From Global Poverty to Global Equality This page intentionally left blank From Global Poverty to Global Equality A Philosophical Exploration Pablo Gilabert Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Pablo Gilabert 2012 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2012 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2012002667 ISBN 978–0–19–963971–7 Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn Acknowledgments In parts of this book I have used (and systematically revised) material from the following articles: “The Duty to Eradicate Global Poverty: Positive or Negative?” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice (2005), 537–50 (Springer) “Basic Positive Duties of Justice and Narveson’s Libertarian Challenge,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 44 (2006), 193–216 (Wiley-Blackwell) “Cosmopolitanism and Discourse Ethics, A Critical Survey,” New Political Science 28 (2006), 1–21 (Taylor and Francis) “Contractualism and Poverty Relief,” Social Theory and Practice 33 (2007), 277–310 (Florida State University) “Global Justice and Poverty Relief in Nonideal Circumstances,” Social Theory and Practice 34 (2008), 411–38 (Florida State University) “Does Global Egalitarianism Provide an Impractical and Unattractive Ideal of Justice?” International Affairs 84 (2008), 1025–39 (co-authored with Christian Barry) (Wiley-Blackwell) “The Feasibility of Basic Socioeconomic Human Rights A Conceptual Exploration,” Philosophical Quarterly 59 (2009), 559–81 (Wiley-Blackwell) “Political Feasibility A Conceptual Exploration,” Political Studies (co-authored with Holly Lawford-Smith, forthcoming) (Wiley-Blackwell) I thank the publishers for allowing me to draw on this material I also thank the referees of these papers for their comments I am enormously grateful for the copious help that I have received in the completion of this book The referees of Oxford University Press provided me with sharp criticisms and generous comments and suggestions on the whole manuscript One of them, who revealed herself and showered me with superb comments, was Laura Valentini My OUP editor, Dominic Byatt, was kind, patient, and resourceful I also thank Lesley Montford for her help in editing the manuscript I am grateful to many people for comments on specific chapters and arguments discussed in this book, and for conversations on related matters They include Arash Abizadeh, Elizabeth Ashford, Christian Barry, Geoffrey Brennan, Simon Caney, Rainer Forst, Matthias Fritsch, Roberto Gargarella, Mariano Garreta-Leclerq, Robert Goodin, Carol Gould, Osvaldo Guariglia, Holly Lawford-Smith, Colin Macleod, Julio Montero, James Nickel, v Acknowledgments Kai Nielsen, Thomas Pogge, Lisa Rivera, Eduardo Rivera Lopez, Ingrid Robeyns, Andrea Sangiovanni, Henry Shue, Nicholas Southwood, Adam Swift, Jesse Tomalty, Andrew Williams, and Lea Ypi I cannot remember everyone who helped me, and I apologize for any unintended omission I presented arguments included in this book in numerous conferences and lectures, and I am grateful to the audiences for their input My research was supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by the funding and stimulating environments provided through an HLA Hart Visiting Fellowship at the University of Oxford, a Visiting Fellowship at the Australian National University, and a Visiting Scholarship at the Universidad Torcuato di Tella I discussed many of the issues addressed in this book in courses and seminars at Concordia University, and I thank my students for sharing with me the excitement of exploring new philosophical ideas Finally, I am deeply thankful to Elizabeth and to Manuel I dedicate this book to the memory of my father, Abelardo Gilabert He was a loving parent, an accomplished psychiatrist, and a fighter for social justice He often embodied the humanist ideals that this book defends by embracing the suffering of others, and by supporting their struggle to increase their autonomy and wellbeing vi Contents Introduction: the complexity of the debate on global justice 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Three kinds of distributive principles 1.3 Arguments for scope: desirability and feasibility 1.4 Levels of argument about scope 1.5 Cosmopolitanism, globalism, and humanism 1.6 Justice and humanitarianism 1.7 Preview of the contents of the book Notes 1 10 11 18 20 Part I: Beyond Global Poverty Basic positive duties of justice: a contractualist defense 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Scanlon’s contractualism 2.3 Beneficence and institutional justice 2.4 Objections and implications 2.5 Cosmopolitanism, contextual specificity, and special relationships 2.6 Human rights, humanism, and diversity Notes Negative duties and the libertarian challenge 3.1 Introduction 3.2 A response to the libertarian challenge 3.3 Comments on Pogge’s approach to the duties of global justice Notes The feasibility of global poverty eradication in nonideal circumstances 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Desirability, feasibility, and obligation 4.3 Dimensions of a conception of justice and the distinction between ideal and nonideal theory 4.4 Two kinds of responses to infeasibility 27 27 28 30 44 58 62 63 73 73 74 92 101 111 111 114 122 130 Contents 4.5 Two nonideal circumstances 4.6 Transitional standpoint, dynamic duties, and political empowerment Notes 138 145 152 Part II: Toward Global Equality Humanist versus associativist approaches to global equality 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Global sufficientarianism, intermediate inclusion, and egalitarianism 5.3 Discussion of specific associativist accounts 5.4 Convergence? Notes 165 167 182 186 A humanist defense of global equality 6.1 The humanist approach 6.2 Distributive justice, social justice, and global justice Notes 195 195 217 229 The feasibility of global equality 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Feasibility and dynamic duties 7.3 The status and role of principles of justice 7.4 Accessibility and the appraisal of transformational projects 7.5 Transitional standpoint and pragmatic considerations 7.6 Appendix: The feasibility test and “reasonable probability” Notes 237 237 238 244 248 254 263 266 Conclusion: Exploring responsibilities of global justice 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Resources and procedure for the exploration 8.3 Two cases of exploration regarding global poverty and inequality Notes 275 275 275 281 291 Bibliography Index 295 307 viii 163 163 Introduction: the complexity of the debate on global justice 1.1 Introduction This book provides a philosophical exploration accounting for the moral desirability and the practical feasibility of implementing global principles of poverty relief and egalitarian distributive justice It addresses the following questions: Do we have positive duties to help others in need or are our moral duties only negative, focused on not harming them? If these basic positive duties exist, are they strong and strict demands or are they weak and discretionary? Can we say that such duties are also duties of justice that respond to rights and are worthy of coercive enforcement by institutional structures? Can the scope of some of these duties be global or should all of them be circumscribed to what we owe to our compatriots? If global positive duties exist, are they only focused on helping others meet their basic needs or can they also target their relative deprivation? Is global equality a requirement of justice or is global sufficiency all that global justice amounts to? How should the scope of the principles of distributive justice be determined? Can a humanist construal of them as responding to rights that all human beings as such have be developed successfully or must the scope of distributive justice be seen in an associativist way, as tracking already existing associative frameworks of statehood, nationality, or economic cooperation? Are the eradication of severe global poverty and the achievement of global equality practically feasible or are they merely the content of hopelessly utopian wishes? The far-reaching technological capabilities and accumulated wealth in our contemporary world, coupled with the increasing inequality in their distribution, and the fact that 18 million people die each year due to poverty-related causes make these questions very pressing This book answers these questions and defends three theses The first is that there are basic positive duties of justice to help eradicate severe poverty that have global Bibliography Blake, M., “Distributive Justice, State Coercion, and Autonomy,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 30 (2001), 257–96 Blake, M and Risse, M., “Two Models of Equality and Responsibility,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 38 (2008), 165–200 Bohman, J., “From Demos to Demoi: Democracy Across Borders,” Ratio Juris 18 (2005), 293–314 Brennan, G and Pettit, P., “The Feasibility Issue,” in Jackson, F and Smith, M., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 258–79 Brennan, G and Southwood, N., “Feasibility in Action and Attitude,” in RnnowRasmussen, T., Petersson, P., Josefsson, J, and Egonsson, D., eds., Hommage Wlodek (2007) Available at: www.fil.lu.se/hommageawlodek Brighouse, H., Justice (Cambridge: Polity, 2004) Brighouse, H and Swift, A., “Legitimate Parental Partiality,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 37 (2009), 43–80 Brighouse, H and Unterhalter, E., “Education for Primary Goods or for Capabilities?” in Brighouse, H and Robeyns, I., eds., Measuring Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010) Brock, G., Global Justice A Cosmopolitan Account (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) Broome, J., “Reasons,” in Wallace, J., Pettit, P., Scheffler, S., and Smith, M., eds., Reason and Value Themes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 28–55 Brownlie, I and Goodwin-Gill, G., Basic Documents on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) Buchanan, A., “Justice and Charity,” Ethics 97 (1987), 558–75 —— Justice, Legitimacy and Self-determination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) Buchanan, A and Keohane, R., “The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions,” Ethics and International Affairs 20 (2006), 405–37 Caney, S “Cosmopolitan Justice and Equalizing Opportunities,” Metaphilosophy 32 (2001), 113–34 —— “Global Interdependence and Distributive Justice,” Review of International Studies 31 (2005), 389–99 —— Justice Beyond Borders A Global Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) —— “Cosmopolitan Justice and Institutional Design: An Egalitarian Liberal Conception of Global Governance,” Social Theory and Practice 32 (2006), 725–56 —— “Global Poverty and Human Rights: The Case for Positive Duties,” in Pogge, T., ed., Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 275–302 —— “Global Distributive Justice and the State,” Political Studies 56 (2008), 487–518 —— “Cosmopolitanism and Justice,” in Christiano, T and Christman, J., Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009), 387–407 296 Bibliography Carens, J., “An Interpretation and Defense of the Socialist Principle of Distribution,” in Frankel, E., Miller, P., Paul, J., eds., After Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 145–77 Casal, P., “Why Sufficiency is not Enough,” Ethics 117 (2007), 296–326 Cavallero, E., “Coercion, Inequality and the International Property Regime,” Journal of Political Philosophy 18 (2010), 16–31 Chatterjee, D., ed., The Ethics of Assistance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) Christiano, T., “A Foundation for Egalitarianism,” in Holtug, N and Lippert-Rasmussen, K., eds., Egalitarianism New Essays on the Nature and Value of Equality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 41–82 Christiano, T and Braynen, W., “Inequality, Injustice, and Levelling Down,” Ratio 21 (2008), 392–420 Christiano, T and Christman, J., eds., Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009) Cohen, G A., “On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice,” Ethics 99 (1989), 906–44 —— Self-ownership, Freedom and Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) —— Rescuing Justice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008) —— Why not Socialism? 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Ashford, E v, 36, 37, 64n.9 associativism 6, 8–9, 17–18, 163, 277; see also egalitarianism Associativist Egalitarianism 8; see also egalitarianism Barry, B 22n.12, 23n.18, 83, 104n.33, 104n.39, 272n.44 Barry, C v, 67n.35, 188n.6, 232n.14, 269n.16 Basic Global Justice 127; see also duties, justice, sufficientarianism Basic Political Empowerment 146; see also political empowerment Beitz, C 23n.12, 72n.68, 108n.71, 155n.36, 156n.45, 156n.48, 189n.10, 192n.32, 192n.34, 268n.14 Blake, M 22n.12, 171–3, 192n.30, 235n.43 Brennan, G v, 153n.14, 266n.4, 271n.32 Brock G 166, 214–16, 272n.41 Buchanan, A 15, 22n.10, 23n.14, 24n.20, 24n.29, 124, 188n.9, 190n.23, 192n.27, 270n.22, 272n.43 Caney, S v 22n.10, 158n.74, 188n.6, 192n.34, 213, 215, 216, 217–18, 231n.12, 232n.17 capability approach 118–19, 152n.10, 199–209, 221, 235n.46, 270n.20, 272n.43, 293n.14 Casal, P 21n.4, 155n.37 Christiano, T 21n.4, 105n.422, 68n.9 Cohen, G A 15, 17, 18, 22n.7, 23n.14, 102n.11, 153n.15, 154n.26, 155n.35, 187n.2, 222, 234n.38, 268n.12 Cohen, J 8, 68n.37, 68n.40, 69n.43, 154n.27, 168, 176, 191n.24, 192n.31, 277 comprehensive outcomes 124, 146–7, 271n.31, 292n.9 concentric circles picture 257–8 contractarianism 46–7, 78, 80–1, 83–4, 86–9 contractualism 18, ch.2 passim, 129, 166, 198–9, 221, 276, 278–81, 282–4 cosmopolitanism 10–11, 52, 58–62, 128 Cosmopolitan Idea of Moral Equality 10–11, 167, 169–70, 174–5, 178, 179, 196–8, 202, 219, 225, 226, 276, 284, 289 Cosmopolitan Justifiability 10–11, 52, 58, 169–70, 196–9, 202, 225, 226, 267n.8, 276, 279 cosmopolitan overflow 198, 219, 224 cosmopolitan solidarity 100–1, 144–5, 149–50 Cranston, M 113–14, 116, 117, 118, 132, 133, 134 Cullity, G 34 deliberative reflective equilibrium see reflective equilibrium Demanding Principle 34 democracy 40, 48–50, 54, 119, 204, 258, 273n.47 desirability see moral desirability dimensions of a conception of justice see justice diversity 62–3, 144, 150 domination see intermediate inclusion duties agent-relative and agent-neutral duties 180, 215 basic and nonbasic duties 27, 75, 127–9, 284 derived and nonderived duties 45, 285 different levels of abstraction of duties 62–3, 76, 131–7, 213–16, 226, 244–8 duties of justice and humanitarian duties, duties of beneficence, charity, virtue 11–18, 37, 75–6, 96–101, 192n.30, 220–1, 223–5 dynamic duties 17, 112, 137–8, 221–2, 237, 241–4, 248, 255, 258, 278, 286; see also feasibility hypothetical and actual obligations and duties 7, 114–17, 238–9, 244 307 Index duties (cont.) perfect and imperfect duties 12, 16–17, 24n.26, 39, 75–6, 90–1, 131, 168–9 positive and negative duties 11, 15, 23n.19, 44, 74–5, 92–101, 131, 177–9, 180, 284–5 dynamic duties see duties education 5, 31, 38, 40, 50, 63, 75, 113, 128, 196, 200, 206–7, 211, 212–16, 230n.7, 240, 256, 261, 277, 289 egalitarianism 4–5, 8–10, 126–9, 165–7, 276–7, 286–91 associativist egalitarianism 8–9, ch.5 passim, 223–5, 286–91 coercion and autonomy 8, 171–3 cooperation and reciprocity 9, 173–5 interdependence 9, 175–9 institutionalism 8–9, 168–70 humanist egalitarianism 9–10, 163, 182–6, ch.6 passim, 286–91 general case for 195–202 metric for 211–16, 261, 277, 289–90 and responsibility 199–202, 288 and special relationships 202–4, 288–9 leveling down objection 21n.4, 105n.42, 166–7, 215–16 luck egalitarianism 65n.15, 201, 208, 221 relation between associativist and humanist egalitarianism 182–6, 224–5, 238, 258–9, 286–91 Elster, J 153n.13, 154n.27 equality; see also egalitarianism 4–5, 165–7 formal and substantive 197, 232n.16 “social” and “political” equality 165–6, 201, 233n.30 Estlund, D 22n.7, 68n.39, 273n.49, 274n.50 exploitation see intermediate inclusion Fabre, C 22n.10, 65n.19, 102n.8 Fact of Globalization 9; see also globalization fairness 30, 35–6, 37, 41–2, 52, 54, 57, 85, 65n.15, 104n.32, 133, 165, 169, 173–5, 181–2, 199–209, 214, 221, 227, 285, 288 Fair Shares Beneficence 35 fair trade 40, 70n.53, 54, 91, 148, 256 feasibility degrees of feasibility 69n.46, 121–2, 241–2, 243–4, 264–6 domains of feasibility 120–1, 239, 267n.7 accessibility 120–1, 124–5, 140, 141–2, 222–3, 239, 241, 248–66 stability 120–1, 123–5, 140, 144, 239, 240–1 308 types of feasibility (“hard” and “soft” feasibility constraints) 117–20, 239–40, 242, 263–6 feasibility and avoidance of impotent voluntarism and cynical realism 118, 120, 263–4 feasibility and desirability 6–7, 114–17, 122–5, 249–54, 265–6 feasibility and distinction between evaluation and prescription 238–9, 243, 263, 268n.12, 277–8 feasibility and distinction between instantiation and approximation 243–4, 255 feasibility and dynamic duties 17, 112, 137–8, 221–2, 237, 241–4, 248, 255, 258, 278, 286 feasibility and epistemic limitations 121, 125, 126–7, 151, 267n.8, 249, 249–52, 255, 258 feasibility and levels of generality of demands 125, 131, 244–8, 278 feasibility and obligations, duties 6–7, 113, 131–8, 263–4, 278 feasibility and “reasonable probability” 263–6 feasibility and transitional standpoint 52–3, 145–52, 237, 255, 278 feasibility of global equality 126–8, 167, ch.7 passim, 271n.34, 286–91 feasibility of human rights 52–6, ch.4 passim, 271n.34, 284–6 Forst, R v, 158n.71 Freeman, S 67n.30, 104n.35, 129, 155n.33, 190n.21, 192n.33, 266n.1 Galston, W., 254 Gargarella, R v, 159 Glendon, M 229 globalism Global Egalitarianism 127; see also egalitarianism and equality global intermediate inclusion see intermediate inclusion Global Poverty Relief 128 global sufficientarianism see sufficientarianism globalization 9–10, 50–1, 91, 94–5, 144–5, 178–9, 180, 183–6, 230n.7, 214, 222, 225, 251, 255, 258, 277, 287 Goodin, R v, 71n.58, 153n.17, 154n.28, 158n.72, 269n.16, 270n.25, 270n.28, 272n.37, 273n.47, 273n.48 Gould, C v, 158n.72 Griffin, J 116 Index Habermas, J 68n.37, 159n.80 health 31, 38, 62–3, 75, 103n.27, 128, 163, 196, 199, 207–8, 211–16, 240, 256, 261, 277, 289 Held, D 20n.1, 66n.20, 69n.44, 70n.50, 106n.55, 158, 158n.75, 270n.26, 272n.38 Helpfulness 32 humanism 6, 9–10, 51–2, 62–3, 163, ch.6 passim, 258, 277; see also egalitarianism and human rights Humanist Egalitarianism 9; see also egalitarianism human rights; see also sufficientarianism and feasibility human rights and basic justice 38–9, 127–9 human rights and contractualism 38, 62–3, 129 human rights and humanism 62–3, 51, 198, 227, 229–30n.4–5, 284–6 levels of generality of human rights 62–3, 131–7, 285 ideal and nonideal theory 33–44, 52–8, 125–30, 138–52, 181–2, 253–4, 262–3, 283, 285 ideology 150 imperialism 213, 226, 290 institutional experimentation 53–4, 148–52, 249–52, 286 intermediate inclusion 5, 8, 165–7, 183, 193n.36, 201, 205, 234n.30, 228, 255, 257, 277, 287 Intolerably Intrusive Principle 33 James, A 248, 269n.10, 269n.15, 272n.40 justice: and feasibility 114–17, 122–5, 258–9, 244–8 basic and nonbasic 127–9, 167 dimensions of a conception of justice 122–5, 226–7, 228, 245–8, 278 distinction between justice and humanitarianism beneficence, charity, virtue 11–18, 37, 75–6, 96–101, 192n.30, 220–1, 223–5 kinds of considerations of justice 277 principles of justice can be outweighed 14, 211, 219, 225, 228–9, 231n.11, 280–1, 288, 290 site of justice 15–16, 65n.19, 153n.20, 230n.4, 222 see also duties, principles Justice as Negative Duties 44 Kagan, S 24n.29, 291n.5 Kant, I 55, 68n.42, 101, 134, 262, 267n.6, 283 Kymlicka, W 102n.11, 157n.67, 231n.9, 232n.13 Lawford-Smith, H 5v 153n.16, 271n.30, 273n.48 libertarianism 15, 44–8, ch.3 passim, 210 Miller, D 22n.10, 23n.14, 24n.22, 67n.35, 71n.57, 71n.61, 109n.79, 142, 152n.12, 181, 192n.30, 204–10, 220, 235n.43 Miller, R 218, 235n.43, 293n.14 Moellendorf, D 191n.24, 215, 217, 219 moral desirability 6–7, 114–17, 122–5 motivation and duties 42–4, 54–5, 85, 100, 120, 141–5, 146, 149–51, 182, 251–2, 253–4, 271n.36, 258–9 Murphy, L 35–6, 71n.55, 192n.28, 234n.40 Nagel, T 50, 139, 187n.5, 189n.12, 192n.30, 223, 235n.43 Narveson, J 73–91 Natural Duty of Justice 70n.54, 128–9, 139–40, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 184, 186, 222–3, 255, 278, 287 Nickel, J v, 65n.19, 102n.8, 134–6, 156n.45 Nielsen, K v, 71n.58 Nozick, R 23n.16, 78, 108n.71, 234n.33, 291n.5, 292n.9 Nussbaum, M 61, 150, 152n.10, 159n.79, 213, 233n.26 opportunity to join cooperative schemes 175, 216, 277, 289–90 Optional Charity 32 Parfit, D 21n.4, 64n.10 personal prerogatives and liberty 33, 116–17, 179–82, 277, 288–9 persons 40, 49, 52, 128, 196, 221, 276 Pogge, T v, 22n.11, 23n.14, 19n.24, 45, 64n.9, 19n.65, 66n.20, 66n.26, 71n.60, 90–1, 92–101, 158n.74, 233n.25, 267n.6, 270n.20, 272n.37, 272n.34, 292n.12 Political Articulation of Global Poverty Relief 128 political empowerment 40, 54, 119, 146–52, 256, 260, 285, 286, 290–1, 293nn.16–17 political self-determination 40, 209–11, 247, 277, 285, 288–9, 290–1, 293nn.16–17 principles and facts 122–5, 244–8 and feasibility 122–5, 241–8 kinds of distributive principles 4–6, 165–7, 228, 276–7 levels of abstraction of principles 62–3, 131–7, 196, 213–16, 226, 244–8 309 Index principles (cont.) pro tanto principles 12, 195, 198, 219, 229, 280–1, 289 scope of distributive principles 6–11, 163, 224, 277 problem of initial categorization 226, 247, 279–80, 281–4, 285, 291 protest 148–51, 251, 259, 260–1, 273n.45, 286 prudential considerations 54–5, 142–4, 271n.36, 256, 258 public deliberation 48–50, 101, 147, 148–52, 214, 251, 260–1, 279, 286, 290–1 Räikkä, J 270n.22 Rawls, J 14, 15, 16, 23n.14, 28, 66n.25, 70n.54, 84, 105n.43, 106n.60, 109n.75, 111–12, 123–4, 125–7, 128–9, 153n.25, 157n.64, 169, 183, 189n.10, 190n.21, 199, 206, 234n.39, 240, 244–7, 267n.6, 268n.12, 268n.14, 281, 282, 283, 292n.9 Raz, J 18, 21n.6, 192n.27 reflective equilibrium 84, 214, 215, 269n.18, 279, 284 Rescue 31 responsibility (causal and normative) 23n.19, 40, 44–8, 59, 98–101, 139, 175, 199–202, 204–9, 219, 220–1, 281–91 conceptual matrix of normative responsibilities 282 Risse, M 23n.12, 69n.47, 189n.14, 190n.23, 192n.30, 235n.43 Robeyns, I v, 152n.10, 233n.25 Ross, D 21n.6 Sachs, J 64n.5, 66n.27, 148 Sangiovanni, A v, 22n.12, 173–5, 190n.23, 192n.30, 193n.38 Scanlon, T M ch.2 passim, 155n.41, 157n.62, 221, 231n.10, 233n.23, 269n.15, 278, 281, 291n.3, 291n.4, 291n.5, 291n.6, 292n.8 Scheffler, S 61, 190n.18, 231n.9 Scheme of Institutional Justice 39 Sen, A 24n.23, 65n.19, 114, 118–19, 122, 124, 130, 131, 133, 135, 136, 150, 154n.28, 157n.64, 158n.71, 158n.78, 159n.80, 233n.26, 253, 271n.31 310 Shue, H v, 24n.27, 65n.17, 65n.19, 66n.22, 71n.59, 102n.8, 108n.72, 110n.85, 114, 131, 158n.78 Simmons, A J 70n.54, 154n.28 Singer, P 32, 70n.50, 106n.60, 152n.12, 158n.75 skepticism about global justice Institutional Argument 138–41, 146, 182, 257 Motivational Argument 141–5, 146, 182, 257 solidarity 43, 85, 100–1, 141–5, 149–50, 204, 212, 251, 256, 258–9; see also cosmopolitan solidarity Southwood, N v, 64n.4, 266n.4 special relationships and responsibilities 33, 57–8, 58–62, 202–4, 204–9, 221, 277, 288–9 Stiglitz, J 51, 70n.48, 107n.69, 148, 271n.29 sufficientarianism 4–5, 27, 127, 165–7, 201, 210, 211, 218, 224, 255–7, 276–7, 284–6 focus on basic sufficientarianism 5, 127, 165–7, 277 human rights and sufficientarianism 27, 38, 127, 284–6 relation with other principles 8, 165–7, 198, 216, 228, 256–7 Swift, A v, 13, 22n.7, 72n.65, 154n.28, 157n.62 sympathy 142–3 Tan, K.-C 22n.10, 69n.45, 157n.67 Tasioulas, J 156n.53 Temkin, L 21n.4, 82–3, 86, 105n.42, 234n.38, 272n.39 transitional standpoint 52–3, 145–6, 237, 255, 278 Valentini, L v, 154n.28, 188n.6 Van Parijs, P 14, 157, 188n.6, 225 Waldron, J 24n.24, 192n.27 Walzer, M 141 Wedgwood, R 152n.4 White, S 21n.5, 229n.2 Williams, A vi, 21, 105n.42, 231 Williams, B 60 Wright, E 154n.27 Ypi, L vi, 154n.28, 190n.20, 231 .. .From Global Poverty to Global Equality This page intentionally left blank From Global Poverty to Global Equality A Philosophical Exploration Pablo Gilabert Great Clarendon Street,... global egalitarianism In response, the associativist defenders of global egalitarianism need to argue that globalization is already deep From Global Poverty to Global Equality enough to trigger global. .. sufficientarianism and reject global egalitarianism, others affirm global sufficientarianism or global intermediate inclusion and remain agnostic about global egalitarianism, and still others affirm