Energy infrastructures in the eastern bloc poland and the construction of transnational electricity, oil, and gas systems

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Energy infrastructures in the eastern bloc poland and the construction of transnational electricity, oil, and gas systems

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Studien zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Ostmitteleuropas 26 Falk Flade Energy Infrastructures in the Eastern Bloc Poland and the Construction of Transnational Electricity, Oil, and Gas Systems Harrassowitz Falk Flade Energy Infrastructures in the Eastern Bloc © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Studien zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Ostmitteleuropas Herausgegeben von Werner Benecke, Christoph Boyer, Ulf Brunnbauer, Uwe Müller, Alexander Nützenadel und Philipp Ther Band 26 2017 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Falk Flade Energy Infrastructures in the Eastern Bloc Poland and the Construction of Transnational Electricity, Oil, and Gas Systems 2017 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 The series continues the »Frankfurter Studien zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Ostmitteleuropas«, whose volumes 1–16 have been published in the Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag Scientific Advisory Board: Roman Holec, Jerzy Kochanowski, Claudia Kraft, Rudolf Kučera, Torsten Lorenz, Ágnes Pogány, Béla Tomka, Hans-Jürgen Wagener All volumes of the series go through a peer-review process Cover Illustration: Left side: Worker of the construction company Energopol at the Polish section of the ͡ Soiuz gas pipeline near Kharkov in eastern Ukraine, 1976 © Polska Agencja Prasowa/ Mariusz Szyperko Right side: View of the Druzhba pipeline and the power transmission line Mir in the Zakarpattia region, 1965 © Polska Agencja Prasowa/ITAR-TASS Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden 2017 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems Printed on permanent/durable paper Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 1867-6596 ISBN 978-3-447-10904-8 e-ISBN 978-3-447-19676-5 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 for Inna © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Content Figures and tables Abbreviations Acknowledgement 13 Introduction 1.1 Prolog 1.2 Object of study 1.3 Literature overview 1.4 Research questions and theses 1.5 Methods and sources 1.6 Theoretical approach 1.6.1 Large Technological Systems 1.6.2 Critical assessment 1.6.3 Applied concepts 1.7 Outline 15 15 18 20 24 26 27 27 34 35 37 Energy infrastructures in pre-war Poland 2.1 The heritage of the Galician oil industry 2.2 Plans and endeavors in the 1920s 2.3 The Central Industrial District 2.4 Summary 38 38 40 42 46 Initiating cross-border energy infrastructures 3.1 Historical background 3.1.1 Implementation of planned economies 3.1.2 Modes of cooperation during post-war Stalinism 3.1.3 The Marshall Plan and the foundation of the CMEA 3.2 The beginning of cross-border cooperation 3.2.1 The energy-hungry Hungarian aluminum industry 3.2.2 Negotiating four-sided electricity deliveries 3.2.3 The pricing debate 3.3 The Standing Commission for Electric Energy 3.3.1 Gidroproektʼs proposal 3.3.2 Teploėlektroproekt’s proposal 3.4 The electricity network Mir 3.4.1 The Central Dispatching Organization 3.4.2 The electricity hub Mukachevo 3.4.3 Early plans for East-West electricity deliveries 3.5 Summary 47 47 48 49 51 54 54 55 57 59 62 64 66 68 70 71 72 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Content The Druzhba oil pipeline 75 4.1 Changing energy consumption in Eastern Europe 75 4.1.1 The chemicalization campaign 76 4.1.2 Oil import forecasts and the transport question 77 4.2 Pipeline construction 80 4.2.1 The planning procedure 80 4.2.2 Construction work 84 4.2.3 Western obstruction 89 4.2.4 Consequences of the Druzhba pipeline 93 4.3 Extending the pipeline network 96 4.3.1 The second Druzhba pipeline 97 4.3.2 Plans for additional in- and outlets 101 4.4 Summary 103 The Soi͡uz gas pipeline 5.1 The Complex Program 5.2 Soi͡uz as a flagship project? 5.2.1 Posting of workforce 5.2.2 Joint purchases of Western products 5.2.3 The International Investment Bank 5.2.4 Repercussions of the Polish debt crisis 5.3 Further system growth without integration 5.4 Summary 106 106 109 113 120 122 127 130 132 Stagnation in the East European nuclear energy sector 6.1 Impacts of the oil crises 6.1.1 Excursus: the discussion about Soviet subsidization 6.2 Ambitious plans for the electricity network Mir 6.2.1 New institutions and agreements 6.2.2 The General Scheme for the Long-Term Development of Mir 6.2.3 Joint construction of the NPP Khmeľnit͡skiĭ 6.3 The “NPP Żarnowiec under construction” 6.3.1 Initial plans for a Polish NPP 6.3.2 Crumbling cross-border supply chains 6.3.3 The Chernobyl disaster 6.3.4 Growing counterculture 6.3.5 The end of the “NPP Żarnowiec under construction” 6.4 Summary 135 135 141 143 143 147 153 158 158 160 163 165 170 172 Impacts of changing institutional frameworks 7.1 Electricity sector 7.1.1 Transition from Mir to ENTSO-E 7.1.2 Nuclear plans in Poland 7.2 Gas sector 7.2.1 Supply security versus transport autarky 7.2.2 The post-socialist gas infrastructure 175 175 176 179 185 186 189 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Content 7.3 Oil sector 7.3.1 Diversification attempts despite low vulnerability 7.3.2 The Druzhba pipeline: worn out or indispensable? 7.4 Summary 194 195 196 198 Conclusion 200 Color plates 209 10 Bibliography 10.1 Archival sources 10.2 Interviews 10.3 Official documents 10.4 Web-published material 10.5 Secondary literature 216 216 217 217 217 218 11 Index 231 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Bibliography 225 — (1986): Chernobyľ and Eastern Europe In: Problems of Communism, no 11–12, pp 40–58 — (1990): The energy gap in Eastern Europe Lexington: Lexington Books Kubiak, Krzysztof (2010): Polska wobec importu skroplonego gazu ziemnego Szanse – zagrożenia – wyzwania In: Mickiewicz, Piotr; Sokołowska, Patrycja (ed.): Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Europy środkowej Toruń: Adam Marszałek, pp 204–217 La Porte, Todd R (1994): Large Technical Systems, institutional surprise and challenges to political legitimacy In: Derlien, Hans-Ulrich; Gerhard, Uta; Scharpf, Fritz W (eds.): Systemrationalität und Partialinteresse Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp 433–453 Lagendijk, Vincent (2008): Electrifying Europe The power of Europe in the construction of electricity networks Dissertation Amsterdam: aksant — (2015): Divided development: post-war ideas on river utilization and their influence on the development of the Danube In: The International History Review, vol 37, issue 1, pp 80–98 Lang, Kai-Olaf (2006): Mit Sicherheit Polens Energiepolitik zwischen europäischer Solidarität und russischer Abhängigkeit In: Polen-Analysen, no 2, pp 2–7 — (2007): Polens Energiepolitik Interessen und Konfliktpotentiale in der EU und im Verhältnis zu Deutschland In: SWP-Studie, S13 Lavigne, Marie (1983): The Soviet Union inside Comecon In: Soviet Studies, vol 35, no 2, pp 135– 153 Luchter, Lidia; Adamus, Jerzy (1990): Geografia elektroenergetyki Polski Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne Łukasiewicz, Piotr (1989): Społeczne komunikowanie się i społeczna zaradność In: Siciński, Andrzej (ed.): Nazajutrz… Reakcje społeczeństwa polskiego na katastrofę w Czarnobylu Warsaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne, pp 77–108 Marer, Paul (1976): Prospects for integration in the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) In: International Organization, vol 30, no 4, pp 631–648 — (1984): The political economy of Soviet relations with Eastern Europe In: Terry, Sarah M (ed.): Soviet policy in Eastern Europe New Haven: Yale University Press, pp 155–188 Marrese, Michael; Vanous, Jan (1983): Soviet subsidization of trade with Eastern Europe A Soviet perspective Berkeley: Institute for International Studies Matušek, Jaromír (1972): Das Komplexprogramm im Ressort Brennstoffe und Energetik In: Tschechoslowakische Wirtschaftsrundschau, no 6, pp 45–73 Mayntz, Renate; Schneider, Volker (1995): Die Entwicklung technischer Infrastruktursysteme zwischen Steuerung und Selbstorganisation In: Mayntz, Renate; Fritz, Scharpf (eds.): Gesellschaftliche Selbstregelung und politische Steuerung Frankfurt/Main: Campus, pp 73–100 Meier, Christian (1986): Der RGW Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft oder Instrument sowjetischer Hegemonialpolitik? 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ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 230 Bibliography — (2006): Understanding network societies Two decades of Large Technical System Studies In: Van der Vleuten, Erik; Kaijser, Arne (eds.): Networking Europe Transnational infrastructures and the shaping of Europe 1850–2000 Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications, pp 279–313 Van der Vleuten, Erik; Kaijser, Arne (2006): Prologue and introduction: transnational networks and the shaping of contemporary Europe In: Van der Vleuten, Erik; Kaijser, Arne (eds.): Networking Europe Transnational infrastructures and the shaping of Europe 1850–2000 Sagamore Beach: Science History Publications, pp 1–23 Van der Vleuten, Erik; Anastasiadou, Irene; Lagendijk, Vincent; Schipper, Frank (2007): Europe’s System Builders: The contested shaping of transnational road, electricity and rail networks In: Contemporary European History, vol 16, no 3, pp 321–347 Velkov, Asen (1980): Dolgosrochnye ͡tselevye programmy sotrudnichestva pretvori͡ai͡utsi͡a w zhizn’ In: Ėkonomicheskoe Sotrudnichestvo Stran-Chlenov SĖV, no 3, pp 29–35 Venjakob, Johannes (2012): Qualitativ-narrative Szenarios für die langfristige Entwicklung des polnischen Energiesektors Dissertation Stuttgart: ibidem Voloshin, Vladimir (1990): Electric power in the Comecon European countries In: Energy Policy, vol 18, no 8, pp 740–746 Walser, Monika (2009): The 50 year success story – evolution of a European interconnected grid Brussels: Secretariat of UCTE Wendland, Anna (2015): Inventing the atomograd Nuclear urbanism as a way of life in Eastern Europe 1970–2011 In: Bohn, Thomas M.; Feldhoff, Thomas; Gebhardt, Lisette; Graf, Arndt (eds.): The impact of disaster: social and cultural approaches to Fukushima and Chernobyl Berlin: EBPublishers, pp 261–287 Wenerski, Łukasz (01.09.2015): Die Energieunion – die Sicht der Vertreter des polnischen Energiesektors In: Polen-Analysen, no 167, pp 2–7 Wessely, Kurt (1962): Tendenzen in der Energiewirtschaft des Ostblocks I: Sowjetunion In: Osteuropa, no 8–9, pp 578–584 Wessely, Kurt (1962): Tendenzen in der Energiewirtschaft des Ostblocks II: Das Verhältnis der Ostblockstaaten untereinander In: Osteuropa, no 11–12, pp 813–818 Westphal, Kirsten (2009): Russisches Erdgas, ukrainische Röhren, europäische Versorgungssicherheit Lehren und Konsequenzen aus dem Gasstreit 2009 In: SWP-Studie, S18 Wilczynski, Jozef (1981): An encyclopedic dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism London: Macmillan Wos’, Bogdan (1984): Ėnergopoľ na trasse In: Ėkonomicheskoe Sotrudnichestvo Stran-Chlenov SĖV, no 3, pp 18–20 Wyciszkiewicz, Ernest (2008): Rosyjski sektor naftowo-gazowy Uwarunkowania wewnętrzne i perspektywy rozwoju In: Wyciszkiewicz, Ernest (ed.): Geopolityka rurociągów Współzależność energetyczna a stosunki międzypaństwowe na obszarze postsowieckim Warsaw, pp 5–55 Wyczański, Paweł (1977): Systemy wspólnego finansowania inwestycji krajów RWPG Warsaw: Instytut Finansów Zawadzki, Stanisław Maciej (1963): Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy Przyczynek zagadnienia genezy struktury przestrzennej przemysłu polskiego In: Przegląd Geograficzny, vol 35, no 1, pp 51–64 Zwass, Adam (1988): Der Rat für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe 1949 bis 1987 Der dornige Weg von einer politischen zu einer wirtschaftlichen Integration Vienna: Springer Żukrowska, Katarzyna (1981): Wspólne inwestycje krajów RWPG, ich efektywność i znaczenia dla społeczno-gospodarczego rozwoju tych krajów Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych Żurawski, Przemysław (2008): Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec Rosji a interesy Polski 1991–2004 Warsaw: Centrum Europejskie Natolin © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 11 Index Adamkiewicz, Marek: 168 Adamowo: 94, 196, 198 Adler, Hans: 98 Adria pipeline: 103, 198, 203 AEG-Kanis: 120, 122, 131 Albertirsa: 149, 178 Aleksandrov Gaĭ: 114 Alkhimov, Vladimir: 125, 126 Aľmeťevsk: 81, 102 Alytus: 178 Amber Grid: 194 Amber pipeline: 192 Anger, Didier: 167 Astara: 101 Aswan dam: 28 Atomėnergoėksport: 146, 161, 162 Atommash: 152, 162, 163, 203 Avramet͡s, V.: 83, 93 Baĭbakov, Nikolaĭ: 79, 80, 96, 102, 115 Baildon steelworks: 161, 162, 206 Baku: 40 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline: 196 Balakovo NPP: 157 Balkow, Julius: 86 Baltic Pipe: 193, 207 Baltic Pipeline System BPS: 197 Bartosiewicz, Zbigniew: 160 Basel: 144 BASF: 192 Batory steelworks: 81, 161, 206 Battle Act: 51 Battle, Laurie C.: 51 Bay of Pigs Invasion: 89 Baziaş: 62 Bełchatów: 108 Belene NPP: 162 Belichenko, Albert: 126, 129 Berlin Blockade: 51, 71 Berlin Crisis: 89 Berlin:26, 29, 30, 51, 60, 71, 97, 100, 102 Berzdorf power plant: 57, 64 Bierut, Bolesław: 50 Big Dume pipeline: 93 Bijak, Jerzy: 165 Bisamberg: 72 Bitterfeld: 86, 119 Blachownia: 103 Blue Stream pipeline: 189 Bogomolov, Oleg: 113, 137 Bohunice NPP: 151 Boĭchinovt͡si: 71 Bolesławiec: 56 Boryslav: 39 Brǎila: 62 Branobel: 40 Bratislava: 60, 62, 63, 81, 87, 91 Brest: 77, 94 Brezhnev, Leonid: 23, 109 Britisch Broadcasting Corporation BBC: 164 Brno: 144 Brody: 92, 93, 196 Brown, Boveri & Cie: 161 Brzeszcze: 43 Bucharest Principle: 59, 73, 136, 137 Bucharest: 59, 66, 77, 136 Budapest: 38, 55, 60, 63, 81, 149 Budkovce: 87 Budostal: 116 Bukhara: 92 Buna: 119 Burshtyn: 178 Buzek, Jerzy: 193 Bystričany: 55 Castro, Fidel: 89 Caterpillar: 120 Center for Public Opinion Research CBOS: 170, 171, 182 Central Dispatching Organization © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 232 Index CDO:36, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 87, 150, 198, 202 Central Industrial District COP: 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 200, 208 Centrala Produktów Naftowych: 83 CENTREL: 177, 198, 202, 207, 208 Chase Manhattan Bank: 124 Cheli͡abinsk: 92 Chemokomplex: 115 Chemoprojekt: 81 Cherkassy: 110 Chernobyl disaster:35, 36, 135, 158, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 201, 203, 205, 206, 208 Chernobyl NPP: 163, 164, 166 Chicago: 29, 30 Chomutov: 81 Chop: 70, 77, 91, 94 Chorzów: 43, 81, 161 Chotcza: 160 Churchill, Winston: 47 Čilistov: 62 Cold War: 33, 47, 51, 53, 54, 71, 203 Commonwealth of Independent States CIS: 15, 18, 187, 188, 191 Communist Information Bureau ComInform: 53 Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPSU: 20, 50, 60, 76 Complex Program:21, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 123, 132, 135, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 201, 204, 208 Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade Policy CoCom: 51, 89, 90 Cracow: 38, 40, 41, 43, 168 Craiova: 71 CRC Crose: 120, 121 Cuban Missile Crisis: 89 Czchów hydropower plant: 42, 43, 44 Darłowo: 160 Daszawa gas field: 40, 43, 44, 46 Dauletabad gas fields: 114 Dębica: 43 Demin, Anatoliĭ: 197 Đerdap dam: 62, 63 Deutsche Bank: 124 Devín: 62 Dichter, Michał: 58 Dobrotvor power plant: 68, 70 Dolmel: 161 Donet͡sk: 114 Dresdner Bank: 124 Dresser: 131 Drohobycz: 40, 44 Dubna: 144 Dudinskiĭ, Iľi͡a: 137 Dürnrohr substation: 177 Dziedzice: 39 E.ON: 191 Edison, Thomas: 28, 32 Ekaterinburg: 92 Elbląg: 161 Elektromontaż: 116 Ėlektrosila: 63 Ełk: 178 Energopol:85, 102, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 130, 131, 157, 202, 205 Energoprojekt: 166 Energy Charter: 187 Energy NATO: 15, 16 Energy Union: 16, 199, 208 Engie: 191, 192 Erőmű Tröszt: 57 Etzenricht substation: 177 Eurasian Economic Union: 205 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBRD: 193 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity ENTSO-E: 176 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas ENTSO-G 194 European Union EU:15, 16, 33, 175, 176, 178, 179, 185, 187, 189, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199, 207, 208 EuRoPol Gaz: 190 Faddeev, Nikolaĭ: 76 Fakop: 161 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 233 Index Falin, Valentin: 188 Fichtner, Kurt: 98, 101 Finsider: 121 First World War: 35, 38, 39, 46, 200, 208 Fiume: 38 Florescu, M.: 80 Ford, Henry: 28, 32 Four Year Plan (1936-1940): 42, 200 Frankfurt/Oder: 81 Free City of Danzig: 40 Free German Youth FDJ: 87, 119 Freyer, Ernst: 57 Fukushima NPP: 181, 182 Gabčikovo dam: 62, 63 Gałka, Jan: 160 Gamma: 144 Gas-Trading: 190 Gasunie: 191 Gazociągi Państwowe: 40 Gazprom: 16, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192 Gaz-System: 192, 193, 194 Gdańsk:40, 87, 97, 101, 159, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 187, 193, 194, 195, 203 Gdynia: 41, 42, 159, 165, 169, 170, 195 General Electric: 122 Gerő, Ernő: 52 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe: 52 Gidroproekt: 61, 62, 63, 65, 81, 202 Giprotruboprovod:80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 98, 101 Gladkov, P.: 80, 83 Glavtransnefť: 88 Glazur, Adam: 157 Głuszewski, Wojciech: 181 Gomułka, Władysław: 50, 107 Gorbachëv, Mikhail: 23, 186 Gorzów Wielkopolski: 169 Gościeradów: 160 Gosplan: 52, 53, 79, 83, 92, 101, 115 GOST: 54, 86, 203 Grabski, Władysław: 41 Great Depression: 41 Greifswald NPP: 151, 162, 172 Grupa Lotos: 195 Guben: 119 Gudzowaty, Aleksander: 190 Gwiazda, Władysław: 112 Halle: 99 Hamburg: 102 Hauptverwaltung Elektroenergie: 57 Helsinki Accords: 150 Henke, Georg: 60 High Power Channel Reactor RBMK: 153, 164, 166 Hirschfelde power plant: 56, 64 Hloch, Alois: 57 Hoesch: 89 Honecker, Erich: 140 Hrynkiewicz, Janusz: 112 Hungarian Uprising: 50, 59, 104 Hydrobudowa: 101 Hydrocarbon Research: 88 I͡aroslavľ: 197 Ikarus bus manufacturer: 123 Incze, Jenő: 57 Ingenieurtechnisches Zentralbüro Böhlen: 81 Insull, Samuel: 28 Interatomenergo:144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 161, 164, 202 Interatominstrument: 144, 206 International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA: 164 International Bank for Economic Cooperation: 123, 126, 127 International Council on Large Electric Systems CIGRÉ: 70 International Energy Agency IEA: 17, 175, 186, 195, 199 International Gas Conference: 102 International Investment Bank IIB:21, 35, 108, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 202, 206 International Socialist Division of Labor: 103, 106, 135, 201, 202, 207, 208 International Union of Producers of Electrical Energy UNIPEDE: 70 Ipsos Mori: 181 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 234 Index Iranian Revolution: 139, 160 Iron Curtain: 47, 70, 102, 131 I͡uzhnoukrainsk NPP:147, 149, 151, 153, 204, 207 I͡uzhnyĭgiprogaz: 111, 114 Ivanishchenko, F.: 64 Ivano-Frankovsk: 110 Jaroszewicz, Piotr: 68, 84, 157 Jaruzelski, Wojciech: 129 Jasło gas field: 44 Jaszczuk, Bolesław: 80 Jaworzno: 43, 57 Jeczmionka, Rolf: 65 Jędrychowski, Stefan: 96 John Brown Engineering: 131 John Paul II: 168 Kaczyński, Jarosław: 180, 193 Kádár, János: 50 Kalamkarov, Vartan: 79, 85, 90, 91, 92 Kaminsky, Horst: 126, 129 Karkoszka, Alojzy: 112 Kartoszyno: 159 Katowice: 161 Katushev, Konstantin: 112 Kharkov: 110, 118 Khart͡syzsk: 92 Khmeľnit͡skiĭ NPP:36, 135, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 178, 204, 207 Khrushchëv, Nikita:20, 50, 60, 73, 76, 89, 104, 202, 203 Kiełbasiński, Longin: 83, 93 Kielce: 41, 43 Kiembaĭ asbestos factory:108, 109, 111, 146 Kiev: 118 Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline: 85 Kisigmánd: 55 Klaipėda (Lithuania): 193 Klaĭpeda (Soviet Union): 78, 91, 94 Klempicz: 160, 169, 185 Komarov, Nikolaĭ: 121 Komoró: 77 Konin: 66 Kopystański, Anatol: 67 Korean War: 50, 53, 59, 136 Kortunov, Alekseĭ: 92, 102 Kosygin, Alekseĭ:68, 88, 127, 136, 140, 157 Kowal, Paweł: 16 Kozakiewicz, Romuald: 114, 116 Kozloduĭ NPP: 151, 161 Kraftwerksanlagenbau Berlin: 144 Kremenchug: 110, 114 Krivoĭ Rog: 133 Krosno gas field: 40, 41, 43, 44, 46 Krzak, Marian: 112 Kuczma, Jan: 112 Kuĭbyshev: 85, 92, 93, 96, 100, 101, 102 Kuleshovka oil field: 88 Kursk metallurgical plant: 108 Kursk NPP: 155, 157 Kuziński, Stanisław: 107 Kwiatkowski, Eugeneusz: 42, 43, 44, 46 Lange, Oskar: 107 Lemešany: 68, 70 Lendava: 103 Lenin, Vladimir: 61, 76 Leningrad: 63, 122, 144 Leninváros petrochemical plant: 87, 101 Lesechko, Mikhail: 145 Leuna works: 87, 88, 119 Leuschner, Bruno: 68 Limex: 115 Lískovec: 57 Łódź: 41, 44 London: 29, 30, 124 Loviisa NPP: 171, 172, 180 Lublin: 43, 44, 108 Lubmin: 191 Łuczkiewicz, Roman: 165 Luduș: 68, 70 Luhans´k: 118 Lviv: 38, 40, 41, 43, 70 Mac Garvey, William: 39, 46 Măcin: 149 Magyar-Szovjet Bauxit-Alumínium Maszobal: 54 Main Directorate of the Gas Industry Glavgaz: 92, 93 Majewski, Stanisław: 128, 129 Makhachkala: 101 Malaszewicze: 77, 78 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 235 Index Malenkov, Georgiĭ: 50 Malkinia: 81, 82 Manhattan Project: 28 Mannesmann: 85, 89, 102, 120, 122, 131 Mariupoľ: 92 Marshall Plan: 24, 50, 51, 52 Marshall, George: 24, 50, 51 Martial law (Poland):128, 159, 160, 164, 167, 172 Mashinoimport: 120, 122, 133 Mashpriborintorg: 120 Mažeikiai refinery (Lithuania): 195 Mazheĭki͡aĭ refinery (Soviet Union): 85, 100, 102 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz: 167, 170, 171, 187 McCarthyism: 71 Megat: 161 Michurinsk: 92, 93 Międzyrzecz: 169, 172 Mielec: 43, 44 Mikułowa: 57 Miller Leszek: 193 Minc, Hilary: 52 Minsk: 118 Molotov Plan: 51, 52 Molotov, Vi͡acheslav: 16, 51, 52 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact: 16 Morgenthau Plan: 51 Mościce power plant: 43, 44 Moscow Principle:137, 138, 139, 201, 204, 206 Moscow:26, 49, 52, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 79, 80, 86, 87, 112, 118, 122, 137, 144, 145, 203 Mostiska: 77, 94 Mozyr´: 81, 91, 100, 101, 133 Mukachevo substation:68, 70, 71, 73, 148, 178, 202 Myczkowce: 43 Nabucco pipeline: 196, 199 Naftoport oil terminal:194, 195, 197, 198, 199 Naftoprojekt: 81, 101 Nagymaros dam: 62, 63 Neftei͡ugansk: 102 Nekrasov, A.: 65 Neporozhniĭ, Pëtr: 145, 146, 157 Neteshin: 155, 157, 205 Neva Factory: 122 Nevskiĭ, Vladimir: 122, 145 New Course: 50, 201, 208 New Deal: 42 Ney, W.: 64 Niedergörne NPP: 149 Niemczyk, Piotr: 169 Nippon Steel: 121 Nord Stream pipeline:16, 189, 190, 191, 192, 199, 217 North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO:51, 75, 89, 90, 92, 105, 175, 203 North-West pipeline: 99 Nové Zámky: 55 Novi Sad: 103 Novikov, Vladimir: 152 Novolipet͡sk steelworks: 101 Novomoskovsk: 92, 93 Novopolot͡sk refinery: 100, 102, 118 Novorossiĭsk: 78, 91 Novovolynsk: 123 Novovoronesh NPP: 145, 206 Nowa Huta steelworks: 94 Nowotko steelworks: 161, 206 Nuovo Pignone: 122, 131 Nyers, Rezső: 107 Obrzycko: 166 Odessa: 101, 149, 196 Odessa-Brody-Płock pipeline: 196, 199 Oil crisis:35, 36, 103, 106, 121, 128, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 146, 156, 158, 201 Omišalj: 103, 193 OMV: 192 Orange Revolution: 15 Orenburg:101, 109, 110, 114, 118, 122, 123, 124, 187 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation OEEC: 51 Organization for the Cooperation of Railroads OSZhD: 79 Orlov, K.: 174 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 236 Index Orudzhev, Sabit: 122 Osipov, Nikolaĭ: 131 Ostrowiec: 44, 161 Oświęcim: 42 Paks NPP: 161 Panchevo: 103 Państwowy Zarząd Dyspozycji Mocy: 57 Paris: 51, 89 Patolichev, Nikolaĭ: 86, 137 Pavlov, A.: 79 People´s Uprising (GDR): 50, 59 PERN S.A.: 195, 198 Petrolber: 115, 121 Petroleum Economist journal: 99 Phillips Petroleum: 88 Phoenix-Rheinrohr: 89 Piesteritz: 119 PKN Orlen: 195 Platforma Obywatelska PO: 15, 16 Pleven: 144 Płock:82, 83, 87, 98, 194, 195, 196, 198, 206 Plovdiv: 144 Plzeň: 152 Polish National Bank: 171 Polish United Workers´ Party PZPR: 97, 118, 169 Polmin: 40, 44 Polon: 144 Polot͡sk: 85 Polska Grupa Energetyczna PGE: 180, 181 Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazowe PGNiG: 187, 190, 192, 193 Polskie LNG: 192 Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne PSE 179 Poltava: 118 Pomeranian pipeline: 194, 195, 198, 199 Porąbka dam: 42, 43 Poříčí: 57, 67 Porțile de Fier dam: 62, 63 Power-of-Siberia pipeline: 189 Poznań Uprising: 50, 59, 104 Poznań: 98, 160 Prague Spring: 107, 201, 208 Prague:36, 57, 58, 60, 68, 69, 71, 81, 90, 150, 198 Pravda newspaper: 52 Prawo i Sprawiedliwość PiS: 15, 192, 193, 207 Primorsk: 197 Promsyrˊëimport: 120, 121 Przekwas, Mieczysław: 166 Przemyśl: 43, 77, 78 Putin, Vladimir: 188 Qatargas: 192 Quistorp, Eva: 167 Racibórz: 152, 161 Radio Free Europe: 164, 168 Radom: 43 Rafako: 152, 161, 203 Rapacki, Adam: 72 Rauchfuß, Wolfgang: 112 Raznoimport: 120 Reagan, Ronald: 131 Rechit͡sa oil field: 88 Robotron: 144 Rodakowski, Zygmunt: 39, 46 Rokita, Jan: 168 Romashkino oil field: 81, 88, 101 Roosevelt, Franklin D.: 47 Rostock: 85, 87, 101 Rovno NPP: 149 Rovno: 91, 161 Różań: 184 Różański, Henryk: 65, 79, 80 Rożnów hydropower plant: 42, 43, 44 Russian-Ukrainian gas crisis:15, 16, 191, 207, 208 Rzeszów: 43, 44, 149, 153, 178 Saint Petersburg: 197 Sajószưged substation: 68, 70 Samara: 85 Samotlor oil field: 102 Sandomierz: 40, 42, 44 Schodnica: 39 Schröder, Gerhard: 191 Schwedt refinery:82, 85, 87, 88, 102, 119 Secomski, Kazimierz: 157 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 237 Index Second World War:16, 31, 44, 46, 54, 79, 118, 200, 202, 208 Security Triangle: 41, 42, 46, 200, 208 Sejm: 16, 165 September Campaign: 44 Serck Controls: 120 Sergeev, E.: 79 Sevette, Pierre: 72 Shcherbina, Boris: 112, 113, 130 Shell: 99, 192 Sidorovich, Georgiĭ: 91 Siechnice: 167 Siemens: 172 Šik, Ota: 107 Sikorski, Radosław: 16 Simex: 115 Šimůnek, Otakar: 68, 91 Sino-Soviet split: 20, 50 Sisak: 103 Škoda: 144, 152, 171, 203 Slánský, Rudolf: 52 Smolensk NPP: 155, 157 Socialist Economic Integration:106, 108, 109, 112, 132, 201, 202, 207, 208 Socialist industrialization:22, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 72, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 Socialist Internationalism:60, 106, 109, 111 Socialist Unity Party of Germany SED: 76 Sofia: 53, 111 Soi͡uzgazeksport: 187 Soi͡uzgazproekt: 111 Soi͡uzglavzagranatomėnergo: 144, 146 Soi͡uzintergazstroĭ: 115 Soi͡uzvneshstroĭimport: 116 Soi͡uzzarubezhgazprom: 115 Sokhranovka: 114 Sokolnice: 72 Sokolnicki, Gabriel: 41, 46 Sołdaczuk, Józef: 107 Solidarność: 167, 168, 171 Solina: 43 Sopot: 165 Sorokin, Alekseĭ: 93, 112, 113, 114, 157 Sosnowiec: 161 South European pipeline: 99 South Stream pipeline: 192 Sovrompetrol: 49 Staes, Paul: 167 Stalin, Joseph:47, 50, 52, 53, 59, 71, 73, 201, 208 Stalingrad: 55 Stalinism: .46, 47, 49, 50, 54, 71, 203 Stalowa Wola: 43, 44 Stanisławów: 40 Starachowice: 43, 44 State Commission for Electrification of Russia GOĖLRO: 61 Státní Dispečink: 57 Statoil: 187, 193 Steblanko, G.: 118 Stoph, Willi: 88, 127 Strupczewski, Andrzej: 166, 179 Stryj: 40 Sumitomo Metal Industries: 121 Sumy: 82 Suspa: 196 Sverdlovsk: 92 Świerk: 169, 179 Świętochłowice: 161 Świnoujście LNG terminal:192, 193, 195, 207, 208 Syryjczyk, Tadeusz: 172 Syzranˊ: 100 Szamotuły: 166 Százhalombatta refinery: 81, 87, 101, 103 Szczecin: 168, 195 Szozda, Andrzej: 112 Szremowicz, M.: 64 Szyr, Eugeneusz: 98, 101 Taban, Bronisław: 98 Tarantowicz, Donat: 79 Tatra Trucks: 123 Tchórzewski, Krzysztof: 185 Tekhmashimport: 120 Tekhsnabėksport: 144 Teploėlektroproekt:61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 81, 166, 202 Terpeshev, Dobri: 52 Tesla: 144 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 238 Index Three Mile Island disaster: 35 Tikhonov, Nikolaĭ: 141 Tikhoret͡sk: 101 Tirana: 66 Tito, Josip Broz: 50 TNK-BP: 196 Tokary: 87 Tractebel: 172 Transalpine pipeline: 99 Transbud: 116 Transitní Plynovod: 115 Transnefť: 195, 197 Treaty of Riga: 39 Trieste: 38, 39 Trifonov, Sergeĭ: 118 Trojanowska, Hanna: 180, 182 Truboprovodnyĭ Transport Nefti: 197 Truman Doctrine: 51 Truman, Harry S.: 51 Trzeciakowski, Witold: 107 Turów power plant: 57, 66, 205 Tusk, Donald: 16, 180, 193 Twardoń, Zbigniew: 144 Tyumenˊ: 130 Unecha: 92, 93, 197 Union for the Coordination of Production and Transmission of Electricity UCPTE: 61, 177, 198, 202, 205, 207 Union of Socialist Youth ZMS: 87 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE: 70, 71, 72 Urban, Jerzy: 163 Urengoĭ-Uzhgorod pipeline:130, 131, 133, 201, 206 Ust-Ilimsk pulp mill: 108, 109, 111, 146 Ust-Luga oil terminal: 197 Uzhgorod: 91, 101, 110, 113, 114 Vác: 55 Vallourec: 121 Védterv: 81 Velebit, Vladimir: 72 Ventspils: 78, 87, 91, 94 Vidin: 62 Vienna: 39, 177 Vinnit͡sa: 149, 178 Visegrád: 60, 62, 63, 193, 196 Voice of America: 165 Volgodonsk: 152, 162, 163 Volgograd: 55, 110 Voroshilovgrad: 118 Vyborg: 191 Vyškov: 56, 57, 64 Wałbrzych: 57, 67 Wałęsa, Lech: 171 Warsaw Pact: 20, 142, 203 Warsaw:20, 26, 40, 41, 44, 60, 80, 81, 83, 103, 114, 124, 126, 144, 155, 156, 168, 170 Warta NPP: 159, 166, 172, 185 Wasilewski, Igor: 198 Water-Water Energetic Reactor VVER:35, 153, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 172 Węglokoks: 187 Westinghouse: 35, 41, 154 Wintershall: 191, 192 Wismut: 49 Wiszniewski, Edward: 118 Wolfsthal: 62, 63 World Bank: 178 World Power Conference: 41 Woś, Bogdan: 113, 116, 157 Woźniak, Piotr: 192 Wrocław: 161, 167, 168 Wrocławek: 66 Wronki: 166 WSK Rzeszów: 161 Yalta Conference: 47 Yamal pipeline:189, 190, 191, 199, 203, 207, 208 Yom Kippur War: 135 Zabolotnikov, M.: 79, 80, 83 Zadrzyński, Eugeniusz: 65 Záluží: 91 Zamech: 161 Zamość: 68 Żarnowiec NPP:36, 135, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 180, 183, 185, 204, 206, 207, 208 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 239 Index Zemak: 144 Zhdanov: 92 Zielona Góra: 144 Zimnicea: 62 ZREMB: 116 ZUT Zgoda: 161 Zwönitz: 56, 57, 64 © 2017, Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co KG, Wiesbaden ISBN Print: 978-3-447-10904-8 - ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 ... were interested in the energy sectors of individual socialist countries, the functioning of intrabloc energy trade, and the pricing mechanism 31 In particular, the impacts of the oil crises in. .. at the history of transnational energy infrastructures to better understand the existing situation in the Polish energy sector The term Eastern Bloc denotes the time and space of my research The. .. ISBN E-Book: 978-3-447-19676-5 Falk Flade Energy Infrastructures in the Eastern Bloc Poland and the Construction of Transnational Electricity, Oil, and Gas Systems 2017 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden

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  • Cover

  • Title pages

  • Content

  • Figures and tables

  • Abbreviations

  • Acknowledgement

  • 1 Introduction

    • 1.1 Prolog

    • 1.2 Object of study

    • 1.3 Literature overview

    • 1.4 Research questions and theses

    • 1.5 Methods and sources

    • 1.6 Theoretical approach

      • 1.6.1 Large Technological Systems

      • 1.6.2 Critical assessment

      • 1.6.3 Applied concepts

      • 1.7 Outline

      • 2 Energy infrastructures in pre-war Poland

        • 2.1 The heritage of the Galician oil industry

        • 2.2 Plans and endeavors in the 1920s

        • 2.3 The Central Industrial District

        • 2.4 Summary

        • 3 Initiating cross-border energy infrastructures

          • 3.1 Historical background

            • 3.1.1 Implementation of planned economies

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