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Chapter 25 - The skeletal system. Bones provide the body with structure and support. In this chapter you will learn about the bones of the body, their structure, and how the joints of the body work.
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 25 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display The Skeletal System Objectives 251 Describe the parts of a long bone 252 List the substances that make up bone tissue 253 List the functions of bones 254 Describe how long bones grow 255 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. 256 Describe the location of each bone 257 Define fontanels and explain their importance The Skeletal System Objectives (cont.) 258 List different types of bone fractures and describe their characteristics 259 Explain how fractures heal 2510 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each 2511 Describe the structure of a synovial joint 2512 Describe the characteristics, causes, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeleton Introduction Bones provide the body with structure and support. You will learn about the bones of the body, their structure, and how the joints of the body work The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones as well as joints and related connective tissues. The Skeletal System Bone Structure Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including osseous tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy Bone Structure (cont.) Compact bone looks solid; however, the following structures can be observed with a microscope All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone Classification of Bones Long bones located primarily in the arms and legs Long bones femur (thigh bone) & humerus (upper arm bone) Short bones small bones are located in the wrists and Short bones ankles carpals (wrist bones) & tarsals (ankle bones) Flat bones located in the skull and rib cage ribs and frontal bone Irregular bones vertebrae and the bones of the pelvic girdle Functions of Bones Shape to body parts Support and protect soft structures in the body Body movement since skeletal muscles attach to them Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells Store calcium for the body Bone Growth Ossification – process of bone growth Ossification Intramembranous ossification – Intramembranous ossification bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane boneforming cells called osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull) Endochondral ossification bones containing some cartilage between an epiphysis and the diaphysis will continue to grow cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts 10 Body’s Repair of the Bone A hematoma (blood clot) forms around the fracture Granulation tissue slowly replaces the hematoma. Soft callus is formed that replaces the granulation tissue. Hard callus replaces the soft callus. Hard callus is remodeled so that it takes on the shape of the original bone. 26 Falls and Fractures Falls account for about 50% of all fractures Teach patients about preventing falls Persons most at risk for falling are those with the following conditions: Muscle weakness & poor vision Difficulty walking Dependence on bifocals Hearing loss Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease 27 Falls and Fractures (cont.) Falls can be prevented through the following steps: Awareness Educate patients to try not to climb Awareness or stretch for items that they use regularly. Balance Patients should stand up gradually, Balance especially from a lyingdown position Lifestyle Recommend that patients clean up any Lifestyle clutter in their living space so that they are less likely to trip on items 28 Joints Junctions between bones Classified as: Fibrous connected together with short fibers Fibrous Cartilaginous connected together with a Cartilaginous disc of cartilage Synovial –joints are covered with hyaline Synovial cartilage and are held together by a fibrous joint capsule 29 Synovial Joints Joint capsule is lined with a synovial membrane. Membrane secretes a slippery fluid called synovial fluid, which allows the bones to move easily against each other. Bones are also held together through tough, cordlike structures called ligaments. Synovial joints are freely moveable. 30 Apply Your Knowledge Your patient complains of getting dizzy every time she gets up from her chair. What patient education fact should you give the patient that would prevent her from falling? 31 Apply Your Knowledge Answer Your patient complains of getting dizzy every time she gets up from her chair. What patient education fact should you give the patient that would prevent her from falling? You should stand for a few seconds before walking. This allows time for blood flow to reach the brain, preventing dizziness 32 Diseases and Disorders of Bone Bursitis inflammation of a bursa Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when the median nerve in the wrist is excessively compressed. Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) a group of tumors that affect different tissue types Gout a type of arthritis 33 Diseases and Disorders of Bone (cont.) Osteogenesis Imperfecta more commonly Osteogenesis Imperfecta called brittlebone disease Osteoporosis a condition in which bones Osteoporosis become thinned over time Osteosarcoma a type of bone cancer that Osteosarcoma originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue 34 Diseases and Disorders of Bone (cont.) Paget’s Disease Paget’s Disease causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak. Scoliosis an Scoliosis abnormal curvature of the spine. 35 Educating the Patient Teach your patients about: Building Better Bones BoneHealthy Diet BoneHealthy Exercises BoneHealthy Exercises Bone Tests 36 Apply Your Knowledge The doctor has told your patient that he has a osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder? 37 Apply Your Knowledge Answer The doctor has told your patient that he has a osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder? Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue. 38 Summary Medical Assistant You will provide patient education and assist the physician in the office when patients have problems with the skeletal system You will need to know about the bones of the body, their structure, and how the joints of the body work 39 End of Chapter 40 ... Bones of the Shoulders, Arms and Hands Shoulders pectoral girdles and include clavicles and scapulae Upper limb or arm bones the humerus, radius, and ulna Hand carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges ... 25 8 List different types of bone fractures and describe their characteristics 25 9 Explain how fractures heal 25 10 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each 25 11 Describe the structure of a synovial joint 25 12 Describe the characteristics, causes, and. .. cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. 25 6 Describe the location of each bone 25 7 Define fontanels and explain their importance The Skeletal System Objectives (cont.) 25 8 List different types of bone fractures and describe