Contemporary Human Behavior Theory A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL WORK This page intentionally left blank Third Edition Contemporary Human Behavior Theory A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL WORK Susan P Robbins University of Houston Pranab Chatterjee Case Western Reserve University, Emeritus Edward R Canda University of Kansas Allyn & Bacon Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Executive Editor: Ashley Dodge Editorial Product Manager: Carly Czech Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Executive Marketing Manager: Jeanette Koskinas Senior Marketing Manager: Wendy Albert Production Manager: Meghan DeMaio Editorial Production and Composition Service: Kalpana Venkatramani / PreMediaGlobal Printer/Binder/Cover Printer: R R Donnelley & Sons Creative Director: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Cover Image: Vetta Stock photo/Istockphoto Credits appear on appropriate pages, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page Copyright © 2012, 2006, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Allyn & Bacon, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Rights and Contracts Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Susan P Contemporary human behavior theory : a critical perspective for social work / Susan P Robbins, Pranab Chatterjee, Edward R Canda.—3rd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-205-03312-6 (alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-03312-1 (alk paper) Social service Human behavior Social ecology I Chatterjee, Pranab, 1936– II Canda, Edward R III Title HV40.R575 2012 361—dc22 2010053558 10 [DOH] 13 12 11 ISBN-10: 0-205-03312-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-03312-6 There is nothing so practical as a good theory —Kurt Lewin There is no theory that is not beset with problems —Karl Popper There is nothing as harmful as a bad theory —Bruce Thyer CHAPTER CO-AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Barbara Becker, MPH late Brené Brown, PhD Research Professor University of Houston Graduate College of Social Work Thomas M Brown, PsyD Psychologist Orem, Utah David Lawson Burton, MSW, PhD Associate Professor Smith College School for Social Work Graciela Couchonnal, PhD Program Officer Health Care Foundation of Greater Kansas City Cynthia Franklin, PhD, LCSW, LMFT Professor University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Fernando J Galan, PhD, LMSW-ACP late David Hussey, PhD Clinical Director Beech Brook of Cleveland vi James McDonnell, PhD Associate Professor University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Beverly McPhail, PhD Director University of Houston Women’s Resource Center Fred Richardson, PhD Professor Emeritus University of Texas at Austin Department of Educational Psychology Mende Snodgress, JD, LCSW MHMRA of Harris County Houston, TX Kimberly Strom-Gottfried, PhD Professor University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Social Work Joanne Yaffe, PhD Associate Professor University of Utah College of Social Work CONTENTS Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter The Nature of Theories Organization of the Book and Rationale for Selection of Theories Why Study Theories of Human Behavior? Theories: What Are They? The Social Construction of Theories Ideology, Scientific Theory, and Social Work Practice Determinism and Reductionism: A Problem of Social Construction 13 Theories: Application to Practice 14 Critical Analysis of Theory: The Missing Dimension 16 An Afterthought: Paths to Human Knowledge 22 Summary 23 Chapter Systems Theory 25 Historical Context 26 Key Concepts 28 Structural Functionalism 28 The Ecological Perspective 32 Dynamic Systems Theory 35 Deep Ecology 43 Ecofeminism 45 Contemporary Issues 46 Application to Social Work Practice 47 Critical Analysis 52 Consistency with Social Work Values 55 Philosophical Underpinnings 57 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 57 Summary 58 Chapter Conflict Theories 59 Historical Context 60 Key Concepts 61 Class Conflict 62 Roads from Marx 65 vii viii Contents Contemporary Issues 73 Application to Social Work Practice 75 Critical Analysis 79 Consistency with Social Work Values and Ethics 81 Philosophical Underpinnings 82 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 82 Summary 84 Chapter Theories of Empowerment 85 Historical Context 86 Key Concepts 87 Stratification, Oppression, and Inequality: The Sociopolitical Context of Empowerment Theories 87 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, and Intersexed Empowerment Theories 90 Social Work Empowerment Theories 93 Contemporary Issues 96 Application to Social Work Practice 97 Critical Analysis 101 Consistency with Social Work Values and Ethics 104 Philosophical Underpinnings 105 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 105 Summary 106 Chapter Feminist Theory 107 Historical Context 108 Key Concepts 110 Feminist Theories 118 Contemporary Thought in Feminist Theory 119 Contemporary Issues 126 Application to Social Work Practice 126 Critical Analysis 129 Consistency with Social Work Values and Ethics 131 Philosophical Underpinnings 131 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 132 Summary 133 Chapter Theories of Assimilation, Acculturation, Bicultural Socialization, and Ethnic Minority Identity 134 Historical Context 135 Key Concepts 138 Deficiency Theory 140 Contents The Dual Perspective 142 Bicultural Socialization 143 Ethnic, Racial/Cultural, and Minority Identity 145 A Multidimensional Transactional Model of Bicultural Identity 147 Transculturality 155 Cultural Competence 157 Contemporary Issues 159 Application to Social Work Practice 160 Critical Analysis 164 Consistency with Social Work Values and Ethics 166 Philosophical Underpinnings 167 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 167 Summary 168 Chapter Psychodynamic Theory 169 Historical Context 170 Key Concepts 170 Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis 171 The Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious 171 Roads from Freud 177 The Freudian Mainstream 178 The Freudian Left 187 Contemporary Issues 189 Application to Social Work Practice 191 Critical Analysis 192 Consistency with Social Work Values and Ethics 196 Philosophical Underpinnings 197 Methodological Issues and Empirical Support 198 Summary 200 Chapter Theories of Life Span Development 201 Historical Context 202 Key Concepts 202 Theoretical Knowledge About Physical Development 203 Theoretical Knowledge About Sexual Development 204 Theoretical Knowledge About Neurobiology and Neurotransmission 209 Theories of Psychosocial Development: The Life Span Approach 213 Roads from Erikson 218 Theories of Midlife Development 219 ix www.downloadslide.net Name Index Hull, C., 349, 351, 352 Humphries, B., 402 Hunter, F., 83 Hunter, K., 247 Hunter, S., 213, 219, 223, 249 Husserl, E., 20, 324, 325 Hutton, M.S., 399, 401, 402 Hyde, C., 129 Hyde, J.S., 295 Hylton, M., 55 Hyman, H., 310 I Iadicola, P., 119 Ife, J., 160 Iglehart, A.P., 164 Imbrogno, S., 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 51 Imre, R.W., 382 Inclain, J., 150 Inhelder, B., 264, 265 Irving, A., 74 Ishisaka, H.A., 152 Israel, J., 19, 64 Ivey, A.E., 338 Ivey, M., 232 J Jacobs, J., 246 Jacobson, M.J., 75, 95, 337 Jaffee, S., 295 Jagose, A., 121 Jak, 238 James, W., 300 Jantsch, E., 36 Jasso, R., 150 Jeffries, N.O., 273 Jenkins, D., 135 Jensen, C., 47, 48, 49, 57 Johnson, A.G., 114, 117 Johnson, H., 180, 186, 197, 198, 199 Johnson, T.C., 209 Jones, E., 171 Jordan, C., 324, 343 Jordan, J.V., 125, 231, 232 Joseph, M.V., 289, 401 Julie Matthaei, J., 150, 151 Jung, C.G., 177, 178, 195, 196, 219, 225, 226, 378, 384, 385, 386, 397, 410, 412, 413 K Kadushin, A., 369 Kagan, J., 285, 286 Kahl, J.A., 88, 89 Kahn, S., 78 Kail, R., 268 Kalafat, J., 231 Kallen, H., 136 Kaminer, W., 191 Kane, H., 47 Kanjirathinkal, M., 279, 280, 293 Kanner, A.D., 44, 45, 55, 110 Kanner, M., 110 Kant, I., 62, 82, 280, 342 Kanuha, V., 90 Kanungo, R., 106 Karger, H.J., 429 Katz, P.A., 145 Kaufman, G., 247 Kaufman, H., 83 Kaufmann, W., 383 Keefe, T., 399 Keegan Eamon, M., 289, 292 Keith-Lucas, A., 293 Kelborn, P.T., 89 Kelley, H.H., 359, 360 Kelly, J.J., 48 Kelly, K.M., 48 Kendall, P.C., 346 Keniston, K., 313 Kermis, M.D., 225 Kernberg, O., 177, 181, 184, 198, 199 Kerrigan, D., 399 Ketchell, A., 44 Kettner, P.M., 48 Kiefer, C.W., 152 Kierkegaard, S., 382, 383 Kim, K.M., 423 Kimmel, D.C., 238 Kimmel, M.S., 67, 113 King, C.S., 133 King, J.L., 247 King, O., 150 Kinsey, A., 204 Kirst-Ashman, K., 314 Kiser, D., 343 Kisthardt, W., 19 Kittay, E.F., 131 Kitzinger, C., 127, 247 Klein, D.B., 191 Klein, E.B., 219 Klein, F., 241 Klein, M., 177, 180 Kleinplatz, P.J., 246 Kluft, R.P., 190 Koenig, H.G., 403, 407 Koenigsberg, R.A., 186 Koestler, A., 35, 39, 42 Kohlberg, L., 140, 277–283, 286, 287, 291, 293–296 Kohn, A., 199 Kohn, M.L., 248 Kohut, H., 177, 185, 186, 187 Konopka, G., 170 Kottack, C.P., 363 Koverola, C., 204, 210, 211 Kreitzer, L., 160 Krill, D.F., 383, 399, 410 Krogsrud Miley, K., 98 Krogsrud, M., 98 Kuhn, D., 295 Kuhn, M.H., 303, 319, 320 Kulis, S., 75 Kulper, J., 204 Kurtines, W., 155 Kvarfordt, C.L., 254 477 L Laan, M., 209 Labouvie-Vief, G., 266 LaChapelle, D., 45 Lacy, W.B., 258 Laird, J., 74 Land, H., 166 Lane, B.A., 33, 49 Lang, R., 204, 210, 211 Lantz, J., 383 Larkin, H., 378, 398, 399 Larrison, C.R., 210 Larson, C.J., 300 Larson, D.B., 403 Lasch, C., 335 Laszlo, E., 35 Laszlo, V de, 384, 385 Latting, J.K., 158, 159 Lay, K., 132 Lazarus, A.A., 354 Le Croy, C.W., 287 Le Doux, J., 211 Lee, D.B., 156, 164 Lee, J., 18, 41, 86, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 106, 307, 412 Lee, M.Y., 43, 48, 57, 166, 402, 406 Lee, R., 231 Leighninger, L., 75 Leighninger, R., 46, 47 Lengermann, P.M., 103, 109 Lennon, K., 120 Lenski, G., 58 Lenssen, N., 47 Lenzenweger, M.F., 199 Leon, 65 Leonard, A., 388 Lerner, R.M., 254 Lester, D., 231 Lester, M., 328 Lester, T.P., 246 Leung, P.P.Y., 41, 105, 379, 412 Lev, A.I., 117, 120, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246 Levinson, D.J., 219, 220, 256, Levinson, M.H., 202, 219 Levi-Strauss, C., 358 Levy, K.N., 199 Lewin, K., 23, 32, 33 Lewins, F., 243 Lewis, E.A., 93, 101, 108, 127, 129, 234, 236 Lewis, L.A., 238, 239 Lewis, S.A., 158 Liberman, M., 295 Lieberman, A.A., 110 Lieberson, S., 248 Liebert, R.M., 221 Lifton, R.J., 336 Liker, J.K., 248 Lincoln, Y.S., 57 Lindblom, C., 79 Linehan, M.M., 289 Link, R.J., 48 www.downloadslide.net 478 Name Index Lipchik, E., 339 Lipset, S.M., 88 Little, V.C., 81 Lloyd, G.A., 27 Loevinger, J., 226 Loftus, E.F., 190, 191, 269 Longino, H., 122 Longman.Valian, V., 113 Longres, J., 2, 16, 55, 75, 314 Lorber, J., 120 Lorde, A., 118 Lortie, K.L., 287 Lu, F.G., 401, 402, 407 Luckmann, T., 7, 32, 311, 329, 330, 340 Ludlow, L.H., 131 Luhmann, N., 31 Lukacs, G., 61, 65, 66, 279 Lukes, C., 166 Lukoff, D., 401, 402, 407 Lum, D., 105, 139, 144, 152, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164 Lund, D.A., 320 Lyotard, J.-F., 74, 329 M MacDonald, G., 365, 374 MacDonald, R., 297 Mace, C., 406 Machiavelli, N., 60 MacLeod, J., 74, 258 MacMillan, M., 190, 199 Macy, H., 55 Macy, J., 44 Maddi, S.R., 170, 349, 357, 374, 375, 407 Mahalik, J.R., 131 Mahler, M.S., 177, 180–183, 193 Mahoney, M.J., 338, 343 Maine, H., 26 Malinowski, B., 26, 27, 32, 358 Mancini, J.A., 81 Mander, J., 429 Manis, J.G., 299, 305 Mann, J.J., 212 Mann, M., 74 Mannheim, K., 65, 66, 279 Marable, M., 137 Marcia, J.E., 218 Marcus, J., 110 Marcuse, H., 61, 65, 66, 177, 187, 188, 189 Marger, M.N., 135 Markowitz, L., 241 Marques, J., 138 Marsella, A.J., 170, 172, 175, 176, 179, 198, 347, 349, 374, 375 Marsiglia, F.F., 75 Marson, S.M., 81 Martin, J., 343 Martin, R., Martin, W., 343 Martindale, D., 26, 30, 46, 47, 60, 62, 69, 83, 84, 171, 300, 305–308, 342, 347 Martinez, R., 339 Martins, M.C., 246 Marx, K., 19, 61–66, 69, 72, 79, 80, 82, 83, 122, 177, 187–189, 200, 279 Maslow, A.H., 380, 381, 382, 404 Mason, D., 138 Mason, J.L., 158 Mason, M., 158 Masson, J.M., 190 Masters, R.E.L., 378 Matsuoka, J.K., 152, 153 Matthaei, J., 150, 151 Mauss, M., 360 Mawhiney, A., 48, 412 May, R., 110, 206, 383 McBee, L., 291, 406 McCrae, R.R., 224 McCullough, M.E., 403 McDonough, L.M., 110 McDowell, B., 46, 47 McGee, E., 378 McGoldrick, M., 249 McKaye, S., 338 McKee, B., 219 McMahon, A., 161 McMillan, C.J., 365 McMurtry, S.L., 48 McNamee, S., 74 McNutt, J.G., 28, 48 McPhail, B., 107, 110, 116, 235, 236 McPhail, C., 320 Mead, G.H., 291, 298–305, 308, 318, 319, 329, 356 Mednick, M.T., 296 Meehan, K.B., 199 Meichenbaum, D., 338 Meltzer, B.N., 298, 299, 300, 305, 316, 319, 320, 327 Mencher, J., 250 Merriam, S.B., 223 Merton, R.K., 26, 27, 30, 31, 310 Mesmer, F.A., 170 Messer, S.B., 410 Messner, M., 113 Metcalf, L., 339 Mickelson, J.S., 75, 78 Midgley, J., 429 Miley, K., 97, 98 Mill, J.S., 69, 323 Miller, J.B., 89, 118, 125, 228, 229, 232 Miller, J.G., 27 Miller, N., 351–354 Miller, P.C., 17 Miller, S.D., 339, 410 Mills, C.W., 23, 42, 43, 47, 61, 69–72, 74, 83 Mills, J., 197, 238 Millsap, R., 223 Mirowsky, J., 33 Mitchell, J., 197 Mitchell, V., 230 Mitroff, I.I., 55 Moane, G., 230 Mohanty, C.T., 118 Mohr, W.K., 210 Molnar, A., 339 Mooney, B., 98 Moore, S.M., 218 Moore, W., 46, 71 Moraga, C., 118 Moran, S., 284 Morell, C., 67, 75, 429 Morelli, M., 388 Morgan, R., 109 Morray, E.B., 131 Mosca, G., 69 Moser, C., 246 Moss, B., 55 Mowbray, C., 288 Moynihan, D.P., 141 Muldoon, A., 48 Mullaly, B., 75, 86, 87, 93, 95–98, 101, 104, 106 Munson, C.E., 314 Muse, B., 201 Musick, D., 88 N Nabigon, H., 48, 412 Nackerud, L., 209 Naess, A., 43, 44, 45 Nagel, J.J., 47, 57 Naik, D., 402 Nakashima, M., 227, 399 Nangeroni, N.R., 237 Nash, J.M., 209, 270, 286 Nash, M., 402 Nathanson, D., 231, 232 National Association of Social Workers, 52, 78, 157, 191, 238 Neimark, J., 285 Neimeyer, G.J., 338 Neimeyer, R.A., 338 Nelson, J.E., 401 Nelson-Becker, H., 44, 227, 399 Nes, J.A., 119 Netting, F.E., 48, 110, 402 Neugarten, B.L., 203, 224, 226, 249, 251, 258 Neumann, F., 66 Newman, W., 307 Ng, S., 41, 105, 379, 412 Nguyen, Q.T., 152 Nichols, P.A., 110, 224 Nichols-Casebolt, A., 110 Nicolis, G., 47 Niebrugge-Brantley, J., 103, 109 Nietzsche, F., 170 Nilsson, L., 208 Nolan, P.D., 58 Norton, D., 58, 142, 143, 163 Nowicki, J., 339 Nunnally, E., 343 Nurius, P., 337, 338, 343 Nye, F.I., 359, 360 www.downloadslide.net Name Index O O’Melia, M., 98 Ohlin, L., 31 Okami, P., 204 Okimoto, J.T., 152 Olds, S.W., 265, 266, 269, 294 Olmstead, R., 204 Opper, S., 261, 262 Orleans, M., 323, 325, 327, 341, 342 Ortega, R., 18, 86, 97, 101, 127 P Padilla, A., 144 Palmer-House, K.E., 98 Pals, D.L., 404 Pandey, R.S., 44 Papalia, D.E., 265, 266, 269, 294 Parenti, M., 70 Pareto, V., 26, 69 Park, R.E., 32, 136 Parke, R., 266, 295 Parsons, R.J., 94, 97, 98, 101 Parsons, T., 26–31, 47, 48, 375 Pascual-Leone, J., 343 Patel, I., 44, 402 Patel, N., 402 Patten, T., 388 Paulhus, D.L., 167 Pavlov, I., 346–349, 351, 369 Payne, M., 21, 62, 75, 79, 105 Paz, O., 108 Pearson McMillen, D., 28, 45, 52 Pease, B., 105 Peck, M.S., 196, 225 Pederson, P., 232 Peller, J.E., 339 Pelletier, K., 378 Pendergrast, M., 190, 199 Peplau, L., 121 Perdue, W.D., 30, 46, 57, 60, 63, 64, 66–69, 71, 73, 82, 83, 298, 305, 318, 319, 321, 373, 375 Pereboom, D., 334 Perinbanayagam, R.S., 318 Perlman, H.H., 314 Pernell, R., 101 Petersen, A., 229 Peterson, J., 110, 273, 339 Peterson, K.J., 110 Petr, C.G., 8, Petras, J.W., 298, 327 Pewewardy, N., 138, 142 Pfuhl, E.H., Jr., 11 Pharr, S., 89 Phelps, E., 254 Philip, M., 331, 333 Phillips, A., 108 Phinney, J.S., 138, 143, 145, 146, 147 Piaget, J., 182, 261–266, 268, 270, 276–280, 282, 283, 286, 287, 291, 293, 294, 295, 308, 356 Piechowski, L.D., 313 Pike, A., 238 Pinderhughes, E.B., 97, 100 Pine, F., 182 Pines, M., 286 Piore, M.J., 248 Pipher, M., 229 Pitner, R.O., 85, 95, 97, 127 Plato, 170, 394 Plattner, S., 363 Poguntke, T., 44 Pohlman, M.D., 68 Polansky, N.A., 181, 182, 184, 186 Polkinghorne, D., 323, 328 Pollio, D.E., 365 Polonsky, S., 190 Pomeroy, W., 204 Poon, L.W., 269 Pope, M., 247 Popper, K., 23 Porter, J.D.R., 145 Potocky-Tripodi, M., 429 Poulantzas, N., 67 Powell, D.E., 223 Prawat, R.S., 343 Presthus, R.V., 83 Prigogine, I., 47 Proctor, E.K., 88 Pryor, D.W., 241 Purvine, M.E., 110 Putnam, R., 363 Pyles, L., 44, 402, 405 Q Queralt, M., 75 Quine, W.V.O., 286 R Rachlin, K., 243 Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., 26, 32 Rademakers, J., 209 Ramakrishnan, K.R., 135, 137 Ramanathan, C.S., 48 Ramazanog˘lu, C., 132 Rampage, 129 Ramsey, V.J., 158, 159 Rank, O., 177, 178 Raphael, L., 247 Rapp, C., 19, 337 Rauch, J.B., 110 Rea, S., 136 Records, J., 378, 399 Red Horse, J.G., 143 Redlich, F.C., 89 Reed, B.G., 127 Rees, S., 75 Reeser, L.C., 75 Reich, W., 177, 187, 188 Reinharz, S., 124 Remer, P., 127 Rest, J.R., 294, 295 Rex, J., 138 Rexroat, C., 320 479 Reynolds, B.C., 86, 428 Reynolds, L.T., 298, 327 Reynoso, J.S., 199 Rhodes, S., 249 Rich, A., 228 Richardson, F., 322, 333, 334, 336 Richtel, M., 250 Rickman, H.P., 323 Ricoeur, P., 333 Riegel, K., 230 Riesman, D., 71–74 Rinsley, D., 153 Ritchie, H., 44 Ritzer, G., 30, 62, 63, 66–69, 71, 72, 73, 118, 119, 299, 300, 301, 304, 316, 318, 319, 320, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 361, 363, 375 Rius, 63 Rivers, C., 230 Roazen, P., 213, 256 Robbins, S.P., 9, 18, 50, 51, 74, 76, 77, 99, 143, 144, 150, 159, 162, 167, 190, 191, 193, 194, 252, 288, 315, 338, 366, 367, 368, 400, 427, 428 Roberts, A.R., 365 Roberts, B.W., 224 Robinson, P.A., 177, 187, 188 Rockstroh, B., 211 Rockwell, R.B., 190 Rodehaver, D., 202 Rodway, M.R., 39, 46, 57 Rodwell, M.K., 21 Roeser, R.W., 254 Rogers, A.G., 282 Rohani, M., 146, 147 Roheim, G., 187 Rorty, R., 329, 330, 331 Rose, H., 228 Rose, P.I., 310, 312 Rose, S., 270 Rose, S.M., 58, 93, 96, 97, 100, 299 Rosen, W., 231 Rosenberg, H.J., 223 Rosenberg, S., 223, 248, 258 Rosenberg, S.D., 223 Rosenfeld, A., 230, 248, 250 Rosenthal, D.A., 218 Ross, C., 33 Ross, L., 126 Rossi, A.S., 118, 192, 195, 230, 248, 251 Roszak, T., 44, 55, 313 Roth, D., 260 Rotheram, M.J., 138, 143, 145, 146 Rousseau, J.J., 82 Rowan, J., 385, 386, 402 Rubin, K.H., 295 Rubington, E., 309 Ruddick, S., 118 Ryder, A.G., 167 Rzepnicki, T.L., 365 www.downloadslide.net 480 Name Index S Sabatino, C., 231 Sacks, H., 328 Sadovsky, V.N., 57 Saint-Simon, C., 20 Sakamoto, I., 87, 95, 97, 110, 127 Saleebey, D., 2, 7, 8, 18, 19, 97, 292, 319, 323, 337 Saltman, E.J., 314 Santrock, J.W., 202, 204, 213, 224, 261, 263, 273, 279, 296 Saulnier, C.F., 111, 112, 113 Sayers, J., 179 Sayre, W.S., 83 Schacter, D.L., 191 Schaef, A.W., 228 Schatzow, E., 190 Scheff, T.J., 231, 232 Schimek, J.G., 190 Schlesinger, E.G., 105, 151, 160, 161 Schmeidler, J., 98 Schoevers, R., 199 Schon, D.A., 47 Schopenhauer, A., 170 Schriver, J.M., 2, 75, 250 Schubert, G.H von, 170 Schumpeter, J., 65 Schutz, A., 305, 325, 326, 327, 340 Schwab, A.J., 339 Schwartz, P., 241 Scopetta, M., 150 Scott, R.A., 18, 23, 141, 143, 167 Seamon, J.G., 191 Searle, J.R., 74 Sedgwick, E.K., 92 Seed, J., 44 Seidman, S., 329 Seligman, M.E.P., 229, 357, 358 Sessions, G., 43, 55 Shaffer, D.R., 265–268, 294 Sharma, S., 405 Sharrock, W., 327 Shaskolsky, L., 319 Shazer, S de, 341, 339 Shear, M., 110 Sheehy, G., 229, 230 Sheldon, B., 346, 365, 369, 371, 372 Sheppard, M., 95 Sheridan, J.J., 17, 254 Sheridan, M.J., 17 Shills, E., 29 Shulman, L., 369 Siegel, D.J., 191, 212, 270 Siegler, R.S., 261, 264, 269, 294 Simmel, G., 60, 71, 76, 79, 298 Simon, B.L., 2, 18, 20, 86, 104 Simpson, R.L., 360 Sinclair, R., 75 Singleton, R.S., Jr., 88 Siporin, M., 48 Skinner, B.F., 346, 349, 350, 351, 356, 369, 371, 374 Skitt, A.S., 310 Skocpol, T., 65, 67 Slater, S., 250 Slattery, S.M., 131 Slemon, A.G., 343 Smart, B., 331 Smeal, E., 110 Smelser, N., 29, 218 Smith, A., 358, 373 Smith, D., 122, 123 Snyder, G., 44 Sokoloff, N., 248 Solinger, R., 126 Solomon, B., 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 106 Sophie, J., 239 Specht, H., 75, 315 Spence, M.J., 269 Spencer, M.B., 145 Spiegler, M.D., 221 Spillerman, S., 248 Spitz, R., 177, 180, 181, 182 Spitzer, S.P., 89 Spretnak, C., 44, 45, 49 Srole, L., 138 Staker, M., 97 Stall, S., 129 Staples, L.H., 94, 102, 104 Stark, E., 230, 248, 250 Starnino, V., 378, 398, 399 Staude, J.R., 218 Steinberg, S., 135 Stern, R.C., 425 Sternberg, R., 270, 287, 296 Stewart, A.E., 338 Stewart, B., 402 Stiver, I.P., 125, 232, 236 Stoecker, R., 129 Stone, G.P., 125, 307, 308 Stonequist, E.V., 144 Stout, K., 235, 236 Strauss, W., 248 Straver, C., 209 Strean, H.S., 186, 197, 314 Streeter, C.L., 339, 343 Stryker, S., 300, 305, 309, 316, 318, 319, 320 Sue, D., 145, 146 Sullivan, E., 293 Sullivan, H.S., 177, 179, 180 Sullivan, P., 19 Sundel, M., 213, 219, 223, 249 Surber, C.F., 295 Survey, J., 125 Svare, G.M., 55 Swanson, B.E., 83 Sweezy, P., 67, 68 Swift, K., 74 Swigonski, M.E., 121, 122, 123 Szapocznik, J., 150, 155 T Tager, J., 231 Takaki, R., 135, 152 Talbot, N., 231 Tallent, S., Tangney, J.P., 231, 232 Tansley, A.G., 32 Tapscott, D., 259 Tart, C.T., 378, 379, 402, 407 Tarule, J.M., 228 Tavris, C., 229, 230, 249, 295 Taylor, C., 333–336 Taylor, D.M., 147 Taylor, S.T., 343 Teasdale, J.D., 357 Thanasiu, P.L., 209 Theobald, R., 43, 49 Theodorson, G.A., 32 Thibault, J.M., 402 Thin Elk, G., 157 Thoma, S.J., 295 Thomas, A.K., 191 Thomas, D., 10, 21, 309 Thomas, E.J., 309 Thomas, P.E., 378, 399 Thomas, R.M., 17, 172, 173, 174, 202, 251, 258, 261, 264, 268, 275, 351, 352, 354, 356, 374 Thomas, W.I., 10, 298, 300 Thompson, N.L., 273 Thorndike, E.L., 346, 348, 351 Thurlow, R., 343 Thyer, B., 2, 23, 164, 349, 365 Tillich, P., 383 Tolman, D.L., 282 Tolman, E.C., 348 Tönnies, F., 26 Tornqvist, M., 227 Tornstam, L., 227, 255, 259 Torre, D., 102 Torrey, E.F., 199 Towle, C., 293, 399 Trane, S., 204, 210–211 Trapp, J., 339 Trattner, W.I., 13 Trebilcot, J., 127 Trepangier, B., 127 Triandis, H.C., 23, 142, 152 Tripodi, T., 429 Troiden, R.R., 238, 243 Trotter, R.J., 270 Trout, P., 231 Tucker, D., 120 Turnbull, C., 32 Turner, J.H., 26, 28, 30, 31, 46, 57, 73, 83, 88, 89, 138, 152, 226 Turner, L., 320 www.downloadslide.net Name Index Turner, R., 401, 402 Tyson, K.B., 21, 57, 129, 323 Tyson-Rawson, K.J., 129 U U.S Department of Commerce, 89 Uba, L., 152 Ubeilke, R., 204 Ungar, M., 48 Usborne, E., 147 V Vaid, U., 93 Vaillant, G.E., 220, 221 Vaillant, G., 219, 256 Valentine, C.A., 140, 167 Valeska, L., 119 Valle, R., 325 Van den Berge, P., 137 Van den Bergh, N., 86, 110 van den Broek, P., 343 Van Hook, M., 402, 406 van Wormer, K., 75 Vanfossen, B.E., 88 Vaughan, F., 404 Vaughn, K., 339 Verba, S., 88 Verniest, L., 48, 412 Vidich, A.J., 83 Vogel, L., 119 von Bertalanffy, L., 27 Vosler, N., 58 Vygotsky, L., 268 W Wachtel, P.L., 354 Waddington, C.H., 36 Wadsworth, B.J., 261–264, 266, 267 Wagner, S.R., 108, 109 Wahrman, R., 61 Wakefield, J.C., 47 Walker, M., 231 Wallace, W.L., 327 Wallerstein, I., 67 Wallin, P., 32 Wallis, J., 429 Walsh, J., 238, 383 Walsh, R., 404 Walter, J.L., 8, 339 Walter, U.M., Walters, R.H., 351, 354, 355, 356 Walz, T., 44, 47, 55 Wampold, B.E., 410 Ward, R., 238 Warne, R.R., 129 Warner, M., 92 Warner, W.L., 138 Warnke, G., 333, 335 Warren, K., 343 Washburn, M., 379 Watson, J.B., 301, 346–349, 351, 369, 388 Watson, K.W., 388 Watzlawick, P., 27 Weakland, J.H., 27 Weber, M., 26, 66, 69, 72, 257, 298, 304, 325, 326 Webster, D.C., 339 Weick, A., 18, 19, 97, 256, 292 Weil, M., 104 Weinberg, M.S., 241, 242, 246, 309 Weinberg, T.S., 246 Wells, R.H., 246 West, C., 120, 320, 329 West, R., 110 Weston, K., 250, 253 Wethington, E., 223, 224 Wheelwright, J., 226 White, M., 129, 338, 339, 342 White, R.E., 94, 180, 181 Whitfield, C.L., 190 481 Whitmont, E.C., 225, 226 Wiener, N., 27 Wilber, K., 36, 40, 43, 44, 49, 103, 341, 378, 379, 380, 388–398, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407 Wildavsky, A.B., 83 Wilk, R., 287 Williams, C.J., 241 Williams, J.H., 228 Williams, L.M., 190 Willie, C.V., 88 Wilson, W.J., 33 Wintersteen, R., 19 Wirt, F.M., 83 Witkin, S.L., 7, 8, 16, 21, 75, 323, 337 Wittig, M., 237 Wodarski, J., 164 Wolff, J., 333 Wolpe, J., 354 Wood, B.L., 191 Worrell, J., 127 Wrightsman, L.S., 229 Wundt, W., 298 Y Yeager, K.R., 365 Yellow Bird, M., 48, 105, 138, 139, 156, 161, 167, 406, 429 Yip, K., 160 Yudin, E., 57 Z Zanger, R., 407 Zarate, O., 171, 178 Zastrow, C., 314 Zimmerman, D.H., 120 Zinn, M.B., 250 Zippay, A., 97 Znaniecki, F., 300 Zorbaugh, H.W., 32 Zurcher, L.A., Jr., 320 www.downloadslide.net SUBJECT INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate illustrations; those followed by t indicate tables A Accommodation, in cognitive development, 263 Acculturation, 137, 137f, 140, 144, 147, 149–150, 152–153, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167 See also Assimilation/ acculturation/bicultural socialization/ ethnic minority identity theories differential, 153, 163 intergenerational conflict and, 153 stresses of, 153 Acetylcholine, 212t Actuality, 216 Adaptation assimilation, 149 bicultural, 150 in cognitive development, 263 contextual, 159 cultural, 421 in ego psychology, 180 of individual, 32 marginal, 148–149 traditional, 148 transitional, 152–154 Adolescent development, 203, 207t, 217f, 220f, 221f, 272t, 282 See also Development; Life span development theories gender differences in, 229, 241, 280–281 Adult development See Development; Life span development theories Adultification, 153 Age discrimination, 89 Aggression alcoholism and, 372 frustration and, 353 sexual, 170–171, 173, 192, 369 AGIL model, 29 Aging See Older adults Alienation, 63 political, 64 religious, 64 types of, 63 Altered states of consciousness, 401 Amnesia, infantile, 269 Anal stage, 174 Androgyne, 237 Anglo, definition of, 140 Anglo conformity, 135–136, 140 Anticipatory socialization, 308t Anxiety, 175, 352 castration, 174 482 definition of, 374 separation, 184 Appearance self and, 307–308 stigmatization and, 306–307, 307t AQAL (All Quadrants, All Levels) Model, 396–398, 397f Archaic stage of development, 391–392, 392f Asian Americans, as model minority, 152 Assimilation, in cognitive development, 263 Assimilation/acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories, 134–168 application of, 160–164 assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 163–164 assimilation adaptation and, 149 bicultural adaptation and, 149–150 bicultural identity and, 147–155 See also Bicultural identity bicultural socialization and, 143–145 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 164 contemporary issues in, 159–160 continuum of time, 154–155 critical analysis of, 164–166 cultural competence and, 157–159, 159t cultural identity integration and, 155 deficiency theory and, 140–142, 141t dual perspective and, 142–143, 142f, 163–164 empirical support for, 167–168 ethnic, racial/cultural, and minority identity and, 145–147 ethnicity/race and, 150–152 gender and, 150–152 helping situation and, 161 historical context for, 135–138 key concepts of, 138–140 marginal adaptation and, 148–149 methodological issues and, 167–168 philosophical underpinnings of, 167 relevance of, 165–166 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 164 social class and, 150–152 traditional adaptation and, 148 transculturality and, 155–157, 156f transitional adaptation and, 152–154 values and ethics and, 166–167 Assimilation adaptation, 149 Assimilation ideology, 135–136 Authentic faith, 383 Autonomy vs shame and doubt, 214, 217f Average expectable environment, 180 Aversive stimuli, 350 Avoidance learning, 350 B Bad faith, 383 BDSM (bondage/discipline/domination/ submission/sadism/masochism), 246 Behaviorism, 301, 346–351, 422–423 applications of, 366f, 369, 370t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 369 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 369–371 classical, 350, 347–349 contemporary issues in, 364–365 critical analysis of, 369–372 empirical support for, 374–376 helping situation and, 365 historical context for, 346 key concepts of, 346–347, 351f methodological issues in, 374–376 neobehaviorism and, 350, 349–351 philosophical underpinnings of, 373–374 radical, 301, 349–351, 351f, 366f, 371, 373, 374–375 relevance of, 371–372 Skinnerian, 349–351 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 371 Thorndike’s contributions to, 348–349 values and ethics and, 372–373 Watson’s contributions to, 347–349 Being-cognition and motivation, 381 Belief, 283 Bias, sources of, 23 See also Ideology Bicultural adaptation, 149–150 Bicultural competence, 146 Bicultural conflict, 143–144 Bicultural identity assimilation adaptation and, 149, 148f bicultural adaptation and, 149–150, 148f continuum of time and, 154–155 cultural identity integration and, 155 dual identification and, 155 ethnicity/race and, 150–152 gender and, 150–152 marginal adaptation and, 148–149, 148f multidimensional transactional model of, 147–155, 154f social class and, 150–152, 148f traditional adaptation and, 148, 148f transitional adaptation and, 152–154, 148f Bicultural socialization, 143–145 See also Assimilation/acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories www.downloadslide.net Subject Index Bicultural tension, 144 Biculturality, 154 Biological determinism, 14 Birth cohorts, 248 Bisexuals definition of, 237 empowerment of, 89–93, 236–238 identity development in, 241–243 Blaming the victim, 56, 86 420 Body image, 175 Bondage/discipline, domination/submission, sadism/masochism, 246 Bracketing, 325 Brain development, 205t–206t, 209–213, 271t–273t, 285–286 Breaching experiments, 328 C Capitalism conduit, 68, 68f Marxism and, 67–68 monopoly, 67–68 Castration anxiety, 174 Causal stage of development, 396 Central relational paradox, 125 Change, in conflict theory, 82 Chicago School of Symbolic Interaction, 298, 299–303, 304–305 Children See also Infants, Youth adultification/spousification of, 153 development of See also Development; Life span development theories cognitive, 207t, 262–270, 271t critical periods in, 209t moral, 275–281 physical/motor, 204t–208t differential acculturation and, 153 Civil disobedience, 91 Class assimilation, acculturation, bicultural socialization, ethnicity/race and, 150–152, 145f social stratification and, 87–89 Class conflict, 62–65 Class consciousness, 65–67, 70 Classical behaviorism, 346, 347–349 See also Behaviorism Classical conditioning, 346–347 Classification, 266 Coercive power, 34–35 Cognitive behavioral theory, 346 See also Behaviorism; Social learning theory Cognitive compensation, 265 Cognitive development theories, 262–275 application of, 286–290, 290f assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 287–290 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors in, 290–291 contemporary issues in, 285–286 empirical support for, 294–296 helping situation in, 287 historical context for, 261–262 key concepts of, 262–264 language development and, 265, 268 methodological issues and, 294–296 philosophical underpinnings of, 293–294 Piaget’s, 264–275 post-Piagetian, 268 relevance of, 292 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 291 values and ethics and, 292–293 Collective unconscious, 385 Collectivity, 96 Coming out, 90, 238, 239t Commensalistic independence, 32 Compensation, cognitive, 265 Compensatory socialization, 315–316 Competence, 217f, 421 bicultural, 146 cultural, 157–159, 159t in ego psychology, 180–181 intergroup, 158 relational, 125 Competition, vs conflict, 61 Concrete operations stage, 265–266, 267t Conditioned stimulus/response, 347 Conditioning, 346–347 classical, 346–347 operant, 347 Pavlovian, 347 respondent, 347, 357f, 367f Conduit capitalism, 68, 68f Conflict bicultural, 144 functions of, 73 interest group, 71, 73 intergenerational, 153 unconscious, 353 vs competition, 61 Conflict theories, 59–83 alienation and, 63, 75 application of, 75–79, 166t, 420, 426–427 assessment/practice strategies/methods and, 76–79 biological/psychological/spiritual factors and, 79–80 central propositions of, 61 class conflict and, 62–65 Collins’ contributions to, 72–73 contemporary issues in, 73–74 critical analysis of, 79–80 definition of, 61 empirical support for, 82–83 functional, 73 governing elite and, 69 helping situation in, 75 historical context for, 60–61 individual-level, 72 interest group, 71, 74f, 79 key concepts of, 61–62 483 Marxist, 62–65 methodological issues and, 82–83 neo-Marxist, 65–68 philosophical underpinnings of, 82 pluralist, 72, 82 power elite and, 69–71, 70f, 78 relevance of, 80 social/cultural/economic forces and, 80 terms used in, 62 types of, 61 values and ethics and, 81–82 vs structural functionalism, 73–74 Conformity, 30, 279t in exchange theory, 361–362 Conscience, 173 Conscientization, 78 See also Consciousness, raising Consciousness altered states of, 378–379 class, 63, 65–67, 70 critical, 87, 95, 235 in Freudian theory, 171–172, 172f holotropic, 387 hylotropic, 387 in Jungian theory, 384–386 levels of, 389 raising, 86, 87, 94, 96, 97, 100, 103 spectrum levels of, 388 unitive, 381f, 382 Constructionism See Social constructionism Contextualization, 96 Conversation analysis, 328 Conversion experiences, 283 Copying, in learning, 353 Core, 67, 83 Cosmic dimension, 227 Cosmology, 415 Crisis model, 10, 12t Crisis of meaning, 383 Critical analysis, 16–22 Critical awareness, 235 Critical consciousness, 87 Critical reflection on theories, 411–412 Cues, 352 Cultural competence, 157–159, 159t Cultural/difference feminism, 111t, 112 Cultural identity integration, 155 Cultural pluralism, 136–137 Culture definition of, 138 in postmodern thought, 330–331 Culture change, 135–136 models of, 137 Cybernetic theory, 27 Cystic fibrosis, 423–428 D Death instinct, 176, 177t Deep ecology, 27, 28, 33, 37, 43–45, 47–48, 54–56, 54t, 57, 426 See also Systems theories www.downloadslide.net 484 Subject Index Defense mechanisms, 175–176, 176t, 192, 195t Deficiency-cognition and motivation, 381 Deficiency theory, 140–142 Denial, 176t Determinism, 13–14, 198 biological, 14 environmental, 14 reciprocal, 354 Development brain, 205t–206t, 209–210, 271t cognitive, 260–275, 290t egoic stage of, 379, 390, 392f, 393–395 emotional, 271t–273t epigenetic model of, 213 integral, 390 language, 265, 268 lifespan, 224–231 midlife, 219–224 moral, 275–285, 275–285, 290t motor, 205t–209t ontogenetic, 248 over life span, 201–259 See also Life span development theories physical, 203–204, 205t–209t positive youth, 254, 399 preegoic phase of, 379, 390, 392f, 391–393 prenatal, 203, 205t psychodynamic theory of, 169–198 See also Psychodynamic theories psychosexual, 173–175 psychosocial, 213–218 sexual, 204–209 social, 271t–273t See also Symbolic interaction spectrum model of, 388–398 spiritual, 254, 289, 391 subtle stage of, 396 transegoic phase of, 379, 390, 392f, 395–396 Developmental periods, 203 Developmental stage theories See Life span development theories Developmental tasks, 218, 225 Deviance in behaviorism, 365 compensatory socialization and, 315–316 in exchange theory, 361–362, 365 in Merton’s paradigm, 30–31, 310 in social learning theory, 351 Deviance model, 11, 12t Differential acculturation, 153 Diminished marginal utility, 359 Disabilities, 427 Discourse in establishment of self, 307–308, 308t in postmodern thought, 331–332 Discrimination, 89 definition of, 139 individual, 139 institutional, 139 model minority and, 152 Displacement, 176t Distributive justice, 359, 360 Dominance, 32 Dominant culture, 136, 141, 146, 166t, 342 Domination/submission, 246 Dopamine, 212t Double bind, 232 Drag queens, 237 Drives, 352 Drug addiction, object relations theory and, 181–184 Dual identification, 155 Dual perspective, 142–143, 142f, 146, 147, 163, 167 Dynamic systems theory, 27, 35–43, 57 See also Systems theories applications of, 51f, 53t E Ecocentric approach, 44 Ecofeminism, 27–28, 45–46, 47–48, 54t, 57–58 See also Systems theories Ecological perspective, 32–35, 53t, 56, 378 See also Systems theories Ecological self, 44 Ecological theories, 32–33, 58, 167 Ecology deep, 32–33, 37, 43–45, 48, 52–54, 54t, 57 shallow, 43–44 Economic exchange, vs social exchange, 362–363 See also Exchange theory Economic globalization, 429 Economic market, in exchange theory, 362–363 Economics exchange theory and, 362–363 Marxist, 67–68, 71 Ecosystem, 32 Ecosystems theory, 33–34, 54, 56 See also Systems theories Ego, 15, 94, 172–173, 153 Ego defenses, 176, 220 Ego ideal, 173 Ego psychology, 93, 180–181, 191–192 Ego transcendence, 225–226 Egoic development, 379, 393–395, 404 Elderly cognitive changes in, 272t–273t developmental transitions of, 224–227 See also Life span development theories physical changes in, 208t Elite governing, 69 power, 69–71, 70f Emotional development, 271t–273t, 274–275 Emotional intelligence, 274–275 Empathy, shame and, 232–234 Empirical knowledge, vs theories, 6, 7f Empowerment definition of, 87 methods of, 98–101 Empowerment theories, 85–106, 420 application of, 97–101, 99f, 102t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 98–101 biological/psychological/spiritual factors in, 101–103 contemporary issues in, 96–97 critical analysis of, 101–104 critical consciousness and, 87 disabled persons and, 427 empirical support for, 105–106 helping situation of, 98 historical context for, 86–87 key concepts in, 87, 434 lesbian/gay, 90–93 methodological issues and, 105–106 philosophical underpinnings of, 105 relevance of, 103–104, 419t social/cultural/economic factors in, 103 social work, 93–96 sociopolitical context for, 87–90 values and ethics and, 104–105 Endogenous conflict, 61 Entitlement model, 11, 12t Entropy, 39 Environment-focused theories, application of, 415–419, 425–428 Environmental determinism, 13 Environmental factors, in intelligence, 260, 266, 273 Epigenesis, 213 Equifinality, 41 Equilibration, 264 Erikson’s developmental stages, 213–218, 217f critiques of, 251, 253, 255, 256 Eros, 176 Erotic power exchange, 246 Erotogenic zones, 173 Ethclass, 151 Ethic of care, 281 Ethics See Values and ethics Ethnic minorities See Minorities Ethnic minority identity, 151–152 Ethnicity, 150–152 definition of, 145 Ethnocentrism, 140, 404 Ethnomethodology, 327–328, 343 Evidence-based practice, 364–365 Evil model, 10, 12t Evocative memory, 263 Evolutionary biology, 262 Exchange theory, 345–376, 422 applications of, 365–369, 366t–367t, 368t, 370t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 369 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors, 369–371 conformity/deviance and, 361–362 contemporary issues in, 364–365 critical analysis of, 369–372 and economic market, 362–363 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index empirical support for, 374–376 helping situation and, 365 historical context for, 358–359 key concepts of, 359–361, 364f levels of analysis in, 362t methodological issues in, 374–376 philosophical underpinnings of, 373–374 relevance of, 371–372 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 371 values and ethics and, 372–373 Existentialism, 324, 382 transpersonal aspects of, 382–384 Exogenous conflict, 61 Expert power, 197–198, 370t Exploitative power, 34–35 F Faith See also Religion; Spirituality authentic, 383 bad, 383 Faith development theory, 282–283 False memory syndrome, 190 Family empowerment and, 80 as focal system, 37, 38f socialization in, 311–312 Family life cycle, 249–250 Family roles, 313 Family systems theory, 56 Family therapy feminist, 113–114 social constructionist, 338–339 Feedback, 40–41 Feminism cultural/difference, 111t, 112 definition, 110 ecofeminism and, 27, 28, 45–46, 52–54, 54t, 57, 112t global, 112t lesbian, 107 liberal, 111, 111t moral development theories and, 280–281 postmodern, 112t, 113 psychoanalytic theory and, 181–182 radical, 111, 111t socialist, 111t, 113, 119 third wave, 109 women of color, 112t, 113 Feminist family therapy, 113–114 Feminist standpoint theory, 121–125 Feminist theory, 107–132 application of, 126–129, 130t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 127–129 biological/psychological/spiritual factors in, 129–130 contemporary issues in, 126 critical analysis of, 129–131 empirical support for, 132 feminist standpoint theory, 121–125 gender, gender schemas/awareness, 113–114 gender lens, 115t–116t helping situation of, 126–127 historical context for, 108–110 intersectionality, 117–118 interventions, 128f key concepts in, 110–113 methodological issues and, 132 patriarchy and oppression, 114–117 Personal is Political, 114 philosophical underpinnings of, 131 relational-cultural theory, 125–126 relevance of, 131 sex and gender, 117, 120–121 social/cultural/economic factors in, 130–131 theoretical perspectives, 111t–112t values and ethics and, 131 Fixed ratio schedules, 350 Focal systems, 37–38, 37f, 38f Formal operations stage, 266, 267t Fowler’s faith development theory, 282–283 Frankfurt school, 66 Freudian left, 187–189 Freudian Mainstream, 178–186 Freudian theory, 171–178 See also Psychoanalytic theory Frustration-aggression hypothesis, 353 Functional prerequisites, 29 Functionalism, 25–28 See also Systems theories structural, 28–31, 48–49 G GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 212t Game theory, 369 Garfinkle’s ethnomethodology, 327–328 Gays coming out by, 90, 238–240, 239t discrimination against, 89 empowerment of, 90–93, 122 identity development in, 236–247, 239t social worker relationship with, 101 Gemeinschaft, 26 Gender, 87–89 See also Feminism; Men; Women adolescent development and, 228–229, 282 assimilation, acculturation, bicultural socialization, ethnicity/race and, 150–152 cultural sensitivity and, 159 life span development and, 228–231 Gender difference theories, 118–119 Gender dysphoria, 243, 244, 245 “Gendergram”, 129 Gender identity, 236 Gender inequality theories, 118–119 Gender oppression theories, 118–119 Gender role socialization, 229–230 Genealogy, 332 485 Generalized other, 262, 302 Generation X, 248 Generation Y, 250 Generativity vs stagnation, 215–216, 217f Genetic structuralism, 293 Genital stage, 175 Genocide, 140 Gerotranscendence, 227 See also Successful aging Gesellschaft, 26 Gilligan’s moral development theory, 280–282, 282t Global feminism, 112t, 113 Globalization, 429 Glutamate, 212t Goal attainment, 30 Goodness of fit, 46 Governing elite, 69 Green political movement, 44–45 Group work, for empowerment, 101 Growth/developmental model, 10, 12t H Habit, 347 Habitat, 34 Helping situation, 10–13 in assimilation/acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories, 161 behaviorism and, 365 cognitive development theories and, 287 conflict theories and, 75 empowerment theories and, 98 exchange theory and, 365 feminist theory, 126–127 ideology in, 10–11, 12t life span development theories and, 251 models of, 10–11, 12t moral development theories and, 287 organizational context for, 11–13 phenomenology and, 337 professional context for, 13 professional vs popular definitions of, 10 psychodynamic theories and, 192 symbolic interaction and, 314 systems theory and, 48–49 transpersonal theories and, 399 Helplessness, learned, 357–358 Heredity vs environment, intelligence and, 262, 263 Hermeneutics, 333–336 See also Phenomenology critical analysis of, 340–341 Heterosexuals, 237 Heuristic theories, 22 Hierarchy of needs, 381, 381f Hierarchy of systems, 36, 36t Higher Self, 386 Historical Marxism, 67–68 Holarchy, 36, 389 Holon, 35 Holotropic theory, 386–388 Homeokinesis, 39 www.downloadslide.net 486 Subject Index Homo religiosus, 216 Homosexuals coming out by, 238, 239t definition of, 237 discrimination against, 89 empowerment of, 90–93 Freud’s view of, 197 identity development in, 237–243, 239t 5-HT, 212t Human development See Development Humanistic theories, 378, 380, 424–425 Humanocracy, 55 Hysterical paralysis, 171, 172 I Id, 170, 172–173, 174–175 Identification, 176t Identity development, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, 236–247 Identity vs role confusion, 215, 217f Ideology, 8–13 bias and, 14 character and, 188 in conflict theory, 65–67 in helping situations, 10–11, 12t importance of in social work, theories and, 8–9, 9f Imitation, in learning, 353–354, 356 Individual psychology, 178 Individuation, 384 Industry vs inferiority, 215, 217f Infant-stim programs, 286 Infantile amnesia, 269 Infants development in See also Development cognitive, 263–264, 271t physical, 205t–207t psychosexual, 173–175 See also Psychodynamic theories object relations theory and, 181–186 Initiative vs guilt, 214–215, 217f Innovation, 30–31 Institutionalization, 32 Integral approach, 404 Integral development, 388 Integral politics, 404 Integral theory, 388 See also AQAL, Wilber’s spectrum model Integration, 30 Integrity vs despair, 216–218, 217f Intelligence, 262 See also Cognitive development theories emotional, 274 types of, 273 Interdependence, 32 Interest group conflict, 71, 72f, 74f, 78 Intergenerational conflict, 153 Intergroup competence, 158, 159t Intermittent schedules, 350 International, 52, 67, 96, 160, 163, 166, 363, 394, 395, 398, 426, 429 International feminism, 113 Interpretive sociology, 325 Intersectionality, 118 Intersexed persons, 236 Interval schedules, 350 Intimacy vs isolation, 215, 217f Iowa school of symbolic interactionism, 305 Iron law of oligarchy, 69 Isolation, shame and, 232 J Jungian theory, 384–386, 385f K Kanjirathinkal’s sociological critique, 279–280 Kohlberg’s moral development theory, 277–278, 279t L Labeling theory, 309 Language development, 265, 268 See also Cognitive development theories Language, in social learning theory, 352–353, 356 Latency, 30 Latency stage, 175 Latent functions, 31 Learned helplessness, 357–358 Learning See also Cognitive development theories; Social learning theory avoidance, 350 conditioned, 347–348 imitation in, 353–354, 356 infant-stim programs and, 286 mediated, 269–270 memory and, 268–269 modeling in, 353 social cognitive, 354–358 vicarious, 355 Learning theory, 346 See also Behaviorism; Social learning theory Lebenswelt (life-world), 325 Legitimate power, 100, 370t Lesbian feminism, 111t, 113 Lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender identity development, 236–247 Lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender/queer/ questioning/intersexed movement, 90–93, 122 Lesbians See also Homosexuals coming out by, 90, 238–240, 239t empowerment of, 90–93 identity development in, 236–247, 239t LGBTQI See lesbian/gay/bisexual/ transgender/queer/questioning/ intersexed movement Liberal feminism, 111, 111t Libido, 170, 172 development of, 174–176 Life instinct, 176 Life model, 33–35, 46–47, 54, 57, 93 See also Systems theories Life span development theories, 201–259 application of, 250–253, 252f, 254t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 251–253 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 253–255 contemporary issues and, 249–250 developmental periods and, 209t developmental tasks and, 214, 221 empirical support for, 257–259 Erikson’s developmental stages and, 213–218, 217f gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender identity development and, 236–247 helping situation and, 251 historical context for, 202 key concepts of, 202–203 of late adulthood, 224–227 methodological issues and, 257–259 of midlife, 219–224, 220f, 221f, 222f neurobiology/neurotransmission and, 209–213, 212t philosophical underpinnings of, 256–257 physical development and, 203–204, 205t–208t popularity vs validity of, 248–249 psychosocial development and, 213–218 relevance of, 255 sexual development and, 204–209 shame resilience theory and, 231–236, 233f social, cultural, and economic forces and, 255 values and ethics and, 255–256 of women’s development, 228–231 of young adulthood, 211, 222f Life structure, 219 Life-world (Lebenswelt), 324–325, 326 Lifeprint, 230 Looking-glass self, 300–301 LSD research, 386 Lumpenproletariat, 64 M Macro development, stages of, 391–396, 392f Macrophenomenology, 327 Magical stage of development, 392f, 392–393 Magic-mythic stage of development, 392f, 393 Majority, 138 Males See Men Mandala, 155–156, 385, 412–413, 413f, 414f Mandala of environment-focused human behavior theories, 414f Mandala of person-focused human behavior theories, 413f Manifest destiny, 135 Manifest functions, 30–31 Marginal adaptation, 148–149, 148f Marginal utility, diminished, 359, 364f www.downloadslide.net Subject Index Marginality, temporary, 153 Marxism, 62–65 economic, 67–68 Freudian theory and, 187–189, 189t historical, 67–68 neo-Marxist theories and, 67–68 structural, 67–68 Marxist or socialist feminism, 113 Masculine-identified females, 237 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, 380–382, 381f Masochism, 246 Matched-dependent behavior, in learning, 353 Mediated memory, 263–264 Medical model, 10, 12t Medicine wheel, 48, 155–156, 406, 412, 415 Meditation, 155, 379–380, 383, 385, 388, 397, 403t, 406, 407, 424, 425 Melting pot theory, 136–137 Memory in cognitive development, 269–268, 285–287 evocative, 263, 268–269 in infants, 268–269 mediated, 269 recall, 268, 271t recognition, 263, 268–269 repressed, of sexual abuse, 189–190 in social learning theory, 356 Men See also Gender feminine-identified, 237 sexual orientation of, 236–237 Menopause, 230 Mental illness neurochemical factors in, 218 spirituality and, 393 Merton’s paradigm, 30–31 Meta theory, 47, 57 Micro development, stages of, 391–393, 392f Microphenomenology, 327 Microsociology, 297 Midlife crisis, 219, 223–224 Midlife development, 219–224, 220f, 272t in women, 229–230 Midlife transition, 219, 220f Minorities See also Assimilation/ acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories bicultural identity of, 147–155 See also Bicultural identity in conflict theory, 61, 73–74 definition of, 62 discrimination against, 89 model, 139 oppression of, 98–100 Minority identity, 145–147 Model(s), Model minority, 152 Modeling, 347 in learning, 353, 375 Monopoly capitalism, 67 Moral development theories, 260–296 application of, 286–290, 288f, 290t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 287–290 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 290–291 Cole’s contribution to, 278, 279t contemporary issues in, 285–286 empirical support for, 294–296 Fowler’s faith development theory, 282–285 Gilligan’s feminist critique/theory, 280–282, 282t helping situation and, 287 historical context for, 261–262 Kanjirathinkal’s sociological critique of, 279–280 key concepts of, 275–276 Kohlberg’s, 277–278, 279t methodological issues and, 294–296 philosophical underpinnings of, 293–294 Piaget’s, 276–277 relevance of, 292 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 291–292 values and ethics and, 292–293 Moral entrepreneurs, 309 Morphogenesis, 39 Morphostasis, 39 Motivation, in social learning, 356 Motor development, 205t–208t Multiculturalism, 160 Multifocal vision, 93 Multiple intelligences, 270 Multiple selves, 306, 318 Mysticism See also Spirituality in transpersonal theories, 404, 406 Mythic-rational stage of development, 392f, 393–395 N Nadir experiences, 382 Narcissism, 175 Narrative therapy, 339, 343 Natural area, 32 Natural environment, vs social environment, 32 Natural science, social science and, 323–324 Nature vs nurture, intelligence and, 188, 268, 286 Neobehaviorism, 349–351 See also Behaviorism Neofunctionalism, 31 Neo-Marxist theories, 72 Net generation, 250 Network theory, 363 Neurobiology, 209–213 Neuroses, 175, 197 487 Neurotransmission/Neurotransmitters, 209–213 Neutralization, 180–181 Niche, 34 Nondual stage of development, 396 Nonsexuality, 237 Noradrenaline, 212t Norepinephrine, 212t Norm of reciprocity, 359 Norms, in exchange theory, 360–362 Nurturing system, 142–143, 142f O Object permanence, 264–265, 268 Object relations theory, 181–184 addiction and, 191 feminist revision of, 184–185 Oedipal conflict, 175, 213 Older adults cognitive changes in, 272t developmental transitions of, 224–227 See also Life span development theories discrimination against, 89 physical changes in, 208t Ontogenetic development, 261 Ontology, 19, 324t, 333, 415 Open systems, 39–41 Operant behavior, 349 Operant conditioning, 349, 354 Oppression, 87–90 degree of, 114 Oral stage, 173–174 Order paradigm, 26 Organicism, 26 Organization, in cognitive development, 263 Outing, 90 P Paradigms, Parallel play, 302 Patriarchy, 108, 114 Pavlovian conditioning, 347–348 Peak experiences, 382 Penis envy, 174, 179 Perceived self-efficacy, 356 Performance principle, 188 Periphery, 67, 83 Person-focused theories, application of, 412–415, 424–425 Person-in-environment focus, 411–412 Personal responsibility model, 11, 12t Personal unconscious, 385, 385f Personality, basic factors, 224 Personality, stability of, 223–224 Personality development See also Life span development theories Mead’s model of, 301–303, 303f Personality disorders, 184 Perspective, Perspectivistic reality, 42 Petty bourgeoisie, 64 Phallic stage, 174 www.downloadslide.net 488 Subject Index Phenomenology, 322–344 applications of, 337, 338f, 340t assessment, practice strategies, and methods, 338–339 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 340–341 contemporary issues in, 336 critical analysis of, 340–341 empirical support for, 343–344 Foucault’s postmodern thought, 331–333 helping situation in, 337 Garfinkle’s ethnomethodology and, 327–328 historical context for, 323–325 key concepts of, 325–327 methodological issues and, 343–344 philosophical hermeneutics and, 333–336 philosophical underpinnings of, 342 relevance of, 341 Schutz’s phenomenology of everyday life and, 325–327 self in, 328–329 social constructionism and, 329–331 See also Social constructionism social, cultural, and economic forces and, 341 values and ethics and, 341–342 Philosophical hermeneutics, 333–336 See also Phenomenology critical analysis of, 340–341 Physical development, 203–204, 205t–208t See also Development Piaget’s cognitive development theory, 264–275 See also Cognitive development theories causal factors in, 264 developmental stages in, 264–275, 267t key concepts of, 260–264 Piaget’s moral development theory, 277–278 Planetary transition stage of development, 394–395, 413f Plateau experiences, 382 Play parallel, 302 in personality development, 301–302 Pleasure principle, 173, 189 Pluralism, interest group conflict and, 71, 72, 307f, 329 Pluralist theories, 73, 82 Politics integral, 404 in Marxism, 67 Positivism, 20–21, 417t vs constructivism, 20–21, 323, 324t Possible selves, 224 Postmodern feminism, 112t, 113 Postmodern thought, 328–329 applications of, 336–341 contemporary issues in, 336 dilemmas in, 332–333 Foucault’s contributions to, 331–332 social constructionism and, 330–331 values and ethics and, 341–342 Poverty, social stratification and, 54–55 Power See also Empowerment coercive, 34, 362t in conflict theory, 69–71 definition of, 62, 87, 359 in exchange theory, 359, 361–362, 362t exploitative, 34–35 shame and, 232–234 in social worker–client relationship, 100 types of, 34–35 Power elites, 69–71, 69f, 70f, 74f, 78 Powerlessness, 87 shame and, 234 Prayer, 337, 380, 403, 405, 407, 425 Pre/trans fallacy, 379 Preconscious mind in Freudian theory, 171–172, 172f in Jungian theory, 384–386, 385f Preegoic development, 386, 390, 391–392, 392f, 404 Prejudice, 139 Prenatal development, 2, 203, 204, 205t Preoperational period, 265, 267t, 392–393, 392f Primary group, 300 Primary socialization, 311 Principle of least interest, 359 Problem-solving/educational model, 10, 12t Professionalization, of social work, 13 Projection, 176t Proletariat, 62 Psyche, topographic models of, 384, 385f, 386f Psychic stage of development, 395–396 Psychoanalytic theory, 171–178 See also Psychodynamic theories anxiety in, 175 conscious, preconscious, and subconscious mind in, 171–172, 172f defense mechanisms in, 175–176, 176t feminist revision of, 184–185 historical context for, 170 id, ego, and superego in, 172–173 key concepts of, 170–171, 177t life and death instincts in, 176 Marxism and, 187–188, 189t psychosexual development in, 173–175 reformulations of mainstream, 178–189 radical, 187–188 transference in, 176 Psychoanalytical feminism, 119 Psychodynamic theories, 169–200 applications of, 191–192, 195t assessment, practice strategies, and methods, 192 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 192–196 contemporary issues and, 189–191 critical analysis of, 192–196 ego psychology and, 180–181 empirical support for, 198–200 Freudian left and, 187–189 helping situation and, 192 historical context for, 170 key concepts of, 170–171 methodological issues and, 198–200 object relations theory and, 181–184 feminist revision of, 184–185 philosophical underpinnings of, 197–198 psychoanalytic (Freudian), 171–178 See also Psychoanalytic theory relevance of, 196 self-psychology and, 185–186 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 196 social learning theory and, 351–352 values and ethics and, 196–197 Psychology, social, 301–303 Psychoreligious problems, 402 Psychosexual development, stages of, 173–175 See also Psychoanalytic theory Psychosis, 180–181 Psychosocial development, 213–218 Erikson’s stages of, 214–218, 217f Psychospiritual problems, 402 Psychosynthesis, 384 Punishment in conditioning, 347 in exchange theory, 359 Q Queer movement, 91 Queer theory, 121 Questioning persons , 90–93, 236–247 R Racial/cultural identity, 145–147 Racial minorities See Minorities Racism, 140 Radical behaviorism, 351f, 366f, 373–374 Radical feminism, 111, 111t, 119 Rational choice theory, 363 Rational egoic stage of development, 392f, 393–394 Rationalization, 176t Reaction formation, 176t Reality principle, 173, 189 Reasoning, 352 Rebellion, 30, 363 Recall memory, 268, 271t Reciprocal determinism, 354 Reciprocal relationships, 32 Recognition memory, 263, 269 Recovered memories, 190–191 Reductionism, 13–14 Reference groups, 309–312 Reference sets, 310 Reflex, 347 Regression, 176t www.downloadslide.net Subject Index Reification, 66 Reinforcement, 347, 374–375 Relational cultural theory, 125–126 Religion See also Faith; Spirituality definition of, 283 existentialism and, 382–383 Freudian view of, 384 Marxist view of, 63–64 transpersonal psychodynamic theories and, 384 Religious development, 216, 254–255 Representational ability, 265 Representationalism, 333 Repressed memories, of sexual abuse, 189–190 Repression, 176t, 188 surplus, 188 Resilience, 250 shame and, 231–234, 233f Resocialization, 315–316 Respondent conditioning, 347, 349, 357f Retreatism, 30 Reversibility, 265 Revolution, Marxist, 64–65 Reward(s) in conditioning, 347 in exchange theory, 359 Reward power, 359–361, 370t Ritualism, 30 Role expectation, 310 Role theory, 309–312, 314, 422 S S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) formulation, 351, 352 Sadism, 246 Same behavior, in learning, 353 Satiation, 359, 363, 364f Schemata, 262–263 Science, natural vs social, 323–324 Scientific theories See Theories Search for meaning, 383 Secondary groups, 301 Secondary socialization, 311–312 Self ecological, 44 in phenomenology, 328–329 possible, 224 in postmodern thought, 328–329 presentation of, 275, 306, 307 as process, 320 in symbolic interaction, 299–300 See also Symbolic interaction Self-actualization in Jungian theory, 384–386 in Maslow’s theory, 380–382, 381f Self-concept, development of, 299 Self dimension, 227 Self-efficacy, 94 perceived, 356 Self-help model, 11, 12t Self-love, 175, 189 Self-perfection, 178 Self-psychology, 185–186 Self-realization, 226 Self-reinforcement, 351f, 356 Self-speech, 352 Self-theory, 305 Self-transcendence, Maslow’s theory of, 380–382, 381f Semiperiphery, 67 Sensorimotor period, 264–265, 267t Sensoriphysical stage of development, 391–392, 403f Separation anxiety, 184 Separatism, 91 Seriation, 266 Serotonin, 212t Sex continuum, 120–121 Sex roles, 310 Sexism See also Feminism cultural sensitivity and, 159 Sexual abuse, repressed memories of, 189–190 Sexual development of children, 204–209 Sexual identity, 236–247 Sexual orientation, 236 Shallow ecology, 43–44 Shame, symbolic interaction and, 235–236 Shame resilience theory, 231–234, 233f Situated accomplishment, 328 Slackers, 248 Social behaviorism, 301 See also Behaviorism Social capital theory, 363 Social classes, 88 See also Class Social cognitive learning, 354–358 Social construction of gender, 120–121 Social constructionism, 74, 322–344 See also Phenomenology application of, 337, 338f, 340t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 337–339 Berger and Luckmann’s model of, 329–330 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 340–341 contemporary issues in, 336 critical analysis of, 340–341 empirical support for, 343–344 in family therapy, 338–339 helping situation and, 337 historical context for, 323–325 key concepts of, 325–327 methodological issues and, 343–344 philosophical underpinnings of, 342 in postmodern thought, 328–333 relevance of, 341 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 341 values and ethics and, 341–342 vs positivism, 20–21 Social development, 271t–273t See also Life span development theories; Symbolic interaction 489 Social environment, vs natural environment, 32 Social exchange, vs economic exchange, 359–360 See also Exchange theory Social issues/advocacy model, 10, 12t Social learning theory, 346, 351–358 applications of, 365, 367f assessment, practice strategies, and methods, 369 Bandura’s contributions to, 354–358 contemporary issues in, 364–365 critical analysis of, 369–372 Dollard and Miller’s contributions to, 352–354 empirical support for, 374–376 helping situation and, 365 key concepts of, 357f methodological issues in, 374–376 philosophical underpinnings of, 373–374 relevance of, 371–372 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 371 values and ethics and, 372–373 Social psychology, 301, 303–304, 308f Social roles, 225, 266, 393 Social science positivist vs constructivist view of, 323–325, 324t vs natural science, 323–325, 324t Social stratification, 87–90 See also Class; Empowerment theories definition of, 87 empowerment theories and, 87–90 Social work evidence-based practice in, 364–365 problem-based approach in, 337, 339 professionalization of, 13 relevance of theories to, 418–419, 419t Social work empowerment theories, 93–96 Social worker–client relationship, power relation in, 100 Socialist feminism, 111t, 113, 119 Socialization bicultural, 143–145 compensatory, 315 definition of, 275, 310–311 in family, 313 gender role, 229 over life span, 314, 312f primary vs secondary, 313 role theory and, 309–312,314 symbolic interaction and, 309–312 Society, consensus view of, 141–142 Sociobiology, 285 Sociocultural development, stages of, 391–396, 392f Socioemotional roles, 310 Sociology, interpretive, 325 Solution-focused therapy, 339, 343 Spatial behavior, 34 Spiritual emergence, 388 Spiritual emergency, 388 www.downloadslide.net 490 Subject Index Spirituality, 17–18, 425 See also Faith; Religion disabilities and, 427 existentialism and, 382–383 homo religiosus, 216 mental illness and, 380 mysticism and, 406–407 phenomenology, social constructionism, and hermeneutics and, 340–341 in postmodern world, 398 transculturality and, 164 in transpersonal theories, 380, 380–381, 407 See also Transpersonal theories Spiritually sensitive practice, 379, 399, 405, 429 Spousification, 153 Stage theories See Life span development theories States of consciousness theories, 401–402 Status, in exchange theory, 361–362 Stereotype, 139 Stigmatized persons, 306–307, 307t Stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) formulation, 351, 352 Stimulus-response (SR) set, 347 Stonewall riots, 90 Stratification See Social stratification Strengths-based practice, 319 Strengths perspective, 18, 409, 418 Structural functionalism, 28–31, 52, 57, 58 See also Systems theories applications of, 49, 50f, 53t vs conflict theory, 73 Structural Marxism, 67 Subconscious, 170, 171–172 Sublimation, 176t Subsystems, 37, 37f, 38f Subtle stage of development, 396 Successful aging, 226 See also Gerotranscendence Succession, 32 Superego, 172–173, 261–262 Suprasystems, 37, 37f, 38f Surplus repression, 188 Sustaining system, 142–143, 142f Symbiotic independence, 33 Symbolic interaction, 297–321 application of, 313–316, 315f, 317t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 314–316 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors in, 316 Blumer’s contributions to, 304–305 Chicago school and, 299–303, 304 contemporary issues in, 313 Cooley’s contributions to, 300–301 critical analysis of, 316–318 dramaturgical approach to, 305–307 empirical support for, 320–321 Goffman’s contributions to, 305–307 helping situation and, 314 historical context for, 298 Iowa school of, 305 key concepts of, 298–299 Kuhn’s contributions to, 305 labeling theory and, 309 Mead’s contributions to, 301–303 methodological issues and, 320–321 philosophical underpinnings of, 319–320 principles of, 299 reference groups and, 310 relevance of, 318 role theory and, 309–310 self-presentation and, 306 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 316–318 socialization, 310–311 Stone’s contributions to, 307–308 values and ethics and, 318–319 vs psychoanalytic theory, 303 Sympathetic introspection, 304 Synergy, 39 Systems boundaries of, 39 definition of, 35 energic cycle in, 40–41 feedback in, 40–41 focal, 37–38, 37f, 38f functions of, 31 hierarchy of, 36–37, 36t open, 39–41 subsystems and, 37 suprasystems and, 38 Systems theories, 18, 25–58 applications of, 29t, 47–52, 50f, 51f, 53t–54t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 49–52 biological/psychological/spiritual factors and, 52–54 contemporary issues in, 46–47 critical analysis of, 52–55 deep ecology and, 27, 28, 43–45, 52–54, 54t, 57 dynamic, 27–28, 35–43, 51f, 53t, 58 ecofeminism and, 27, 28, 45–46, 49–50, 54t, 57 ecological, 32–35, 53t empirical support for, 57–58 family, 58 focus of, 28 helping situation in, 48–49 historical context for, 26–28 key concepts of, 28 levels of application of, 28, 29t methodological issues and, 57–58 philosophical underpinnings of, 57 relevance of, 55 social/cultural/economic factors and, 54–55 structural functionalism and, 28–31, 48, 49, 50f, 53t usefulness of, 41–42 values and, 55–56 T T’ai Chi symbol, 41, 41f Task roles, 310 Temporary marginality, 153 Thanatos, 176 Theoretical dogmatism, 410 Theories See also specific types appeal for acceptance of, 22 application of, 409–429 See also Theory application in assimilation/acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories, 161 characteristics of, 6–7 critical analysis of, 16–22 cumulative nature of, empirical support for, 20–22 environment-focused, 415–419 fields of practice and, 418–419, 419t future possibilities and challenges for, 428–429 great ideas, 419–423 heuristic, 22 ideology and, 8–10, 9f integration of, 423–428 macro-level, 4–6, 15t, 16 meso-level, 4–6, 15t meta, 47 methodological assumptions behind, 20 micro-level, 4–6, 15t person-focused, 412–415 philosophical underpinnings of, 19–20 practice applications of, 14–16, 15t relevance of, 17, 418–419, 419t selection of, 410–411 See also Theory application social construction of, values and, 17–19 Theory application, 409–429 alternative approaches to, 410–411 critically reflective approach to, 411–412 for environment-focused theories, 415–419, 425–427 person-environment relation and, 411–412 for person-focused theories, 412–415, 424–425 for persons with disabilities, 423–428 practice application and, 410 theory integration in, 423–428 Third wave feminism, 109 Topographic models of psyche, 384–385, 385f Total institutions, 306 Traditional adaptation, 148, 148f Transculturality, 155–157, 156f Transegoic development, 379, 382, 386, 392f, 395–396 Transference, 176 Transformation, 390 Transgendered persons definition of, 93, 236, 237 empowerment of, 89–93 identity development in, 243–247 www.downloadslide.net Subject Index Transgenderist, 237 Transitional adaptation, 148f, 152–154 Transitions, developmental, 219–220, 220f Transitivity, 266 Translation, 390–391 Transpersonal theories, 377–408 applications of, 399–402, 400f, 403t assessment, practice strategies, and methods and, 399–402 biological, psychological, and spiritual factors and, 402–404 contemporary issues in, 398–399 critical analysis of, 402–405 empirical support for, 407 existentialist, 382–384 fourth force of, 378 helping situation in, 399 historical context for, 378–379 holotropic, 386–388 key concepts of, 379–380 Maslow’s self-actualization/selftranscendence theory, 380–382 methodological issues and, 407 philosophical underpinnings of, 406–407 psychodynamic, 384–386 relevance of, 405 social, cultural, and economic forces and, 404–405 state of consciousness, 379–380 systems levels in, 416t values and ethics and, 405–406 Wilber’s spectrum model of human development, 388–396 Transpersonal theory, 377–408 Transsexual persons See Transgendered persons Transvestites, 237 True Self, 44 Trust vs mistrust, 214, 217f Twenty Statements Test, 305 Typification, 326 U Unconditioned stimulus/response, 347, 357f Unconscious conflict, 353 Unconscious mind, 171–172, 167f collective, 385, 386f higher, 386, 386f lower, 385–386, 386f middle, 385, 386f personal, 385, 385f Unitive consciousness, 382 Universal commodity structure, 66 Utopias, 66 V Values and ethics, 17–19 assimilation/acculturation/bicultural socialization/ethnic minority identity theories and, 166–167 behaviorism and, 372–373 cognitive development theories and, 292–293 conflict theories and, 81–82 empowerment theories and, 104–105 exchange theory and, 372–373 feminist theory, 131 life span development theories and, 255–256 moral development theories and, 292–293 phenomenology, social constructionism, and hermeneutics and, 341–342 491 psychodynamic theories and, 196–197 social learning theory and, 372–373 in structural functionalism, 29 symbolic interaction and, 318–319 systems theory and, 55–56 transpersonal theories and, 405–406 Variable interval schedules, 350 Variable ratio schedules, 350 Vicarious learning, 351f, 355 Vision-logic stage of development, 392f, 394–395 W Wilber’s spectrum model of human development key concepts of, 388–391 levels of consciousness and, 388–391 stages of development and, 391–396, 392f Women See also Gender discrimination against, 89 feminism and See Feminism Freud’s view of, 184–185 life span development of, 228–231 masculine, 237 sexual orientation of, 236–237 See also Lesbians shame in, 231–236, 233f Women of color feminism, 112t, 113 Worldcentrism, 404 Y Yin-yang theory, 41f, 42, 48 Youth, 215, 226, 254, 399 See also Children; Development, positive youth .. .Contemporary Human Behavior Theory A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL WORK This page intentionally left blank Third Edition Contemporary Human Behavior Theory A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL. .. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Susan P Contemporary human behavior theory. .. understanding human behavior We have chosen a multidisciplinary theoretical approach that incorporates relevant theory from a variety of social and human science disciplines that have traditionally