SDG1 À NO POVERTY CONCISE GUIDES TO THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Series Editors Walter Leal Filho World Sustainable Development Research and Transfer Centre, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Mark Mifsud Centre for Environmental Education and Research, University of Malta This series comprises 17 short books, each examining one of the UN Sustainable Development Goals The series provides an integrated assessment of the SDGs from an economic, social, environmental and cultural perspective Books in the series critically analyse and assess the SDGs from a multi-disciplinary and a multi-regional standpoint, with each title demonstrating innovation in theoretical and empirical analysis, methodology, and application of the SDG concerned Titles in this series have a particular focus on the means to implement the SDGs, and each one includes a short introduction to the SDG in question along with a synopsis of their implications on the economic, social, environmental and cultural domains SDG1 À NO POVERTY Making the Dream a Reality BY KATARZYNA CICHOS Cardinal Stefan Wyszyn¡ski University in Warsaw, Poland AMANDA LANGE SALVIA University of Passo Fundo, Brazil United Kingdom À North America À Japan India À Malaysia À China Emerald Publishing Limited Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK First edition 2019 Copyright r 2019 Katarzyna Cichos and Amanda Lange Salvia Published under exclusive licence Reprints and permissions service Contact: permissions@emeraldinsight.com No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters’ suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-78769-628-0 (Print) ISBN: 978-1-78769-625-9 (Online) ISBN: 978-1-78769-627-3 (Epub) ISOQAR certified Management System, awarded to Emerald for adherence to Environmental standard ISO 14001:2004 Certificate Number 1985 ISO 14001 CONTENTS List of Tables vii About the Authors ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction Poverty and Development The Right to Development as an International Commitment to Eradicate Poverty 19 Solidarity as Basic Development Aid’s Principle 25 A Framework of Policies to Combat Poverty 31 Sustainable Development Goal 51 Good and Bad Practice in the Eradication of Poverty 63 New Horizons for the Eradication of Poverty À Recommendations 91 Conclusion 101 References 103 Index 123 v This page intentionally left blank LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 HDI Values in the Range of Low Human Development 13 Table 6.1 Targets and Indicators 53 Table 6.2 Difficulties in Reaching SDG1 58 vii This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHORS Katarzyna Cichos has a PhD and Master’s degree in Law Currently, she works as a Lecturer and Researcher at Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw in the Faculty of Law and Administration For many years, she was an active member of local community initiatives connected to community organisation, monitoring mechanisms of watchdogs and local aspects of good governance and sustainable development Her research interests include legal aspects of sustainable development, poverty reduction, development assistance and the European Union’s foreign and trade policy Amanda Lange Salvia has a degree in Environmental Engineering, and she is currently a Doctoral Student in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Passo Fundo, Brazil Her current interests include sustainability, sustainable cities, sustainable universities, environment management, energy efficiency and the Sustainable Development Goals ix 118 References UN (1979a, November 23) United Nation resolution, alternative approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improvising the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, 34/46 UN (1979b) Commission on human rights, resolution (XXXV), E/CN.4/1347 UN (1986, December 4) United Nation declaration on the right to development, (A/RES/41/128) UN (1987) “World commission on environment and development Report Our common future”, transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427, 1987 Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/wcedocf.htm Accessed on May 14, 2013 UN (1990) World declaration on the survival, protection and development of children, agreed at the world summit for children on 29À30 September 1990 UN (1995) Global governance Our global neighborhood the report of the commission on global governance Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/global-neighbourhood/ Accessed on 20 September 2018 UN (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Retrieved from https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/ transformingourworld UN (2016) No poverty: Why it matters? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/ UNDAF (2016) Summary brief on UN Development Assistance Frameworks À Status, trends and next generation, United Nation Development Coordination Office, March References 119 UNDAF (2017) United Nations Development Assistance Framework Guidance, United Nation Development Group UNDG (2017a) Fulfilling the promises: A practical guide for UN advocacy to promote implementation of the 2030 Agenda Retrieved from https://undg.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2017/09/Advocacy_report_web.pdf Accessed on 20 September 2018 UNDG (2017b) Mainstreaming the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development Reference guide for UN country teams Retrieved from https://undg.org/document/ mainstreaming-the-2030-agenda-reference-guide-to-unitednations-country-teams-2/ Accessed on 20 September 2018 UNDP Policy and Programme (2016) UNDP Support to the Implementation of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/ dam/undp/library/SDGs/SDG%20Implementation%20and% 20UNDP_Policy_and_Programme_Brief.pdf UNDP web (2016) UNDP Support to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Retrieved from http:// www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/ sustainable-development-goals/undp-support-to-theimplementation-of-the-2030-agenda/ United Nations (2015) African common position: On the Post-2015 Development Agenda, African Union, March 2014 Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/ pubs/2014cappost2015.pdf Accessed on June 2018 Utting, P (2015) Realizing the 2030 Development Agenda through Social and Solidarity Economy, United Nations Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy Retrieved from https://ccednet-rcdec.ca/sites/ccednet-rcdec.ca/files/realizing_ 120 References the_2030_development_agenda_through_social_and_ solidarity_economy.pdf Vienna (1993, June 25) Vienna declaration and programme of action, adopted by the UN World Conference on Human Rights Wong, S (2012) What have been the impacts of World Bank Community-Driven Development Programs? CDD impact evaluation review and operational and research implications World Bank Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank org/curated/en/967431468161087566/pdf/ 695410WP0SW0CD00Box370017B00PUBLIC0.pdf Accessed on 20 September 2018 World Bank (1989) Sub-Saharan Africa: From crisis to sustainable growth, Report, Washington DC World Bank (2001) World development report 2000/2001: Attacking poverty, New York 2001, s 15 Retrieved from http://wdronline.worldbank.org//worldbank/a/c.html/world_ development_report_2000_2001/front_matter/WB.0À19521129-4.frontmatter Accessed on December, 2015 World Bank (2013) Goals end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity http://www.worldbank.org/ content/dam/Worldbank/document/WB-goals2013.pdf Accessed on June, 2014 World Bank (2015) Transitioning from the MDGs to the SDGs Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/ home/librarypage/sustainable-development-goals/ transitioning-from-the-mdgs-to-the-sdgs.html World Bank (2017a) Implementing the 2030 Agenda, 2017 Update Retrieved from http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/ References 121 491561500316509118/FINAL-web-2030AgendaUpdate20170713.pdf World Bank (2017b) International Development Association, The World Bank’s Fund for the Poorest Retrieved from https://ida.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ pdfs/1-ida_brochure_2017.pdf Yunus, M., & Jolis, A (2008) Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty New York, NY: Public Affairs This page intentionally left blank INDEX Absolute poverty, 5, Access to energy, 80À81 Accra Agenda for Action, 25, 41 Adversity, teaching youth to overcome, 59À61 Afghanistan geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 78 African Union (AU), 3, 32, 48À50 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, 2, 3, 26, 28, 34, 36À40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 56, 82, 99 Agenda 2063 Framework Document, 49À50 Agricultural production, Alignment, 25 Arab Spring, 78 Armed conflict, Assisted self-reliance, 65 Australia, 31 Bangladesh access to energy, 81 Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, 72 disaster risk reduction in, 71À73 Flood Forecasting Warning Centre, 72 Grameen Bank, 85À88 National Disaster Management Council, 72, 73 Beautiful Bulgaria, 47À48 Belarus decentralisation reform and development in, 69 Better Policies for 2030 An OECD Action Plan on the Sustainable Development Goals, 41 Bolivia, 35 Bosnia-Herzegovina geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 123 124 Brazil, 32 Bretton Woods Institution, Brundtland Report, Budget support, 33 Busan Declaration, 64 Call to Action, 50 Cambodia, 35 local governance in, 75À76 Capital Development Fund, 75 Charter of the United Nations, 26 Article, 55, 19À20 Article, 56, 19, 20 China, 32 Cities for Climate Protection Programme, 70 Civil society organizations (CSOs), 33 role of, 64À67 Climate change, Cohesion Fund, 92 Cold War, 77 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Community Development Plan, 97 Community Driven Development (CDD), 73À74, 94, 96 Community organising, 95À98 Index Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (Bangladesh), 72 Concern Worldwide, 34À35 Cooperation for development, 31 Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development, 22 Council of developing regions and donors, proposal for, 92À94 Covenant of the League of Nations, 26 Czech Republic decentralisation reform and development in, 69 Decentralisation, 76 reform and development, 68À71 Declaration on Social Progress and Development (United Nations), Declaration on the Right to Development Article, 1, 9À10 Article, 2, 10 Democratic Republic of Congo geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Index Deprivation, material, Development assistance, 7, 25 cooperation policy, 44À45, 91 instruments for measuring, 10À11 meaning of, 7À10 Development aid geographical allocation of, lack of coherence in, 77À79 meaning of, 7À10 Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 31, 32 International Development Goals, 22À23, 40 List of ODA Recipients, 32, 33 Development policy local/regionally oriented, 91À98 principles of, 25À29 Disaster mitigation, 72À73 Disaster risk reduction, 71À73 Discrimination, Earth Institute, Columbia University, 17 Economic and Social Council (2016), 57 Economic and Social Council (2017), 57 Economic growth, 125 Education, 82À83 Egypt geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77, 78 Eliasson, Jan, 38 Energising Development Programme, 81 Equal treatment of women, 22 Eradication of poverty, 42, 44 Agenda 2030 as framework for, 2, 3, 26, 28, 34, 36À40, 43, 45, 56 good and bad practice in, 63À89 MDG as framework to, 2, 24, 35À36, 45 multiple approaches to, 34À35 new horizons for, 91À100 regional or local strategies for, 94À95 right to development and, 19À24 see also individual entries Ethiopia geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 European Commission (EC), 31 Articles, 81À82, 27 Energising Development Programme, 81 126 Key European action supporting the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, 45 Next steps for a sustainable European future: European action for sustainability, 45 European Community, 43 European Consensus on Development, 45À46 Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future, 45 European Court of Justice in a case (ECJ), 27 European Union (EU), 3, 31À33, 43À47 Cohesion Fund, 92 geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77À79 Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe a Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, 46 Exclusion, 6, Extreme poverty, 5, 6, 22, 37À38, 42, 52, 55À57 Financial assistance, 33 Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (Bangladesh), 72 Index Foreign capital, Francis, Pope, 27À28 Free education, Free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations, 47 Geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77À79 Good governance, 91 challenges to, 63À64 Governance definition of, 63À64 good, challenges to, 63À64 Grameen Bank (GB), 85À88 Gross domestic product (GDP), 7, 10, 11 Gross national income (GNI), 10 Gross national product (GNP), 10 ‘Growing Together’ project, 59À61 Haiti, 35 Health, 82À83 Health care, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, 42 Human development, 21À22, 56 Human Development Index (HDI), 9, 11, 13À16, 68 Index Human Development Report (HDR), 9, 11, 12 Human Rights Council, 6À7 Hungary decentralisation reform and development in, 69 India, 35 Inequality, 11 Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD), 12 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 7, 42 International Bill of Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 20 Article, 1, 20 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 20 Article, 1, 20 Article, 11, International Development Association (IDA), 42À43, 73 International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Monetary Fund, 31 127 Iraq geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 78 Ivory Coast geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Japan, 31 John Paul II, 27 Kenya, 65 geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Key European action supporting the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals, 45 Keynes, J M., Koperasi Belia Islam (KBI) spearheading organic farming through, 28À29 Lao inclusive community and local development in, 67À68 Poverty Reduction Fund, 67, 68 Liberia access to energy, 80À81 Local communities, organising of, 95À96 128 Local Government Act of 1990, 69 Local Group for Community Development, 97, 98 Mahbub ul Haq, 9, 11 MAPS (Mainstreaming, Acceleration and Policy Support), 39, 40 Marginalisation, Marshall Plan, Material assistance, 33 Material deprivation, M’Baye, Keba, 19 Mexico, education and health in, 83À85 Microfinance, 88À89 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2, 24, 45, 81, 99 as framework for eradicating poverty, 35À36 Millennium Villages Project, 17À18 Minimalist cost-effective approach, 65 Mongolia, microfinance in, 88À89 Morocco geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77, 78 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), 11 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI), 42 Mutual accountability, 25 Index National Disaster Management Council (Bangladesh), 72, 73 National Treasury, 33 New agenda, indicators for, 98À100 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), 49 Next steps for a sustainable European future: European action for sustainability, 45 Nicaragua, 35 Nigeria access to energy, 81 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 33, 65À67, 91, 96, 102 Office for Project Services, 75 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 75 Official Assistance (OA), 32, 33 Official Development Aid, 8, 43 Official Development Assistance (ODA), 32À33, 43, 46, 78À79, 98 Oportunidades, 84 Index Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 3, 8, 31, 32, 40À42, 55, 65, 77 Development Assistance Committee, 22À23, 31, 32, 40 Shaping the 21st Century, 22, 40 Other Official Flows (OOF), 32, 33 Our Common Future, Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future, 45 Outreach International, 34À35 Ownership, 25 Pakistan geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 78 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 25, 41, 64 Participatory development, 65 Philippines, 35 Poland decentralisation reform and development in, 68À71 geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Local Government Act of 1990, 69 129 Poorest lives, 12À17 Poverty absolute, 5, extreme, 5, 6, 22, 37À38, 42, 52, 55À57 instruments for measuring, 10À11 meaning of, 5À7 relative, 5, see also individual entries Poverty Reduction Fund (PRF), 67, 68 Powerlessness, Prospera, 84 Purchasing power parity (PPP), 11 Rapid Integrated Policy Assessment, 39 Regional communities, organising of, 95À96 Relative poverty, 5, Resilience in our Surrounding Regions, 46 Right to development, 9À10 as international commitment to poverty eradication, 19À24 Right to self-determination, 20 Rio + 20 Declaration, 21 Russia geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 130 Schuman, Robert, 27, 43 Schuman Declaration, 43 Seila Programme, 75 Sen, Amartya, Serbia geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77, 78 Shaping the 21st Century, 22, 40 Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe a Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, 46 Social and solidarity economy (SSE), 26, 28 Social exclusion, 22 Solidarity, 25, 26À28, 44 Somalia geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Stigmatisation, 6, Sub-Saharan Africa, 1, 36, 57, 78 Sustainable development, 8, 21, 46, 95 Sustainable Development Agenda: Sustainable Development Pathways, 40 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG1), 51À61 challenges to, 58À59 Index existing poverty eradication measures, 57À58 targets and indicators, 52À57 see also Poverty; individual entries Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2À3, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46, 51À52 Tanzania access to energy, 81 geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Task Force on Social and Solidarity Economy (TFSSE), 28 Technical support, 33 Tehran Conference on Human Rights, 20 Treaty of Lisbon, 44 Treaty of Rome, 43 Treaty on the European Union (TEU), 44 Article, 3, 44 Article, 21, 44 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), 44 Articles, 101À102, 27 Article, 208, 44 Tunisia geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 78 Index Turkey geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 78 Tuzla Community Foundation community organising, 96À98 Uganda, 65 Ukraine decentralisation reform and development in, 69 geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 Unemployment, 22 United Kingdom geographical allocation of development aid, lack of coherence in, 77 United Nations (UN), 3, 6, 11, 20, 31À33, 42 Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, 2, 3, 26, 28, 34, 36À40, 41, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 56, 99 Capital Development Fund, 75 Commission on Global Governance, 63 Declaration on Social Progress and Development, Millennium Development Goals, 2, 24, 35À36, 45, 99 131 Multidimensional Poverty Index, 11 Office for Project Services, 75 Steering Committee, 38 Sustainable Development Goal Reports, 57À58 Sustainable Development Goals, 2À3, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45, 81 United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), 38 United Nations Development Group (UNDG), 38 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 48, 59, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79, 89, 95 Human Development Reports, 11 Policy and Programme, 40 Strategic Plan 2014À2017, 39À40 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 70 United States (US), 31, 78 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article, 9, 21 Article, 22, 20 Article, 26, 20 Article, 28, 20, 22 Index 132 Article, 29, 20 UN Secretary General, 35 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Article, 26, 25 Vienna Declaration, 21, 22 Vietnam, community agreement and ownership to escape poverty in, 79À80 Water Buffalo project, 35 Water use, World Bank (WB), 3, 5, 8, 31, 32, 42À43, 48, 55, 64, 74, 84, 95 World Commission on Environment and Development, World Summit for Children, 22 Yunus, Muhammad, 85, 88 Zimbabwe, 66 ... environmental and cultural domains SDG1 À NO POVERTY Making the Dream a Reality BY KATARZYNA CICHOS Cardinal Stefan Wyszyn¡ski University in Warsaw, Poland AMANDA LANGE SALVIA University of Passo... necessary for survival with dignity Poverty also encompasses ‘low levels of SDG1 – No Poverty: Making the Dream a Reality health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate... 10 SDG1 – No Poverty: Making the Dream a Reality can be fully realised’ and additionally in Article that the human person is the central subject of development and should be the active participant