UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES A. Câu điều kiện: là câu có 2 mệnh đề: Mệnh đề điều kiện ( mệnh đề phụ hay mệnh đề chứa if) và mệnh đề kết quả(mệnh đề chính). Hai mệnh đề này có thể thay đổi vị trí cho nhau. EX: If it rains , I will stay at home. ( Nếu trời mưa, tôi sẽ ở lại nhà) Mđ điều kiện Mđ kết quả I will stay at home if it rains I. Loại 1: FUTURE POSSIBLE: (điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại, tương lai) Là loại câu điều kiện dùng để đưa ra 1 LỜI KHUYÊN, LỜI HỨA, LỜI CẢNH BÁO, LỜI ĐE DỌA ở hiện tại, tương lai. 1. If it doesn’t rains, I will go out. (Nếu trời không mưa, tôi sẽ đi ra ngoài)  Lời __________ 2. If he tries much more, he will improve his English.  Lời __________ 3. She’ll be late for the bus if she (not start) ……………… at once.  Lời __________ 4. If it___________(be) fine tomorrow, we may go for a swim EXERCISE 1: 1. If it .is . (be) fine tomorrow, we will go (go) for a picnic. 2. If I . (have) time tonight, I . (finish) the novel I'm reading. 3. If it . (rain) next weekend, we . (not able to) plant the vegetables. 4. If she . (have drive) all that way since this morning, . (be) tired and hungry. 5. If I . (can/finish) the job this weekend, I . (try) to get it done during the week. 6. If you see him, please give him this message.  If you should see him , please give him this message. 7. If she asks you, please don't tell her anything.  ………………………………………………… 8. If he phones, please say I'm out. ………………………………………………… 9. If the temperature falls, turn up the heating. ………………………………………………… 10. If you receive a letter, let me know. ………………………………………………… 11. If you go out, get me a paper. ………………………………………………… • Cách dùng OR / AND trước mệnh đề chính trong ĐK loại 1: EX: If you study hard, you will pass the GCSE examination. ______________, and you will pass the GCSE examination. Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 1 If + S + Vo/ Vs/es , , S + will/ can/ may (not) + Vo … (simple Present) , V0 / Don’t + V0 + O (câu mệnh lệnh) Am/is/are + V-ING (Present Continuous) Have / Has + V3/ED (Present Perfect) IF + S + V + O , S + will/ can/ may + Vo … V0 + O , AND + S + will/ can/ may + Vo … Hãy … thì… IF + S + V(NOT) + O , S + will/ can/ may + Vo … V0 + O , OR + S + will/ can/ may + NOT + Vo … Hãy … nếu không thì… UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 a) If you ask me nicely, I'll mend it for you.  Ask me nicely, and I'll mend it for you b) If you crash my car, I'll never forgive you.  ……………………………………………………………………………… c) If you work late tonight, I'll pay you well.  ……………………………………………………………………………… d) If you don't hurry, you'll be late.  ……………………………………………………………………………… e) If you don't take a taxi, you'll miss your train. ……………………………………………………………………………… II. Loại 2: điều kiện không thể xảy ở hiện tại EXERCISE: Hãy dựa vào các sự thật ở HT hoặc tương lai, viết câu điều kiện trái với sự thật đó: 1. She drinks too much coffee. She doesn't feel calm. 2. He can't type. He isn't able to operate a computer. . 3. They don't understand the problem. They won't find a solution. . 4. She is not in your position. She isn't, able to advise you. 5. I am in a hurry. I won't stay to dinner. 6. He's not a millionaire. He won't buy you a palace. 7. The weather isn't sunny. We won't stay indoors. . 8. I am fit. I will go climbing. III. Loại 3 : điều kiện không thể xảy ở quá khứ Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 2 If + S + V2/ed, S + would/ could/ should/ might (not) + Vo … didn't Vo be →were 1) If I won a million pounds, I would buy ____________ 2) If I won a million pounds, I would buy ____________ • Anh ta chỉ tưởng tượng ra thôi. Thực ra hiện tại hoặc thậm chí tương lai anh ta không có 1 triệu Bảng và anh ta cũng không thể mua sắm được những thứ này.  Do đó ĐK loại 2 luôn không thể xảy ra ở HT vì nó TRÁI NGƯC với sự thật ở HT Yesterday Jack forgot to take an umbrella with him, and he got wet. If + S + had (not) + V3/ed, S + would (not) + have + V3/ed … UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 EX:He failed the exam because he didn’t study hard.(Anh ấy thi rớt kì thi vì anh đã không học chăm chỉ)  If he had studied hard, he wouldn’t have failed the exam. (Nếu anh ấy học chăm chỉ, anh sẽ không thi rớt kì thi) • CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN I. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: (chuyển đổi câu cùng nghóa) 1. BECAUSE / SO  IF (sử dụng đối với ĐK loại 2, và 3): Khi câu gốc có sử dụng BECAUSE / SO và viết sang dạng câu ĐK thì ta làm như sau: a) Câu có sử dụng BECAUSE / SO là sự thật ở Hiện Tại hoặc Quá Khứ, khi viết sang IF thì ta phải nói ngược lại với sự thật đó (sử dụng NOT, hay bỏ NOT, hoặc dùng từ trái nghĩa) 1/ I am in a hurry , so I won't stay to dinner.  Sự thật ở___________  If………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2/ I had an accident because I didn’t drive carefully.  Sự thật ở___________  If………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. b) Nếu BECAUSE / SO là sự thật ở HT  ĐK loại 2 Nếu BECAUSE / SO là sự thật ở QK  ĐK loại 3 c) Mệnh đề BECAUSE đổi thành mệnh đề IF, mđ còn lại thành mđ chính Mệnh đề SO đổi thành mệnh đề chính, mđ còn lại thành mđ IF a) John ate too much birthday cake, so he was sick.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. b) We came home from our holiday early because we ran out of money.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. c) The house didn't burn down because the fire brigade came immediately.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. d) My father didn't earn much money, so life wasn't easy for us.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. e) I didn't enjoy school, so I didn't do very well.  ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 3 Yesterday Jack forgot to take an umbrella with him, and he got wet.  If he had taken an umrella with him, he wouldn’t have got wet • Sự thật là hôm qua anh ta không có mang cái dù theo và anh ta đã bò ướt  Do đó ĐK loại 3 luôn không thể xảy ra ở QK vì nó TRÁI NGƯC với sự thật ở QK UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 2. IF + S + V- not = Unless + S + V (sử dụng đối với ĐK loại 1, 2, và 3) EX: a) If you are not careful, you will make mistake. (Nếu bạn không cẩn thận, bạn sẽ phạm sai lầm)  Unless you __________ careful, you will make mistake. b) These plants will die if you don’t water them regularly.  These plants will die unless you ___________________ them regularly. • NOTE: IF loại gì thì UNLESS loại đó. - Nếu mệnh đề IF dùng trợ động từ DO / DOES / DID + NOT , thì ta bỏ hết chỉ lấy động từ chính và chia thì cho nó.(don’t water  water) - Nếu mệnh đề IF dùng trợ động từ BE/ HAVE/HAS /HAD + NOT, thì ta chỉ cần bỏ NOT 3. Có thể diển tả câu đk mà khơng cần dùng If hay Unless bằng cách đảo ngữ, lưu ý chỉ áp dụng với động từ Be (loại 2) hoặc động từ Had (loại 3). Ex: a) If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.  Were I you, I wouldn’t do that. b) If he hadn’t resigned,we would have been forced to sack him.  Had he not resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. 4. Nột số cụm từ có cùng nghĩa với If : - Provided( that )/ on condition( that )/ as long as/ so long as: miễn là, điều kiện là - Suppose/ supposing: Nếu như - In case: để phòng khi - But for: nếu khơng vì + Noun phrase (A / AN / THE + ADJ + NOUN) - Without: khơng có EXERCISE: Chia động từ trong ngoặc và sử dụng các cụm từ thay cho IF a) I (lend) you my book if you let me have it back by Monday. (on condition (that))  I will lend you my book on condition that you let me have it back by Monday b) If you look after it, I (let) you keep my bicycle till the weekend. (providing (that))  ………………………………………………………………………………………… c) If you (not tell) anyone else, I'll tell you what happened. (so long as)  ………………………………………………………………………………………… d) If it (be) a holiday on Monday, we can drive to the seaside. (supposing (that))  ………………………………………………………………………………………… II. MULTIPLE CHOICE : (bài tập dạng trắc nghiệm)) 1. Chọn câu cùng nghóa: Dựa vào các cách chuyển đổi câu tương đương với IF 1) He will die if nobody takes him to hospital. Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 4 UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 a.He will die if anyone takes him to hopitals b.He will die unless someone takes him to hospital c.He will die if he is taken to hospital d.He won’t die unless someone takes him to hospital 2) Her friends are sad because she isn’t here. a. If she is here, her friends won’t be sad b. If she were here, her friends wouldn’t be sad c. Her friends will be sad unless she is here d. If she had been here, her friends wouldn’t have been sad 3) We didn’t know your sister was ill, so we didn’t visit her. a. If we knew your sister was ill, we would visit her b. If we had known your sister was ill, we would have visited her c. If we know your sister was ill, we will visit her d. Unless we know your sister was ill, we won’t visit her 4) You will avoid waiting by booking a table in advance a. You’ll avoid waiting though you book a table in advance. b. Unless you book a table in advance, you’ll avoid waiting c. If you book a table in advance, you’ll avoid waiting d. If you don’t bok a table in advance, you’ll avoid waiting. 5) We didn’t have enough rain, so we could not grow rice a. If we had had enough rain, we could have grown rice b.If we had enough rain. We could grow rice c. Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t have grow rice d. b & c are correct 6) Unless he phones immediately, he won’t get any information a. If he doesn’t phone immediately, he won’t get any information b. If he phones immediately, he won’t get any information c. He doesn’t phone immediately until he gets some information d. He won’t phone immediately until he gets information 7) I didn't have an umbrella with me, so I got wet. A. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn't get wet. B. If I had had an umbrella, I would get wet. C. If I had had an umbrella, I wouldn't have got wet. D. If I had had an umbrella, I would have got wet. 8) I haven’t got money, so I’m not going on holiday A. Having no money made me go on holiday. B. Not having money on my holiday got me down C. If I have money, I’ll go on holiday D. If I had money, I would go on holiday. 9) We didn’t visit the museum because we had no time. a.If we have time, we will visit the museum b.If we had time, we would visit the museum. c.If we had had time, we would have visited the museum. d.If we had time, we will have visited the museum. 2. Chọn dạng động từ của câu điều kiện: Dựa vào một trong hai mệnh đề mà ta có thể xác đònh câu đó là ĐK loại gì, từ đó chọn hình thức động từ phù hợp với loại ĐK đó. EX: If I were you , I……………………………….that a. would apply for b. will ask for c. will have changed d. can take 3. Chọn dạng từ như: UNLESS / IF / WITHOUT… EX: George won’t lend you any money………………… you promise to pay him back. a. providing b. unless c. provided d. as long as PRACTICE: 2/ If I ………………………………………… a wish , I would wish for happiness for my family a. have b. have been c. had d. was having 3/ If we had had time , we………………………………………… to the party a. can go b. will go c. would have gone d. will have gone 4/ We couldn’t understand the teacher if he ……………………………………too fast a. spoke b. has spoken c. doesn’t speak d. didn’t speak 5/ If everything is all right , we ………………………………….our work on time a. complete b. are completing c. have completed d. will complete 6/ What……………………………………if the earth suddenly stopped going around the sun a. happens b. will happen c. would happen d. happened 7/ Unless you………………………………quiet , I will scream. a. don’t keep b. keep c. kept d. didn’t keep 8/ You will be able to speak English well if you …………………………………….hard a. study b. studied c. would study d. had studied Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 5 UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 9/ If I………………………… you , I…………………………………….invitation a. am/ will refuse b. was /will refuse c. were/ would refuse d. had been/ will refuse 10/ ……………………………………………., I would have told you the answer a. if you ask me b. had you asked me c. you had asked me d. unless you asked me 11/ If Linlin …………………………., please tell her that I have gone to the grocery. a. call b. is calling c. calls d. called 12… you start saving money now, you won’t be able to buy a computer next school year. a.Unless b.Moreover c.Besides d.Whether 14……more about her, you would change your opinion. a.If you know b.If you did know c.If you knew d.If did you know 15.If the police had not saved me, I…… at that time. a.will die b.would die c.will have died d.would have died 17.Peter failed the final exam. If he… harder, he…… a.has worked/will succeed b.had worked/would have succeeded c .had worked/ would succeed d.worked/ succeed 19. I will never talk to you again……… you apologize to me ……….being rude. a. if/for b. unless/for c. or/for d. whether/or 20. The children can stay here………… they don’t make too much noise. a. whether b. providing c. unless d. until 21. She can ’ t get home ___ she has no money. A. unless B. if C. until D. without 22. If we took the 10:30 train, ___. A. we would arrive too early B. we should arrive too early C. we will arrive too early D. we may arrive too early 23. Trees won ’ t grow ___ there is enough water. A. if B. when C. unless D. as 24. ___ she agreed, you would have done it. A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would B. Câu ao ước: là câu có chứa động từ WISH (ao ước). Nó được dùng để diễn tả những sự việc mà ta không hài lòng với sự thật. Do đó nó luôn trái ngược với sự thật  Không có thật ở HT, QK, TL. có 3 loại I. Loại 1: điều ước ở hiện tại  Trạng từ thường đi kèm: now, right now, today . EX: I wish today were Sunday. (Tôi ước hôm nay là chủ nhật) II. Loại 2: điều ước ở quá khứ  Trạng từ thường đi kèm: yesterday, ago, last, in 1990 EX: He wished he had seen the football match on TV last night. Loại 3: điều ước ở tương lai  Trạng từ thường đi kèm: today, tomorrow, next, in the future, in 2050 EX: I wish I would travel Nha Trang next summer. Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 6 S + wish + S + V2/ed (Nếu: Be → were) S’ + wish + S + had + V3/ed S + wish + S + would/ could + Vo NOTE: S + WISH = IF ONLY (giá mà / ước gì) UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 Exercise1:Chọn phương án tốt nhất để hoàn thành các câu sau: 1. She wishes her father ________ here now to help her. A. has been B. is being C. is D. were 2. Julie goes to bed late. Her mother wishes _______. A. she went to bed early B. she went to bed late C. she doesn’t go to bed late D. she goes to bed early 3. My father won’t lend me his car. I wish _______ . A. he lent me his car B. he didn’t lend me his car C. he would lend me his carD. he wouldn’t lend me his car 4. We wish we _____ a large house, but we can’t afford it now. A. have B. had C. can have D. will have 5. I’m sorry I haven’t got any money on me. I wish I _______. A. I have got no money on me B. I have some money on me C. I had got no money on me D. I had some money on me 6. It’s a pity she didn’t take her doctor’s advice. She wishes ________. A. she took her doctor’s advice B. she had taken her doctor’s advice C. she takes her doctor’s advice D. she would take her doctor’s advice 7. My father is not free today. I wish ______. A. my father is free today B. my father won’t be busy today C. my father would be free today D. my father were free today 8. I’m afraid our team will lose the game today. I wish _______. A. our team would win the game today B. our team won the game today C. our team didn’t lose the game today D. our team had won the game today 9. My friends didn’t take part in the game. I wish _______. A. My friends took part in the game B. My friends would take part in the game C. My friends did take part in the game D. My friends had taken part in the game 10. She wishes he ______ his letter of application earlier. A. would write B. had written C. wrote D. would wrote 11. My uncle wishes he ______ time when he was young. A. wouldn’t waste B. didn’t waste C. hasn’t waste D. hadn’t waste 12. I wish we ____ shopping here together. A. would go B. will go C. can go D. go 13. I’m not able to visit London. I wish I ______go there. A. can B. will C. may D. could 14. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party. I wish I _____ your birthday party. A. wouldn’t miss B. didn’t miss C. hadn’t missed D. had missed 15. I wish I ___ there for my holiday last year. I didn’t enjoy it. A. wouldn’t go B. didn’t go C. hadn’t gone D. would rather go 16. I wish I _____ English when I was at high school. A. study B. studied C. have studied D. had studied 17. I wish I _____ a trip to London last year. A. had taken B. took C. will take D. take 18. I wish Sarah ______ here now. A. is B. were C. would be D. will be 19. ______ a car to drive now. A. if I had B. only I had C. if only I had D. better I had 20. I wish I _____ your wedding, but I was in Paris. A. could attend B. would attend C. attended D. could have attended Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 7 UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 475/57 Le thanh Ton St. District 1 Ho Chi Minh City March 15 th , 2008 Dear sir/madam, I’ve read a lot about ____________________(1) in the UK and very _________________(2) by the reputation of many famous universities there. Now I am in my last year of the high school and will finish __________________(3) in 3 months. I am very much interested in an undergraduate course in _______________(4) in Birmingham University. ___________________(5) send me some information about the admission requirements, ___________________(6) , accommodation and details of the course? I am ready to supply any information about myself if necessary. I ______________________(7) hearing from you soon. Yours faithfully, Hoang Thanh Nam. 475/57 Lê Thanh Tôn, Quận 1 Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ngày 15 tháng 3 2008 Dear sir / madam, tôi đã đọc rất nhiều về học đại học tại Vương quốc Anh và rất ấn tượng bởi sự nổi tiếng của nhiều trường đại học nổi tiếng ở đó. Bây giờ tôi tin cuối năm của trường trung học và sẽ hoàn thành giáo dục trung học trong 3 tháng. Tôi rất nhiều quan tâm đến một khóa học đại học về kinh tế tại Đại học Birmingham. Ông có thể vui lòng gửi cho tôi một số thông tin về các yêu cầu nhập học, học phí, lệ phí, chỗ ở và các chi tiết của khóa học? Tôi sẵn sàng cung cấp bất kỳ thông tin về bản thân mình nếu cần thiết Tôi mong muốn được nghe từ bạn sớm Trân trọng, Hoàng Thanh Nam. Tài Liệu Dùng kèm SGK 12 by Trần Hồng Đức 8 Economics look forward to impressed secondary education Could you please tertiary study tuitions fees . UNIT 5 – HIGHER EDUCATION 2010 - 2011 a.He will die if anyone takes him to hopitals b.He will die unless someone takes him to hospital c.He will die if. avoid waiting d. If you don’t bok a table in advance, you’ll avoid waiting. 5) We didn’t have enough rain, so we could not grow rice a. If we had had enough