South south cooperation and chinese foreign aid

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South south cooperation and chinese foreign aid

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Edited by Meibo Huang, Xiuli Xu, Xiaojing Mao South-south Cooperation & Chinese Foreign Aid South-south Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid Meibo Huang • Xiuli Xu • Xiaojing Mao Editors South-south Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid Editors Meibo Huang International Development Cooperation Academy Shanghai University of International Business and Economics Shanghai, China Xiuli Xu COHD China Agricultural University Beijing, China Xiaojing Mao Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation Ministry of Commerce Beijing, China ISBN 978-981-13-2001-9    ISBN 978-981-13-2002-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2002-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959837 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © Vectorios2016 / Getty Images Cover Design by Akihiro Nakayama This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-­01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the rise of the emerging BRICS economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) has provided new impetus for the promotion of South–South development cooperation For emerging donor countries, it has been urgent and essential to conduct deep research on the concepts, principles, methods, and effects of South–South development cooperation, to sum up experience and to establish a framework for such cooperation In 2014, scholars from emerging market countries including Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa established the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST), aiming to launch systematic studies on the features, data collection activities, and evaluations of South–South development cooperation Demonstrating a long-term commitment to the study of South–South development cooperation, the China International Development Research Network (CIDRN) has participated actively in research and exchanges in NeST since 2015 The China Chapter of NeST suggests that case studies and related analyses are currently the most appropriate and constructive research approach, due to limited foreign aid data and statistical systems in the countries under study, which cannot be solved within a short timeframe, making empirical analyses of the emerging market nations’ aid scale, sector, and regional distribution difficult to achieve Case studies highlight the differences in aid concepts, principles, strategies, and effectiveness between emerging market nations, and offer traditional donors evidence as the basis for establishing emerging market countries’ foreign aid frameworks with their own features v vi  PREFACE In September 2015, CIDRN invited Chinese experts in the field of foreign aid to collect and analyze China’s foreign aid cases This book collects together 15 Chinese foreign aid cases, each of which analyzes a project’s background, characteristics, and effectiveness Through these specific cases, the features of South–South development cooperation in China’s foreign aid progress are highlighted Shanghai, China Beijing, China  Meibo Huang Xiuli Xu Xiaojing Mao Contents 1 Introduction: South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid  1 Meibo Huang 2 Development and Characteristics of China’s Foreign Aid: The Tanzania–Zambia Railway 23 Yu Guo 3 A Landmark in China–Africa Friendship: The ChinaAided African Union Conference Center 35 Xiaoning Chen and Xiaojing Mao 4 From Microanalysis to Macroperspective of China’s Foreign Aid: Madagascar’s General Hospital Project 49 Xian Liu 5 Chinese Foreign Humanitarian Assistance: Myanmar’s 2015 Floods 61 Yiyi Fan 6 China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola 77 Chen Wang vii viii  CONTENTS 7 A Blend of “Hard” and “Soft” Assistance: China’s Aid to Cambodia 95 Taidong Zhou 8 Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A Case Study of China’s Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center in the United Republic of Tanzania113 Yue Zhang 9 Peer-to-Peer Sharing in South–South Cooperation: From Village-Based Learning Center to China–Tanzania Joint Learning Center127 Xiuli Xu, Junle Ma, and Xiaoyun Li 10 China’s Agricultural Technical Cooperation: A Case Study on juncao Aid Projects in Papua New Guinea and Fiji143 Xiaohui Yuan 11 The China–Uganda South–South Cooperation Project Under FAO’s Food Security Framework161 Haomiao Yu 12 Agricultural Trilateral Cooperation: A Case Study of the FAO + China + Host Country Model181 Lixia Tang and Zidong Zhu 13 The Innovative Aid Mode of Agriculture Going Global to Promote Investment: CGCOC and Jiangxi Ganliang195 Yanfei Yin and Yan Li 14 “Aid + Investment”: The Sustainable Development Approach of China’s Agricultural Aid Project in Mozambique211 Chuanhong Zhang  CONTENTS  ix 15 China’s South–South Development Cooperation in Practice: China and Ethiopia’s Industrial Parks233 Jing Gu 16 Construction of the Zambia–China Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone and South–South Cooperation257 Meibo Huang and Xiaoqian Zhang Index275 Notes on Contributors Xiaoning Chen is an assistant research fellow at the Institute of International Development Cooperation, Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation (CAITEC), which is the think tank affiliated to the Ministry of Commerce of China She focuses on studies of international development cooperation and China’s foreign aid policies Yiyi Fan is a residential assistant research fellow at the Institute of International Development Cooperation (CAITEC) Since 2015, Yiyi Fan has contributed to research and writing on topics including international humanitarian assistance and green development, as well as China’s South– South cooperation and foreign aid policy She has a regional focus on Southeast Asia, particularly Myanmar Before joining CAITEC, Ms Fan earned an MA in international economics and Southeast Asian studies from the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies Jing Gu  is a senior research fellow and director of the Centre for the Rising Powers in Global Development, Institute of Developing Studies She has extensive research, training, and advisory experience in governance, business, and sustainable development She publishes on China and emerging powers, China’s international development role, and China– Africa relations, most recently including The BRICS in International Development: The State of the Debate (co-authored, Palgrave) xi 266  M HUANG AND X ZHANG 16.2.2  Joint Venture with Local Enterprises To gain local government support and avoid risks more efficiently, CNMC follows the route of joint ventures with local enterprises CNMC holds an 85 percent share of ZCCZ and takes responsibility for its daily management Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM Ltd.) is the other partner of ZCCZ, holding 15 percent shares through providing the land-­ use rights of 41 km2 freely for ZCCZ 16.2.3  Accurate Industry Positioning Another key factor making great contributions to the success of overseas trade and economic zones is accurate industry positioning When positioning the two multi-facility zones, CNMC takes many factors into account, including the location, local resource advantage, local economic development level, and industrial policies For the industry positioning of the Chambishi zone, CNMC places more emphasis on its resource advantage As a result, the Chambishi zone focuses on extending the nonferrous metal-processing chain alongside developing some related supporting industries For the Lusaka East zone, giving more priority to its regional advantages—its location in the heart of southern Africa and close to Lusaka International Airport—CNMC positions it on developing trade, logistics, processing, real estate, and other industries There is no doubt that accurate industrial positioning will change the comparative advantages of Zambia into economic advantage, which in turn will promote the country’s economy Based on the positioning of these two multi-facility economic zones, it can be forecast that in the future more industries will have broader development space and enjoy higher investment value (Table 16.4) 16.2.4  Providing a Professional One-Stop-Service for Investors As most of the countries of the world are distant from Zambia and enjoy different cultures, there is an asymmetric information problem that makes it difficult for potential investors to make decisions on settling in Zambia Faced with this dilemma, ZCCZ takes a series of measures ZCCZ takes an active part in investment promotions, organized by both the local government and Chinese Government departments, to make advertisements helping potential investors to become acquainted with ZCCZ.  It also   CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZAMBIA–CHINA ECONOMIC AND TRADE…  267 Table 16.4  Industries with good prospects for development in Zambia–China Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone (ZCCZ) Chambishi multi-facility economic zone projects Wire and cable production Building materials production Heavy equipment repair workshop Warehousing and transportation Mining equipment assembly Exploration equipment Business life support Motel Lusaka East multi-facility economic zone projects International exhibition center International logistics center Business resort Grain and oil wholesale market Food processing Mall Appliance assembly City building materials industry Real estate Drug production and processing entrusts some professional institutions such as the Chinese Investment Promotion Association to recommend ZCCZ to potential investors ZCCZ also takes full advantage of mass media, conferences, seminars, and advertising to publicize current progress in the incentive policies, zone construction, attracting of investment, and promotion of employment to enhance the confidence of potential investors In addition, to reduce the transaction costs for investors, ZCCZ provides a professional one-stop service for investors This covers a series of full services including policy and legal consulting, application for investment and work permits, business registration and related registration, tax declaration, commodity inspection, storage and transportation, business exhibition, coordination with local governments and institutions, and so on The consulting services include introducing local laws and regulations, making industry plans, and providing market information for potential clients The services also cover assisting the settling enterprises to handle all kinds of formalities, such as setting up a bank account, tax registration, environmental impact assessment, and clearance of equipment through import and export ZCCZ also offers as many opportunities as possible for its investors to participate in relevant trade fairs held at home and abroad 16.2.5  Protecting Local Environment Building a resource-saving and environment-friendly enterprise is an inherent requirement for CNMC to achieve long-term sustainable development in Zambia CNMC has taken several measures to meet this goal 268  M HUANG AND X ZHANG First, according to the relevant provisions of the Zambia Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, CNMC has set up its Department of Safety and Environmental Protection, which is responsible for supervising whether the production process meets the pre-set standard Second, it improves resource utilization as much as possible through technological innovation For example, the copper smelting companies have increased the copper recovery rate from 96 to 98 percent; and the hydrometallurgy company treats the copper slag as one of its inputs, using part of the gravel-mining waste as building materials in order to reduce waste emissions and work within the industry’s recycling chain Third, it plants more trees to green the environment To restore the vegetation as soon as possible, ZCCZ has built a 10 ha nursery stock base, which not only greens the environment but also meets local environmental requirements Last but not least, sponsorship efforts have been increased regarding both substance and funding 16.2.6   Fulfilling Social Responsibility and “Returning to Society” While promoting local economic development and sustainable development, CNMC participates actively in  local public welfare work First, CNMC works to improve backward medical conditions by donating both money and medical equipment to local organizations For example, in 2007 CNMC donated computers and other office equipment worth more than US$40,000 to the Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/ AIDS. In 2011, CNMC invested 1.1 million yuan to fund “Africa bright line” activities Second, support is given to development of local education through funding local education and research institutions For example, in 2011 CNMC donated US$30,000 to the Copperbelt University as scholarship funds, and invested nearly US$10 million to help the Chambishi high school expand its classrooms Third, support is given to women’s rights and women’s development In April 2013, ZCCZ donated 270,000 kwacha to the First Lady’s Esther Lungu Foundation to fund local women, children, and other vulnerable groups; and CNMC has established ­long-­term partnerships with local women for raising chickens to create a permanent income source CNMC also donates to improve the local infrastructure, for example investing US$27.8 million to build Chambishi East 330  kV/66  kV substation together with the Zambian State Power Corporation, greatly improving the lighting conditions of local residents   CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZAMBIA–CHINA ECONOMIC AND TRADE…  269 16.3   The Idea of South–South Cooperation Embodied in ZCCZ South–South cooperation is cooperation among developing countries based on their common historical experience and common goals post-­ independence The ultimate goal of SSC is to achieve “mutual benefit and win–win development” by promoting the spread of all areas of knowledge and experience among developing countries As the core of SSC in the new era, mutual benefit and win–win development is fully embodied in the processes of ZCCZ 16.3.1  A New South–South Cooperation Combining Foreign Aid, International Trade and Investment In the past few years, economic cooperation between China and Zambia has focused purely on assistance; compared with other Western countries’ assistance with attached conditions, Chinese assistance is based on the absence of additional conditions and on non-interference in the recipient country’s politics Strong evidence shows that Chinese assistance not only promotes unity and cooperation between the two countries, but contributes to some extent to maintaining world peace However, this form of economic cooperation is usually oriented toward governments’ intentions rather than focusing on market choice Alongside the factor of insufficient local talent during the projects’ operation, the gains resulting from cooperating are usually not satisfactory Realizing this fact, ZCCZ applies a new form of cooperation that combines international aid, international trade, and investment, rather than placing the emphasis only on international aid By attracting more Chinese enterprises to settle and invest in Zambia, more capital, technology, and experience will flow into the host country, and will play an active role in stimulating the local economy by changing the Zambian resource advantage into a competitive advantage By combining investment with aid, ZCCZ will be more ­efficient in helping Zambia transform its backward industry structure and enhance the country’s capacity for independent development, which coincides with the essence of SSC 270  M HUANG AND X ZHANG 16.3.2   Mutual Benefit and Win–Win Development On one hand, ZCCZ benefits Chinese enterprises First, ZCCZ provides a larger platform for Chinese enterprises seeking investment opportunities abroad, and provides more opportunities offered by African countries on behalf of the emerging markets Second, ZCCZ investors can enjoy incentive policies covering tax rates, financing, insurance, and so on, specified for them, implemented by both the investment country and the host country, which lowers their costs and risks to some extent Third, the establishment of ZCCZ is not only conducive for sharing information, facilities, and markets for enterprises producing similar goods but also beneficial in improving the degree of investment concentration for investors By improving the concentration of investment enterprises, ZCCA provides opportunities for Chinese investors to create a complete overseas industrial chain and achieve the industrial cluster effect, which in turn will reduce disorderly investment and contribute to the market competitiveness of Chinese enterprises Zambia also benefits from ZCCZ. First, ZCCZ will speed up the construction of the Zambian industrial base Despite the fact that Zambia has achieved high-speed economic growth since the 21st century, it is not difficult to see that the driving factor behind the economic growth is exporting large amounts of primary mineral resources, based on a single economic structure that is likely to be unsustainable As a result, poverty and unemployment are still serious problems faced by Zambia This also explains why the Zambian authorities place great emphasis on promoting industrialization In order to promote the development of local economy and industry, Chambishi zone aims to make full use of its local resource advantage To date, it has completed the establishment of a copper hydrometallurgy plant and a copper pyrometallurgy plant It has also brought in internationally advanced copper smelting technology to extend the copper industrial chain, and has formed a complete industrial system of copper production CNMC has also successfully acquired Luanshya Copper Mines and completed more than 30 projects covering crushing, grinding, floating and concentrate filtration, tailings, dust, industrial water and backwater, and automation, updating Luanshya Copper Mines’ mineral processing technology for more than three decades Moreover, ZCCZ pays attention   CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZAMBIA–CHINA ECONOMIC AND TRADE…  271 to increasing the local procurement ratio to support the development of local metallurgical, mechanical, electrical and building materials, and other related industries The above initiatives by ZCCZ all contribute to promoting the construction of the local industrial base system, and will help Zambia to achieve self-development, which coincides with the belief of SSC in mutual benefit and win–win development Second, more capital is brought in for the economic development of Zambia Strong evidence has shown that capital plays a vitally important role in promoting a country’s industrialization For Zambia, due to a lack of capital, many projects are unable to go into operation as expected, which is an obstacle to developing its industries Compared with this situation, China has accumulated a large amount of capital-seeking opportunities for investment since its Reform and Opening Up According to statistics of the International Monetary Fund, China’s fixed capital investment reached up to US$4.35 trillion in 2011, higher than that of the USA.  China’s total national savings reached US$4.6 trillion in 2012, achieving US$2.8 trillion more than the USA over the same period In addition, China’s foreign exchange reserves reached US$384 million by the end of 2014, ranking first in the world Thus, China’s solid industrial base and large amount of capital accumulation coincides with the needs of Zambia, providing a broad space for the two countries’ economic cooperation Especially in recent years, with financial support from the China– Africa Development Fund, China Development Bank, Special Loan for the Development of African SMEs, and Special Loan for the Development of African SMEs, more and more Chinese enterprises choose to invest in African countries such as Zambia, bringing in an amount of capital which is crucial for the economic development of Zambia Third, bringing in more advanced production technology and management experience is beneficial to Zambia Although Zambia is rich in natural resources, its ability to transform its resource advantages into economic advantages is not strong, putting it at a disadvantage in the international market In this context, it hopes to promote the development of the national economy by introducing foreign advanced production technologies and management experience Having seen the remarkable achievements made by China (which previously was as poor as Zambia) since China’s Reform and Opening Up, the Government of Zambia urgently needs to benefit from China’s development experience, which is one of the original intentions of the establishment of ZCCZ.  The successful experience of China’s economic and technological development zone and 272  M HUANG AND X ZHANG the advanced production technology and management experience coming along with the investors will help Zambia achieve independent economic development and prepare for the take off of the economy Fourth, the skills of local workers are being improved One important reason for Zambia’s long-term economic stagnation is the lack of human resources Its lagging education forms a vicious circle together with poverty Considering this situation, ZCCZ places great emphasis on localizing and enhancing the skills of local employees during its operation For example, CNMC provides a series of opportunities such as short-term training, hands-on teaching, academic education, and even sending local employees to China to take part in advanced training for local staff in Zambia to enhance their professional skills Moreover, CNMC also focuses on appointing senior managers from local staff, aiming to open up new career paths for them The move not only will help improve the quality and quantity of participation in  local economic activity for Zambia but also will be conducive to promoting the overall development of local human resources, which in turn will bring innovative vitality to the local economy Fifth, more jobs will be created and local tax revenues will be increased Relying on a single, backward industrial structure results in unemployment becoming a severe problem that the Government of Zambia cannot ignore This problem will become more prominent with the continuing growth of the local population To relieve this situation, ZCCZ has attached great importance to using local staff in recent years According to the statistics, up to July 2015 the level of local staff had reached 85 percent, absorbing more than 8000 local employees With the deepening cooperation between China and Zambia, it can be forecast that more Chinese enterprises will choose to settle in Zambia; not only resources-­ oriented enterprises but also some labor-intensive manufacturing enterprises will take part in the process This will create many job opportunities for the local population, and through the development of related upstream and downstream industries, there will be huge employment space for the local population In addition, the enterprises engaging in production and business activities will pay taxes to local government, which is helpful for the capital accumulation necessary for the economy to achieve sustainable development Last, but not least, the structure of foreign trade and Zambia’s international balance of payments are improved Along with developing countries accelerating the process of industrialization in recent years, the demand   CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZAMBIA–CHINA ECONOMIC AND TRADE…  273 for raw materials increased substantially, triggering the prices of raw materials to increase on the international market, which brings the opportunity to achieve high economic growth for resource-rich Zambia before the 2008 international financial crisis However, this economic growth mode, which relies heavily on resource exports, cannot become the driving force of economic development for Zambia, and the high sensitivity to fluctuations in raw material prices on the international market weakens Zambia’s ability to withstand external economic risks With the development of ZCCZ, the copper mining and smelting processing system reflecting local comparative advantage will gradually be completed With the transformation of the Zambian industrial structure, its foreign trade structure will shift from relying on exporting primary agricultural products and minerals to giving priority to high value-added minerals and some manufactured goods exports, which is conducive to promoting Zambia’s international status and improving the trade deficit in the international balance of payments (US$387 million in 2014).2 Notes The priority sectors in the multifunctional economic development zone are information and communication technologies, health, education and skills training, manufacturing and tourism UNCTADSTAT (n.d.) ‘General Profile: Zambia’ (Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/894/index.html Index1 A Addis Ababa, 35–39, 47n12 Africa, 195–204, 207–209 Africa bright line, 268 African Development Bank, 24 African national liberation movement, 24 African Union (AU), 35–45, 81 African Union Conference Center, 35–45 Agenda Vision 2063, 45 Agreement on the Construction of the Tanzania–Zambia Railway, 24 Agricultural technology demonstration center, 147, 153 Agriculture/agricultural, 161–163, 165, 166, 168–170, 172, 176 aid, 196, 204, 207–209, 211–231 cooperation, 196, 202, 204, 205, 207–209, 212, 214 infrastructure, 196, 203, 205, 207 platform, 215 services, 196 Aid, 195–210 financing channel, 209–210 promote investment mechanisms, 214, 228 Angkor, 95, 99, 102–110 Asymmetric information problem, 266 AU, see African Union AU’s center for disease prevention and control, 82 B Balance of payments, 272, 273 Ban Ki-moon, 89 Beijing Jiaotong University, 29 Beijing Summit of the Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), 258 Benin, 81 Biosafety level laboratory, 80, 81 Blue Sky Rescue Team, 65, 71, 75n16, 76n37 Business registration, 267  Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes © The Author(s) 2019 M Huang et al (eds.), South-south Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2002-6 275 276  INDEX C Cambodia, 95–110 Capacity-building, 208 CGCOC, 195–210 Chambishi Copper Mine, 258, 259 Chambishi multi-facility economic zone, 258, 259, 267 Chambishi zone, 258, 260, 266, 270 Chan, Margaret, 89 Chimbu Province, 149, 150 China, 95–110 agricultural technology demonstration center, 113–125 aid, 95–110 foreign aid, 23, 24, 28, 30–33, 49–58 foreign economic cooperation, 31 medical team, 43 Reform and Opening Up, 271 South–South cooperation, 233–252 China–Africa Development Fund, 271 China–Africa Friendship, 35–45 China–Africa relationship, 28 China Development Bank, 265, 271 China Earthquake Administration, 69 China–Ethiopia partnership, 233, 238 China–FAO Trust Fund, 183 China–Myanmar Friendship Association, 64–66, 71 China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd (CNMC), 258, 259 China State Construction Engineering Corporation, 36 The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 80 Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 63, 64, 66 Chinese development assistance, 234, 244, 246, 249, 252 Chinese Embassy, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 74n8, 74n10, 75n14 Chinese Government economic and trade delegation, 29 Chinese Investment Promotion Association, 267 Chinese loans, 26 Chinese Ministry of Commerce, 145, 148, 149, 265 Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, 144, 158n3 Chinese State Council, 265 Chollima Agro-Scientific Research Center, 115, 119 Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 114 Chongqing Sino–Tanzania Agriculture Development Co Ltd., 114 Chongqing Zhongyi Seed Co Ltd., 114, 115, 121 Cold War, 23 Collaborative operation, 119 Colonial oppression, 26 Commercialized and privatized transformation of TAZARA, 25 Comparative advantage, 266, 273 Complete foreign aid projects, 23, 32 Conakry, 79 Construction contracting responsibility system, 30, 31 Conversion modes, 207–208 Cooperation, 195–205, 207–210 mechanisms, 209 Cooperatives, 198, 203 Coordination mechanism, 205, 209 Copperbelt University, 268 Copper smelting technology, 270 D Dar es Salaam and Mpika vehicle factories, 26 Democratic movement, 27  INDEX  Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 81 Demonstration center, 198–202, 205 Department of Safety and Environmental Protection, 268 Development, 127–142 assistance for health, 79 process, 196 Diversified and integrated aid, 208–210 Doctors Without Borders, 80 E East Africa, 29 Eastern Highlands Province, 144–146, 148–151, 155 The Eastern (Oriental) Industrial Zone, 240, 242 Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 77, 80, 85, 89 Ebola virus, 80, 81, 83, 89n1, 91n12, 91n14, 91n15 Economic and technological cooperation agreement, 24 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 82 Effectiveness of aid, 113 Effectiveness of development, 113 Eight aid measures, 35, 46n1, 114 Eight principles for foreign economic and technological cooperation, 24 Equatorial Guinea, 45 demonstration farm, 198–201 European Union, 182 Experience sharing, 118, 119, 130, 131, 135, 138–139 F FAFU’s Juncao Research Institute, 145, 150 277 Fang Yi, 30 FAO+China+host country model, 181–192 Fiji, 144 Fiji Biosecurity Bureau, 149 Fiji Ministry of Agriculture, 148, 149 Fiji Ministry of Finance, 149 Fiji Ministry of Primary Industry, 145 Fiji Small and Micro Enterprise Development Center, 149 Final delivery person system, 31 First Lady’s Esther Lungu Foundation, 268 Fluorescent RT-PCR method, 80 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 182 Food safety, 114 Foreign aid, 79, 80, 85, 86, 161, 167, 169, 171, 177 Foreign assistance, 77 The Foreign Economic Cooperation Center of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, 184 Foreign Economic Liaison Committee, 30, 31 Foreign Economic Relations Bureau, 30, 31 Foreign Investment Management Commission, 30 Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), 35, 43, 44, 46n1, 114 France, 87, 91n13 Friendship Textile Mill, 24 Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(FAFU), 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 152, 158n1 G General Administration of Customs and Civil Aviation Administration of China, 85 278  INDEX General Administration of Quality Supervision, 85 General Logistics Department of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 85 Ghana, 81 Globalization, 27 Go global, 26 “Going global” strategy, 121 Government and financial institutions, 206 The Government of the Municipality of Chongqing, 114 Guinea, 77, 79–81, 88, 89n1, 90n8 Guinea-Bissau, 79, 81 H High value-added minerals, 273 High-yield cultivation skills, 116 Hospital, 49–58 Hu Jintao, 35, 48n15 Humanitarian assistance, 61–64, 67–72, 74n8, 74n9, 75n18, 79, 80, 83 I Industry/industrial chains, 197, 203, 204, 207, 259, 270 cluster effect, 270 parks, 233–236, 238–245, 249, 250, 252 parks in Ethiopia, 244 projects, 208 positioning, 266 Industrialization strategy, 234, 240 Inspection and quarantine, 85 Institut Pasteur, 80, 91n13 International financial crisis, 273 International Food Policy Research Institute, 123 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 271 International Rice Research Institute, 123 Investment, 196–198, 200–209 Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, 259, 261 Ivory Coast, 81 J Japan, 152, 153, 156 Jia Qinglin, 44, 45, 48n16 Jiangxi Ganliang, 196, 198–203 Johannesburg, 43, 47n8, 47n11 Joint prevention and control mechanism, 79, 85, 90n4 Joint venture, 266 Juncao, 143–158 K Kaunda (President), 24, 26 Kikwete (President), 81 Kitwe, 258 Koroma (President), 89 L Labor-intensive manufacturing enterprises, 272 Li Keqiang, 44 Liberia, 79–83, 86, 88, 89, 90n7, 90n10, 92n28, 92n29, 92n30 Lin Zhanxi, 145, 158n1 Loans, 204–208 Local agricultural development, 203 Long-term sustainable development, 267 Luanshya Copper Mines, 270  INDEX  Lufu Farm, 24 Lusaka, 258–260, 266, 267 Lusaka East multi-facility economic zone, 258, 260 Lusaka East zone, 259, 260 M Madagascar, 49–58 Mali, 28, 81 Mao Zedong, 28 Market demand, 202 Ministerial Meeting on Technical Cooperation for TAZARA, 29 Ministry of Agriculture, 114, 115, 123 Ministry of Commerce, 29, 35, 36, 40, 41, 46n4, 64, 67, 69, 71, 74n11, 82, 114, 115 Ministry of Finance, 85, 90n4, 93n40 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 62, 69, 70, 85, 87, 90n4 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, 30, 31 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, 30 Ministry of Foreign Trade, 30 Ministry of Railways, 31 Monrovia, 79, 82 Monson, Jamie, 33 Multifunctional license, 261 Mutual benefit and win–win development, 269, 271 Myanmar, 61–74 Myanmar Government, 62–64, 68, 72 N National and Regional Programmes for Food Security, 183 National Development Bank, 265 National Health and Family Planning Commission, 85, 87 279 National Import and Export Management Committee, 30 National liberation in southern Africa, 26 Ndola, 258 New Guinea, 143–158 Nigeria, 81 seed industry, 196–198 Nonferrous metal-processing industry chain, 258 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 154 Nontraditional security, 78 Northern Jiaotong University, 29 No 302 Hospital, 80 Nyerere principle of equality and mutual benefit, 28 O Obiang (President), 45 “One-stop” services, 261, 267 Organisation of African First Ladies, 268 P Papua New Guinea, 143–158 People’s Liberation Army, 64 Ping, Jean, 38, 45 Platform company, 204–206 Policy suggestions, 196 Poverty alleviation, 114 The principle of mutual benefit, 119–120 Procurement ratio, 271 Proposal to restore all the legitimate rights of the People’s Republic of China, 27 Public health emergency of international, 77, 84 280  INDEX R Rakhine State, 62, 63, 65 Recovery rate, 268 The Red Cross Society of China, 79 Republic of the Congo (Congo-­ Brazzaville), 81 Resource-saving and environment-­ friendly enterprise, 267 Resources-oriented enterprises, 272 S SARS, 78, 80, 86, 88 Senegal, 81 Shenyang Project Management Consulting Co., Ltd, 36 Shortwave radio, 24 Sierra Leone, 79–81, 83, 88, 89, 90n8, 90n9 Sierra Leone–China Friendship Hospital, 83 Sierra Leone Ministry of Health, 89 Sinozam Friendship Hospital, 260, 263 Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 89 Social impact, 108–109 responsibility, 268 Sokoine University of Agriculture, 115 South–North cooperation, 182, 190 South–South cooperation (SSC), 28, 96, 103, 109, 110, 144, 149–154, 156, 161–179, 182–184, 186–191, 258, 269, 271 South–South Cooperation Fund, 84 Soviet Union, 24, 30 Special Loan for the Development of African SMEs, 271 Special Programme for Food Security, 183 State Council, 31 State Council Information Office, 87 Sustainable development, 267, 268, 272 T Taiwan, 33 Tanzania, 23–29, 127–142 Tanzanian Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, 114 Tanzania–Zambia Railway (TAZARA), 23–33 TAZARA Bureau, 25, 26 TAZARA Project Study Group, 29 Technical assistance, 162, 164, 165, 167, 171, 177, 178 cooperation, 25, 28–30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 43, 45, 143–158 personnel training, 29 Technology innovations, 204 and knowledge transfer, 113–125 Third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 31 Trade deficit, 273 and investment, 101 structure, 273 Transaction costs, 267 Turnkey project, 32 U UBIVE Laboratory, 80 Ubungo Farm Tool Factory, 24 United Kingdom (UK), 24, 81, 87 United Nations (UN), 24, 27, 28, 82, 83, 144 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 182 United Nations General Assembly, 27  INDEX  The United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response, 82 United Nations Population Fund, 182 United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), 81 United Republic of Tanzania, 113–125 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 123 United States of America (USA), 24, 81, 87, 153, 154 Upstream and downstream industries, 272 US Ambassador to Tanzania, 123 USA’s Central Intelligence Agency, 24 V Virus Disease Control and Prevention Office, 80 W WFP, see United Nations World Food Programme 281 World Bank, 24, 122, 182 World Food Summit, 183 World Health Organization (WHO), 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 89, 89n2, 91n13, 182 X Xi Jinping, 43, 44, 81, 144, 145, 150 Z Zambia, 23–29 Zambia–China Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone (ZCCZ), 257–273 Zambia Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, 268 Zambian industrial base, 270 Zambian State Power Corporation, 268 Zenawi, Meles, 38, 45, 46n2 Zhou Enlai, 28, 29 Zijian, Feng, 82 .. .South-south Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid Meibo Huang • Xiuli Xu • Xiaojing Mao Editors South-south Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid Editors Meibo Huang International Development Cooperation. .. and practice as well as current problems and challenges faced by Chinese foreign aid 1.1   The Principles of South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid There are two main facets of South–South... demonstrates China’s foreign aid philosophy of equality and mutual benefit, set under the framework of SSC. The Chinese Government provides foreign aid and believes that foreign aid should be mutually

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  • Preface

  • Contents

  • Notes on Contributors

  • List of Figures

  • List of Tables

  • Chapter 1: Introduction: South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid

    • 1.1 The Principles of South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid

      • 1.1.1 No Political Conditions Attached

      • 1.1.2 Mutual Benefit and Win–Win Cooperation

    • 1.2 The Experience and Practice of Chinese Foreign Aid

      • 1.2.1 Following the Principle of Ownership and Demand Orientation

      • 1.2.2 Emphasizing Technical Training and Capacity-Building

      • 1.2.3 Combining Development Assistance with Investment

    • 1.3 Challenges in Chinese Foreign Aid Management

      • 1.3.1 The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations Has Increased but Is Still Limited

      • 1.3.2 The Foreign Aid Management System Needs to be further Improved

      • 1.3.3 No Foreign Aid Laws Have Been Established

      • 1.3.4 Reform of Aid Management Institutions Needs to Be Advanced

      • 1.3.5 Attention Is Needed to Monitoring and Evaluation of Aid Projects

      • 1.3.6 International Coordination Needs to Be Strengthened

  • Chapter 2: Development and Characteristics of China’s Foreign Aid: The Tanzania–Zambia Railway

    • 2.1 Overview

      • 2.1.1 Development History

      • 2.1.2 Significance

        • 2.1.2.1 Railway of Freedom

        • 2.1.2.2 Railway of Prosperity

        • 2.1.2.3 Railway of Friendship

    • 2.2 Analysis of the TAZARA Project

      • 2.2.1 TAZARA Embodies the Spirit of China’s Eight Principles for Foreign Aid

      • 2.2.2 TAZARA Witnessed the Evolution of China’s Foreign Aid Management System

      • 2.2.3 TAZARA Embodies Specific Practices of China’s Complete Aid Projects

      • 2.2.4 TAZARA Embodies Specific Historical Stages of China’s Foreign Aid

  • Chapter 3: A Landmark in China–Africa Friendship: The China-Aided African Union Conference Center

    • 3.1 Project Overview

      • 3.1.1 Distinctive Design Embodying African Characteristics and China–Africa Friendship

      • 3.1.2 High-Speed and High-Quality Construction

      • 3.1.3 Technical Cooperation Supporting Follow-Up Operations

    • 3.2 Project Analysis

      • 3.2.1 Local, Demand-Oriented, Tangible Assistance to the AU

      • 3.2.2 Innovations in Foreign Aid Management and Strict Quality Control

        • 3.2.2.1 Guidance and Coordination by a Full-Time Representative

        • 3.2.2.2 Independent Supervision and Design

      • 3.2.3 Local Employment and Technical Cooperation for Capacity-Building

    • 3.3 Project Effectiveness and Evaluation

      • 3.3.1 China’s Cooperation with the African Union

      • 3.3.2 Affirmation by African Countries and the AU

  • Chapter 4: From Microanalysis to Macroperspective of China’s Foreign Aid: Madagascar’s General Hospital Project

    • 4.1 Overview of the Madagascar General Hospital Aid Project

      • 4.1.1 Project Background

      • 4.1.2 Project Implementation and Challenges

        • 4.1.2.1 Site Selection

        • 4.1.2.2 Project Suspension

        • 4.1.2.3 Infrastructure Provision and Goods Clearance

      • 4.1.3 Project Completion

    • 4.2 Analysis of China’s Foreign Aid-Based Madagascar General Hospital Project

      • 4.2.1 China’s Foreign Aid Attaches No Conditions

      • 4.2.2 Medical Assistance Promotes Improvements to People’s Livelihoods

      • 4.2.3 Project Management Guarantees Speed and Quality

      • 4.2.4 Turnkey Projects Achieve Good Results

      • 4.2.5 Technical Cooperation and Training Guarantee Sustainable Operation

    • 4.3 Project Results and Evaluation

  • Chapter 5: Chinese Foreign Humanitarian Assistance: Myanmar’s 2015 Floods

    • 5.1 Myanmar’s 2015 Floods and the Government’s Disaster Relief Work

      • 5.1.1 Overview of Myanmar’s 2015 Floods

      • 5.1.2 The Myanmar Government’s Disaster Relief Work

    • 5.2 China’s Emergency Humanitarian Assistance to Myanmar

      • 5.2.1 Chinese Official Assistance

      • 5.2.2 Involvement of Nongovernmental Participation in Disaster Relief

        • 5.2.2.1 Professional Rescue Team

        • 5.2.2.2 Chinese Enterprises in Myanmar

        • 5.2.2.3 Nongovernmental Organizations

    • 5.3 China’s Emergency Humanitarian Assistance

      • 5.3.1 Overview

      • 5.3.2 China’s Principles for International Humanitarian Aid

        • 5.3.2.1 Non-interference in Internal Affairs

        • 5.3.2.2 Non-discrimination

        • 5.3.2.3 Recipient Country Context

      • 5.3.3 China’s Mechanism for International Emergency Humanitarian Aid

        • 5.3.3.1 Cross-ministry Coordination and Division of Responsibility

        • 5.3.3.2 Legal Mechanisms

    • 5.4 Characteristics of China’s Humanitarian Aid, Shortcomings, and Policy Recommendations

      • 5.4.1 Characteristics and New Trends

        • 5.4.1.1 Rapid and Timely Response

        • 5.4.1.2 Focus on Disaster Relief

        • 5.4.1.3 Emerging Participation from ChineseNGO

        • 5.4.1.4 Importance of Publicity

      • 5.4.2 Shortcomings and Challenges

      • 5.4.3 Policy Recommendations

  • Chapter 6: China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola

    • 6.1 Introduction

      • 6.1.1 Background of China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola

      • 6.1.2 Implementation of China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola

        • 6.1.2.1 First Round

        • 6.1.2.2 Second Round

        • 6.1.2.3 Third Round

        • 6.1.2.4 Fourth Round

        • 6.1.2.5 Fifth Round (Post-disaster Reconstruction)

        • 6.1.2.6 Overview

    • 6.2 Analysis of China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola

      • 6.2.1 Embodying the Ideologies, Principles, and Characteristics of China’s Foreign Aid

        • 6.2.1.1 Timely Support

        • 6.2.1.2 Joint Prevention and Control Through Sectoral Collaboration

        • 6.2.1.3 Flexible Measures

        • 6.2.1.4 Learning from China’s Experience in Fighting Against SARS

        • 6.2.1.5 Comprehensive Aid Packages

        • 6.2.1.6 Strengthened International Coordination and Cooperation

        • 6.2.1.7 Attaching Importance to Information Disclosure

        • 6.2.1.8 Broad Participation by Local Enterprises

    • 6.3 Results and Impacts of China’s Aid to Africa’s Fight Against Ebola

  • Chapter 7: A Blend of “Hard” and “Soft” Assistance: China’s Aid to Cambodia

    • 7.1 Overview

      • 7.1.1 First Period: 1956–90

      • 7.1.2 Second Period: 1991–2003

      • 7.1.3 Third Period: 2004–13

    • 7.2 China’s “Hard” Assistance to Cambodia: Features and Impacts

    • 7.3 An Example of China’s “Soft” Assistance to Cambodia: The Restoration of Angkor Relics Project

      • 7.3.1 Overview of the Restoration of Angkor Relics Project

      • 7.3.2 Management of the Restoration of Angkor Relics Project

      • 7.3.3 Major Features of the Project

      • 7.3.4 Social Impacts of the Project

    • 7.4 Conclusions

  • Chapter 8: Technology and Knowledge Transfer: A Case Study of China’s Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center in the United Republic of Tanzania

    • 8.1 Background to the Project

      • 8.1.1 Project Progress

      • 8.1.2 Content of the Project

    • 8.2 Operational Mechanism

    • 8.3 Analysis of Project Features

      • 8.3.1 Transfer of Agricultural Knowledge Centered on Technology

      • 8.3.2 Sino–Tanzanian Cooperation and the Principle of Mutual Benefit

      • 8.3.3 Focus on Beneficiary Needs and Small-Scale Farmers

      • 8.3.4 Led by Government, Centered on Enterprise, Operated by the Market

    • 8.4 Results and Evaluation of the Project

      • 8.4.1 Results

      • 8.4.2 Evaluation of the Project

    • 8.5 Suggestions

  • Chapter 9: Peer-to-Peer Sharing in South–South Cooperation: From Village-Based Learning Center to China–Tanzania Joint Learning Center

    • 9.1 Internationalization of China’s Experience in Agricultural Development and Poverty Reduction

    • 9.2 Logic, Content, and Dynamics of the Projects

      • 9.2.1 Village-Based Learning Center

      • 9.2.2 China–Tanzania Joint Research Center for Agricultural Development

    • 9.3 Outcomes and Impacts of the Two Projects

      • 9.3.1 Improve Farmers’ Income and Promote High Productivity

      • 9.3.2 Enhance Capability for Independent Development at Community Level

      • 9.3.3 Technology Transfer Linking Local Government, University Research Institutes, and Households

    • 9.4 Project Innovations: Essentials and Features of South–South Cooperation

      • 9.4.1 Peer-to-Peer Sharing of Development Experience

      • 9.4.2 Approaches to Endogenous Development

        • 9.4.2.1 Facilitating the Dominant Role and Self-Development Capacity of Local People

        • 9.4.2.2 Selecting Appropriate Development Approaches Based on Resource Endowment

        • 9.4.2.3 Sharing the Fruits of Development

      • 9.4.3 Beyond the Projects: A New China–Tanzania Experimental Learning and Interactive Platform

  • Chapter 10: China’s Agricultural Technical Cooperation: A Case Study on juncao Aid Projects in Papua New Guinea and Fiji

    • 10.1 Introduction

      • 10.1.1 Project Background

        • 10.1.1.1 Bottom-Up Project in Papua New Guinea

        • 10.1.1.2 Top-Down Project in Fiji

      • 10.1.2 Project Implementation

        • 10.1.2.1 Papua New Guinea

        • 10.1.2.2 Fiji

      • 10.1.3 Spillover Effects of the Project

        • 10.1.3.1 Papua New Guinea

        • 10.1.3.2 Fiji

    • 10.2 Characteristics of South–South Cooperation

      • 10.2.1 Attaching No Political Conditions

      • 10.2.2 Focus on Transfer of Appropriate Agricultural Technology

      • 10.2.3 Innovations in the Modality of Foreign Aid

      • 10.2.4 Lack of Systematic Assistance for Agriculture

      • 10.2.5 Lack of Engagement with an International Agricultural Aid System

      • 10.2.6 Insufficient Attention to Mobilizing a Range of Contributors

    • 10.3 Project Results

      • 10.3.1 Helping to Solve the Most Pressing Problem: Food Supply

      • 10.3.2 Helping to Improve Countries’ Independent Development Capacity

      • 10.3.3 Helping to Improve the Image of China’s Aid

      • 10.3.4 Consolidating Bilateral Relations Between China and Recipient Countries

    • 10.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

      • 10.4.1 Strengthening Systematic Agricultural Assistance

      • 10.4.2 Mobilizing a Range of Contributors to Get Involved in Foreign Aid

      • 10.4.3 Maximizing the Synergistic Effect of Foreign Aid

  • Chapter 11: The China–Uganda South–South Cooperation Project Under FAO’s Food Security Framework

    • 11.1 Overview

      • 11.1.1 Characteristics of Agricultural Development in Uganda

      • 11.1.2 Operating Mechanism

      • 11.1.3 Formulation and Implementation of Phase I

      • 11.1.4 Formulation and Implementation of Phase II

    • 11.2 China’s Foreign Aid Philosophy

      • 11.2.1 China’s Foreign Aid Philosophy Embodied in the China–Uganda SSC Project

        • 11.2.1.1 Equality and Mutual Trust

        • 11.2.1.2 Mutual Benefit and Win–Win Cooperation

          • Adopt the Technical Assistance Mode of “Teach One to Fish”

          • Combine Aid with Trade and Investment

    • 11.3 Achievements and Influence of the China–Uganda SSC Project

      • 11.3.1 Policy Level

        • 11.3.1.1 Establish an Effective Intergovernmental Agricultural Exchange and Cooperation Mechanism

        • 11.3.1.2 Promote Introduction of Agricultural Development Policies by the Ugandan Government

      • 11.3.2 Technical Level

        • 11.3.2.1 Crop Production

        • 11.3.2.2 Horticulture and Irrigation

        • 11.3.2.3 Aquaculture

        • 11.3.2.4 Livestock Production

      • 11.3.3 Economic Level

      • 11.3.4 Social Influence

      • 11.3.5 Evaluation of Relevant Stakeholders

    • 11.4 Comments and Recommendations

      • 11.4.1 Recommendations

  • Chapter 12: Agricultural Trilateral Cooperation: A Case Study of the FAO + China + Host Country Model

    • 12.1 Introduction

    • 12.2 Examples of Agricultural Trilateral Cooperation: FAO + China + Host Country

      • 12.2.1 Tripartite Participation

      • 12.2.2 Dispatch and Training of Experts

      • 12.2.3 The Main Activities of Project

    • 12.3 Characteristics of Agricultural Trilateral Cooperation: FAO + China + Host Country

  • Chapter 13: The Innovative Aid Mode of Agriculture Going Global to Promote Investment: CGCOC and Jiangxi Ganliang

    • 13.1 Agricultural Cooperation in Africa: Development Process and Examples

      • 13.1.1 CGCOC: An Example of Cooperation in Nigeria’s Seed Industry

        • 13.1.1.1 Initial Period of Investment (2006–08)

        • 13.1.1.2 Parallel Development of Infrastructure and Investment (2009–11)

        • 13.1.1.3 Parallel Development of Investment and Aid (2012 to Present)

      • 13.1.2 Jiangxi Ganliang: An Example of Cooperation in an Equatorial Guinea Demonstration Farm

        • 13.1.2.1 Operation and Management

        • 13.1.2.2 Cooperation in Technology Demonstration

        • 13.1.2.3 Investment and Operation for Sustainable Development

    • 13.2 The Relationship Between Investment and Aid in the Case Study

      • 13.2.1 CGCOC

      • 13.2.2 Jiangxi Ganliang

    • 13.3 Learning from the Case Studies

      • 13.3.1 Focus on Local Agricultural Development and Market Demand

      • 13.3.2 A Platform of Comprehensive Agricultural Services, Established Gradually and Based on Aid

      • 13.3.3 Combining Aid with Investment: “Demonstration Center Plus Cooperatives Plus Training”

      • 13.3.4 Technology Innovations and Industrial Chains Appropriate for the Recipient Country

    • 13.4 Promoting Investment with Aid

      • 13.4.1 Establishing a Platform Company Combining Aid with Loans

        • 13.4.1.1 Construction Mode

        • 13.4.1.2 Management and Operation Mode

      • 13.4.2 Establishing an Aid and Investment Mechanism for Agricultural Infrastructure

        • 13.4.2.1 Risk Control Mechanism

        • 13.4.2.2 Guarantee Mechanism

      • 13.4.3 Developing Multilevel and Differentiated Modes of Agricultural Aid

      • 13.4.4 Developing Conversion Modes Between Agricultural Aid and Industrial Projects

    • 13.5 Policy Suggestions

      • 13.5.1 Focus on Capacity-Building of Recipient Countries to Provide Diversified and Integrated Aid

      • 13.5.2 Establish a Coordination Mechanism for Agricultural Aid to Support Key Projects

      • 13.5.3 Improve Domestic and International Cooperation Mechanisms to Provide a Service Guarantee for Aid

      • 13.5.4 Strengthen Cooperation Between Government and Financial Institutions to Expand Aid-Financing Channels

    • Bibliography

  • Chapter 14: “Aid + Investment”: The Sustainable Development Approach of China’s Agricultural Aid Project in Mozambique

    • 14.1 Introduction

    • 14.2 Background of Chinese Agricultural Projects in Mozambique

      • 14.2.1 Launch of the Sino–Mozambique ATDC

      • 14.2.2 Introducing Agricultural Investment Through Public–Private Partnership

    • 14.3 Project Analysis: The Practice and Impact of Three Chinese Enterprises

      • 14.3.1 The Technology Transfer Efforts of Hubei–Gaza Friendship Farm

        • 14.3.1.1 Technology Transfer in Practice

        • 14.3.1.2 Effects and Limitations of Technology Transfer

      • 14.3.2 Technology Demonstration and Extension Efforts of the ATDC

        • 14.3.2.1 ATDC in Practice

        • 14.3.2.2 Effects and Limitations of the ATDC

      • 14.3.3 Technology Transfer Efforts of Wanbao

        • 14.3.3.1 Wanbao’s Approach to Technology Transfer

        • 14.3.3.2 Effects and Limitations of Technology Transfer

      • 14.3.4 Technology Transfer Efforts by Hefeng

        • 14.3.4.1 Hefeng’s Technology Transfer

        • 14.3.4.2 Effects and Limitations of Technology Transfer

    • 14.4 Conclusions

  • Chapter 15: China’s South–South Development Cooperation in Practice: China and Ethiopia’s Industrial Parks

    • 15.1 Introduction

    • 15.2 China, Ethiopia, and Industrial Parks

      • 15.2.1 China and Ethiopia

      • 15.2.2 Case Study: China’s and Ethiopia’s Industrial Parks

    • 15.3 China’s Development Assistance and South–South Cooperation

      • 15.3.1 “Comprehensive” Development Assistance

      • 15.3.2 FDI, Technical Assistance, and Development Capacity-Building

      • 15.3.3 Chinese Development Assistance and Its Engagement with Africa

    • 15.4 Conclusions

  • Chapter 16: Construction of the Zambia–China Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone and South–South Cooperation

    • 16.1 The Establishment and Development of ZCCZ

      • 16.1.1 The Establishment of ZCCZ

      • 16.1.2 Development of ZCCZ

      • 16.1.3 Investment Promotion of ZCCZ

    • 16.2 Practice and Experience of ZCCZ

      • 16.2.1 Supporting Policies Implemented by Zambia and China

      • 16.2.2 Joint Venture with Local Enterprises

      • 16.2.3 Accurate Industry Positioning

      • 16.2.4 Providing a Professional One-Stop-Service for Investors

      • 16.2.5 Protecting Local Environment

      • 16.2.6 Fulfilling Social Responsibility and “Returning to Society”

    • 16.3 The Idea of South–South Cooperation Embodied in ZCCZ

      • 16.3.1 A New South–South Cooperation Combining Foreign Aid, International Trade and Investment

      • 16.3.2 Mutual Benefit and Win–Win Development

  • Index

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