad-,ac-,ar-, ante- , bi- , bis- , circum- , cir- , com - , contra- , de- , dif- , dis- , inter- , mis- ob- post- pro- re- sub- trans- un- vice - -able , ible -ain , -an - ance , -ence - ant - el , -et , ette -er , -eer , -ier - fy - icle , - sel - less - ment - ory on away , from to before two , twice round together againt down apart , not between wrong against after forth back under across not , without instead capable of beeing one connected state of one who little one who to make little without sstate of beeing a place for afloat, ashore avert, abnormal , abstract adhere , accep, arrive antecedent , anteroom bicycle, bisect , bisciut circumference, circuit comparison , competition , company contrary, contradiction depress , descend incapable , inhuman , incorrect international , interrupt , interval missdeed , misjudge ,misbehave object , obstruction postpond , post script , post war prossed , produce retake , return , retrace submarine , subway transfer , transport , transpose unfit , unknow , unpaid , unsafe vice captain , viceroy movable , eatable , incredible champlain , publican acceptance , existence assistant , servant satchel , droplet , kitchenette gadener , princess ,waitress glorify , purify , simplyfy particle , morsel careless , aimless , merciless merriment , ẹnjoyment dormitory , factory , laboratory GV : Đào Thị Tố Oanh Trờng THCS Quảng Đông 4 TÝch lòy chuyªn m«n N¨m häc : 2110 - 2011 - ous full of famous , glorious , wondrous • Words can also be changed from one partt of speech to another by Adding or remorving the prefix or suffix and by changing the speeling . Forming nouns from adjectives CÊu tróc danh tõ tõ tÝnh tõ Adjective ---> noun Adjective ---> noun Able - ability Abrupt - abrupness Absent - absence Abudant - abudance Accurante - accuracy Adequate - adequacy Affluent - affluence Angry - anger Anonymous - anonymity Anxious - anxiety Arrogant - arrogance Bitter – bitterness Brave - bravery Broad - breadth Colloquial - colloquialism Competent - competence Constant – constancy Crude - crudity cruel - cruelty curious - curiosity dark – darkness decent – decency deep - depth equal - equality faithful - faith - faithfulless Famous - fame Fertile - fertility Fit - fitness Foolish - foolishness /fool Fragrant - fragrant Free – freedom High – height Holy – holiness Honest – honesty Humble – humility Just – justice Like – likeness Long - length Loyal – loyalty Mad – madness Merry – merriment Notorious - notoriety Proud – pride Punctual – punctuality Real – reality Safe - safety Scarce – scarcity Scientific – science Secure – security Senile – senility Sharp – sharpness Simple – simplicity Slow – slowness Strong – strength Terrible – terror Tight – tightness True – truth Vain – vanity Valid – validity Voracious – voracity Warm – warmness Warmth Weak – weakness GV : §µo ThÞ Tè Oanh Trêng THCS Qu¶ng §«ng 5 TÝch lòy chuyªn m«n N¨m häc : 2110 - 2011 Gay - gaiety Gently - genleness Grand – grandeur Wide – width Wise – wisdoom Young - youth GV : §µo ThÞ Tè Oanh Trêng THCS Qu¶ng §«ng 6 . ment - ory on away , from to before two , twice round together againt down apart , not between wrong against after forth back under across not , without. simplicity Slow – slowness Strong – strength Terrible – terror Tight – tightness True – truth Vain – vanity Valid – validity Voracious – voracity Warm