full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to include the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth Cindy's presentation uses which order? A) embryonic, germinal, and fetal B) fetal, embryonic, and germinal C) germinal, embryonic, and fetal D) germinal, fetal, and embryonic Many obstetricians date the onset of pregnancy from the date of _ A) conception B) the woman's last menstrual period C) implantation D) when the woman had intercourse During the germinal period of prenatal development, cells take on distinct characteristics and gravitate toward particular locations The term for this process is _ A) duplication B) division C) differentiation D) specialization During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is _ A) differentiation B) duplication C) germination D) implantation About _ percent of natural conceptions never implant A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a shell that will become the _ A) placenta B) umbilical cord C) embryo D) infant Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu The germinal period ends approximately _ after conception A) days B) months C) weeks D) 12 weeks Jenny just learned that she is weeks pregnant She is in the _ period of prenatal development A) germinal B) embryonic C) fetal D) second At the onset of the embryonic period, the _ appears It will eventually become the neural tube A) stem cells B) spinal cord C) primitive streak D) placenta 10 As part of embryonic development, the neural tube will become the _ A) reproductive organs B) intestinal tract C) backbone, legs, and arms D) central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord 11 The head begins to take shape in the _ week after conception A) fourth B) fifth C) sixth D) seventh 12 In the fourth week after conception, a minuscule blood vessel that will become the _ begins to pulsate A) lungs B) stomach C) kidneys D) heart Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 13 A pregnant woman is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen The doctor reassures her that this is typical and due to the _ pattern of development A) proximodistal B) cephalocaudal C) neurogenesis D) synaptogenesis 14 Prenatally, development happens in a “near-to-far” pattern known as _ A) proximodistal B) cephalocaudal C) neurogenesis D) synaptogenesis 15 The longest period of prenatal development is the _ period A) embryonic B) fetal C) proximodistal D) germinal 16 Johnny's mom is months pregnant Johnny is eager for the arrival of the new baby and asks, “How many more months until I'm a big brother?” His mother says he has to wait about _ more months A) B) C) D) 17 The third period of gestation is the _ period A) zygotic B) embryonic C) germinal D) fetal Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 18 By the end of the _ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound A) second B) third C) fourth D) fifth 19 What happens to the brain during the fetal period of development? A) It goes through a process of regeneration B) Synapses decrease in number C) It increases in size D) The number of neurons decreases 20 The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _ A) might survive outside the uterus B) begins to move C) will be born without defects D) has developed all its major organs 21 Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development He now is a healthy, happy 2-year-old Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the _ A) term of postnatal development B) germinal period C) neurogenesis point D) age of viability 22 The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _ A) weighing at least pounds (2.3 kg) B) having adequate brain development C) having functioning digestive and respiratory systems D) surviving at least 28 weeks past conception 23 On average, fetuses gain about _ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds A) 1.5 B) 2.5 C) 4.5 D) 6.5 Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 24 In a first birth, the average length of active labor is _ A) several days B) about 12 hours C) about hours D) a few minutes 25 In the third stage of labor, the _ A) cervix begins to dilate B) baby's head moves into the birth canal C) mother experiences intense contractions D) placenta is delivered 26 At around 38 weeks after conception, the _ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor A) fetal brain B) maternal brain C) placenta D) germinal period 27 When healthy babies are born, they usually _ A) not breathe on their own until the umbilical cord is cut B) not cry until the umbilical cord is cut C) breathe and cry on their own immediately D) breathe on their own, and cry when the umbilical cord is cut 28 Which step is usually done immediately after birth ? A) mucus in baby's throat is removed B) baby is placed in an incubator C) umbilical cord blood is drawn D) baby is assessed for eye color 29 The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to _ A) evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities B) evaluate the health of the new mother C) help the mother recover from childbirth D) evaluate the health of the newborn Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 30 A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces The two vital signs the medical team is concerned about are _ A) muscle tone and heartbeat B) respiratory effect and color C) muscle tone and reflex irritability D) reflex irritability and respiratory effect 31 Henry was just given the five-minute Apgar and his score was This means Henry is _ A) experiencing good health B) a slow-to-warm-up infant C) in need of emergency medical attention D) in average health 32 In addition to customs of the culture the birth process depends on _ A) the personality of the obstetrician B) position and size of the fetus C) grandparents' wishes and expectations D) parents' genetic heritage 33 A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is also referred to as a(n) _ A) epidural B) cesarean section C) induced labor D) doula 34 In the United States, more than _ of births occur via c-section A) 1/3 B) 1/2 C) 2/3 D) 3/4 35 Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _ A) are less expensive B) increase the risk of complications after birth C) usually take longer D) are less safe for the baby Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 36 Children born by cesarean section _ A) spend more time being held by their mothers in the hours following delivery B) are more likely to breast-feed from the beginning C) have double the rate of childhood obesity D) score lower on the Apgar test 37 Who is most likely to drink alcohol during her pregnancy? A mother who _ A) is under age 25 B) never attended college C) is over age 35 D) belongs to a minority ethnic group 38 What does the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test do? A) diagnoses HIV infection B) suggests the presence of Down syndrome C) measures the mother's genetic weaknesses D) provides an estimate of the fetus's gestational age 39 Currently in the United States, newborn mortality is about _ A) in 100 B) in 150 C) in 200 D) in 250 40 Which statement is TRUE about rates for c-sections? A) They have been relatively steady over the past three decades B) They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations C) They vary by doctor, hospital, and even day of the week D) They are higher for births attended by midwives 41 Most births in the United States take place in _ A) birthing centers B) hospital labor rooms C) homes D) pools of water Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 42 An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home In the United States, less than _ of births occur at home A) percent B) percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent 43 A person who supports a mother through the birth process from early labor at home through delivery at home or in a hospital is called a _ A) humanitarian B) doctor C) postpartum nurse D) doula 44 Tina went into labor at her home Joan arrived soon after and began to time her contractions and give gentle massages She assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth process Joan was Tina's _ A) postpartum nurse B) doctor C) couvade D) doula 45 Research indicates that _ can benefit from a doula-assisted birth A) low-income women B) married women C) mothers of multiples D) all women 46 A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _ A) prenatal abnormalities B) damage to the placenta C) extra chromosomes D) male infertility Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 47 Rita is month pregnant and consults with her doctor about teratogens The doctor tells her that one category of teratogens is _ A) drugs B) food C) the media D) nutrients 48 Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _ A) chromosomal abnormalities B) genetic mutations C) cell differentiation D) behavioral teratogens 49 Jill is years old She has been diagnosed with ADHD and shows signs of learning disabilities Her doctor suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time A) chromosomal abnormalities B) genetic abnormalities C) cell differentiation D) behavioral teratogens 50 With respect to prenatal development, teratogens _ A) increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities B) decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities C) always cause prenatal abnormalities D) not cause prenatal abnormalities 51 Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby Chantal's doctor recommends that they stop using recreational drugs and update their immunizations _ A) before Chantal gets pregnant B) as soon as Chantal knows she is pregnant C) anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy D) as soon as the baby is born Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 52 The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _ for body formation A) sensitive B) critical C) crucial D) imperative 53 Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are _ A) harmful no matter what the level of exposure B) rarely harmful C) harmless until exposure reaches a certain level D) always harmless 54 Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one teratogen may _ the threshold of another teratogen A) reduce B) increase C) cancel D) improve 55 Mandy is pregnant yet she still has four alcoholic drinks each day Her baby may be at increased risk for the development of _ A) fetal alcohol syndrome B) fetal anoxia syndrome C) fetal alcohol situation D) functional alcohol syndrome 56 A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol The twins' blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ This is evidence that the _ influence the effects of teratogens A) kinds of substance B) genes of the parent C) genes of each twin D) doses of teratogen Page 10 full file at http://testbankcorner.eu The hypotheses that explain the increase in low birthweight in the United States include: 1) a lack of adequate maternal nutrition, 2) an increase in food insecurity, 3) increased maternal drug use, and 4) increasing rates of assisted reproduction that lead to twins and triplets, since multiple babies always weigh less than one infant Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts) List two hypotheses Lists two of the Lists one of the Cannot list a hypotheses hypotheses hypothesis Reflexes are unlearned actions that are involuntary responses to particular stimuli Those that are necessary for newborn survival are ones that 1) maintain oxygen supply (breathing, hiccupping, sneezing), 2) maintain constant body temperature (crying, shivering, kicking off blankets), and 3) encourage feeding (sucking and rooting) Weak (1-0 pts) Cannot define reflex or lists one or no type Gives one or no example or confuses examples In some cases, expectant fathers have biological experiences related to pregnancy and birth; this is called couvade Many fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy including 1) weight gain, 2) indigestion, and 3) pain during the mother's labor Define reflex and describe three types Give an example of each kind Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Defines reflex and Defines reflex and lists the three types lists two types Gives three examples, Gives two examples one for each kind Weak (1-0 pts) Fails to define couvade Give two examples Gives two examples Gives no example or an incorrect example Symptoms of postpartum depression include a mother's 1) deep sadness and 2) feelings of inadequacy, including 3) feeling burdened by baby care, 4) ignoring the baby's needs, and 5) thoughts of neglecting or hurting the infant Define couvade Good (5 pts) Defines couvade Fair (3 pts) Gives a vague definition Gives one example Possible causes include 1) hormonal changes, 2) financial stress, 3) marital problems, 4) giving birth without support, 5) birth experience differing from what was imagined, 6) infant health, feeding, or sleeping problems Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts) Describe the Describes two of the Describes one of the Does not describe a maternal symptoms symptoms symptoms symptom of postpartum depression Name two possible Names two possible Names one possible Does not name a causes causes cause possible cause 10 In kangaroo care, mothers or fathers hold their infants to their chests skin-to-skin, allowing them to feel their body heat and listen to their heartbeats Studies show that infants who receive kangaroo care 1) experience deeper sleep, 2) spend more time alert, Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 3) gain weight more rapidly, and 4) adjust to life outside the womb more easily Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts) Describe kangaroo Describes kangaroo Describes kangaroo Cannot describe care care as an effective care as if only mothers kangaroo care means for both parents can it List two benefits Lists two benefits Lists one benefit Does not list a benefit 11 The embryonic period covers the third through the eighth week of development It is during this time that differentiation into layers occurs, leading to the formation and development of all major internal and external body systems Although the head is too large in comparison to the rest of the body, by the end of this period, all body systems are present and functioning with the exception of sex organs Good (5 pts) Describe the States the time period embryonic period and what occurs to the embryo (differentiation into layers) Detail fetal status States that all body systems are present with the exception of sex organs Page Fair (3 pts) Weak (1-0 pts) States the time period Cannot state the time or what occurs to the period covered or embryo what occurs to the embryo States that all body Does not state that all systems are body systems are present—but functioning includes the sex organs full file at http://testbankcorner.eu During the embryonic period, the fingers form after the arms, and the toes form after the legs, reflecting the _ pattern of development _ is the process in which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of the uterus A(n) _ uses sound waves to generate an image of a fetus in utero The point at which a fetus may survive if born early is known as the age of _ The fetus usually gains at least _ pounds in the third trimester On average, a first baby is born after _ hours of active labor The _ is used to assess the newborn's health at one minute and five minutes after birth A surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, is referred to as a(n) _ In the United States, _ of births occur via c-section 10 Violeta is in labor and is using a birthing stool This decision has been influenced by Violeta's _ 11 The _ is delivered during the third stage of labor 12 The baby is delivered during the _ stage of labor 13 Newborn mortality is currently about in _ in the United States 14 Most births in the United States take place in a(n) _ Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 15 In the United States, less than percent of births occur at _ 16 A woman who helps with the birth process, who is likely to arrive at the woman's home during early labor and later work alongside a hospital's staff, is called a(n) _ 17 A(n) _ is any agent or condition that increases the risk for prenatal abnormalities 18 Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning, are called _ teratogens 19 Some teratogens are not harmful unless exposure reaches a certain level; this is called the _ effect 20 Risk of fetal _ defects may be substantially reduced by a maternal diet adequate in folic acid 21 Factors that contribute to the effect of a teratogen include the timing of exposure, the dose, and _ factors 22 A laboratory test result that reports something as false when in fact it is not false is called a(n) _ 23 _ is the term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception 24 Sammy is years old and spends his day in a wheelchair assisted by an aid Sammy can't control any of his muscles due to brain damage Sammy's condition has been evident since birth Sammy has _ 25 When Alexia was born she had a lack of oxygen for a brief amount of time Alexia experienced _ 26 A newborn's involuntary response to a particular stimulus is a(n) _ Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 27 When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the _ reflex 28 A father's presence at a child's birth _ the likelihood of birth complications 29 Malek gained weight and experienced nausea when his wife, Elenor, was pregnant Malek experienced _ 30 After giving birth to her first child, Mae experienced a deep sadness that made caring for her child (and herself) difficult Her husband noticed and called the family's doctor, who suggested Mae may have _ 31 A(n) _ is a commitment by both parents to cooperate in raising the child 32 The parent–infant _ is the strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn 33 _ is a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 proximodistal Implantation ultrasound viability 4.5 (4 1/2) 12 Apgar scale (Apgar test) cesarean section (c-section) (section) (cesarean) one-third culture placenta second 250 hospital home doula teratogen behavioral threshold neural-tube genetic false negative Small for gestational age cerebral palsy anoxia reflex rooting reduces couvade postpartum depression parental alliance bond Kangaroo care Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Every person starts life as a single cell called an embryo A) True B) False The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period A) True B) False Couvade is when the zygote embeds itself into the lining of the uterus A) True B) False Prenatal development follows a cephalocaudal and a proximodistal pattern A) True B) False At the end of the embryonic period, the embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except sex organs) of a human being A) True B) False The fetus gains about pounds in the third trimester A) True B) False Birth takes place around 266 days after conception A) True B) False The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born A) True B) False A newborn's cry is assessed when assigning an Apgar score A) True B) False Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 10 The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing A) True B) False 11 The rate of both cesarean sections and induced labor is declining worldwide A) True B) False 12 Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States A) True B) False 13 Doulas have been shown to have little benefit in helping women during the birth process A) True B) False 14 About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens A) True B) False 15 The effects of behavioral teratogens may last a lifetime A) True B) False 16 Behavioral teratogens cause physical defects and brain abnormalities A) True B) False 17 The last months of prenatal development are a critical period for body formation A) True B) False Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 18 A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging A) True B) False 19 Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop fetal alcohol syndrome A) True B) False 20 Genes can influence the effects of teratogens A) True B) False 21 Teratogens increase the risk of harm but not always cause damage A) True B) False 22 Low birthweight is defined as a newborn that weighs less than 2,500 grams A) True B) False 23 A “small for gestational age” baby means the same as an “underweight preterm” newborn A) True B) False 24 Fathers not seem to have any impact on birthweight outcomes A) True B) False 25 The nations of sub-Saharan Africa have low rates of low-birthweight babies A) True B) False 26 The term for a temporary lack of oxygen is anorexia A) True B) False Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 27 The status of the fetus, but not the status of the mother, is associated with birth complications A) True B) False 28 The rooting reflex helps a newborn infant find a nipple A) True B) False 29 Birth-related complications are more likely when there is a father listed on the birth record A) True B) False 30 Between and 15 percent of all women experience postpartum depression in the days and weeks after giving birth A) True B) False 31 The parental alliance is especially beneficial when an infant is physically vulnerable A) True B) False 32 The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as couvade A) True B) False Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 B B B A A B A B A A B A B A A B B A A A A A B B B B B A B A A B Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu The first two weeks of development after conception is called the _ A) fetal period B) germinal period C) embryonic period D) implantation period The stage of prenatal development that lasts from week three through eight is the _ A) blastocyst B) embryonic C) fetal D) germinal The stage of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week after conception until birth is _ A) fetal B) blastocyst C) embryonic D) germinal The Apgar scale measures the _ A) adequacy of prenatal growth B) duration of labor C) newborn's health following birth D) intensity of pain during labor In what percentage of births in the United States are cesarean sections performed? A) 11 B) 21 C) 34 D) 41 A doula is a woman who _ A) is pregnant for the first time B) helps with the birth process C) helps couples with infertility problems D) counsels women who have postpartum depression Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Agents and conditions that harm the prenatal brain and impair learning and behavior are called _ A) behavioral risks B) critical risks C) primitive streaks D) behavioral teratogens The likelihood of many developmental complications can be greatly reduced through _ A) extreme exercise B) the science of risk analysis C) exposure to teratogens D) There is no way to reduce such complications Moderate use of which of these substances has been associated with fetal abnormalities? A) chocolate B) tobacco C) caffeine D) trans fat 10 Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than _ at birth A) pounds B) pounds C) pounds D) 10 pounds 11 What is anoxia? A) lack of oxygen during birth B) lack of emotional support during labor C) toxins in the bloodstream D) brain damage 12 Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus? A) motor skill B) habit C) reflex D) symbolic representation Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 13 The term couvade refers to _ A) a male doula B) the father's experience of pregnancy C) the father's impact on a child's development D) a male birthing physician 14 When parents cooperate to raise their child, they have _ A) lower cortisol rates B) an increase in birth hormones C) a decrease in brain activity D) formed a parental alliance 15 The strong loving connection between a parent and newborn is called the _ A) Oedipus complex B) parent–infant bond C) love connection D) prenatal bond Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 B B A C C B D B B B A C B D B Page ... arrived soon after and began to time her contractions and give gentle massages She assisted Tina and her partner when it was time to leave for the hospital and accompanied them through the birth... baby is born Page full file at http://testbankcorner.eu 52 The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _ for body formation A) sensitive B) critical C)... http://testbankcorner.eu During the embryonic period, the fingers form after the arms, and the toes form after the legs, reflecting the _ pattern of development _ is the process in which the developing