Chapter One Introduction to Organizational Behavior McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Learning Objectives • Provide an overview of major challenges and the paradigm shift facing management • Outline an organizational behavior perspective • Summarize the Hawthorne studies, a starting point of modern organizational behavior • Explain methodology used to accumulate knowledge and facilitate understanding • Relate the various theoretical framework that serves as a foundation • Present the social cognitive model, serves as a conceptual framework Introduction • Competitive advantage of an organization today is represented by: – Human resource of an organization and how they are managed – Widely recognized as human capital, social capital and positive psychological capital Challenges Facing Management • Problems facing managers of human organization have not changed over the ages – Emphasis and surrounding environmental context has changed – 21st-century environment requires new thinking and new ways of managing – This environment represents disruptive and discontinuous change – It represents a new paradigm, a new way of thinking about the workplace Undergoing a Paradigm Shift • Paradigm, establishes rules, defines boundaries, and tells one how to behave within these boundaries to be successful – Paradigm shifts have invalidated advantages of certain firms and created new opportunities for others – Paradigm effect, not seeing the change occurring • There is considerable resistance to change • There is a discontinuous change in the shift to the new paradigm New Perspective for Management • Management has three major dimensions: – Technical, conceptual, and human • New perspective is based on the assumption: – Employees are extremely complex – There is a need for theoretical understanding backed by rigorous empirical research • Jeff Pfeffer has summarized the status of the organizational behavior approach as: – “One-eighth” situation – “The Knowing-Doing Gap” Hawthorne Studies • Provided historical roots for the notion of a social organization – The illumination studies: A serendipitous discovery – Subsequent phases of the Hawthorne studies – Implications of the Hawthorne studies • Hawthorne effect Research Methodology • Overall scientific perspective – Organizational behavior principles can be provided for the effective management of human behavior in organizations • Starting with theory – Theories allow the researcher to deduce logical propositions or hypotheses that can be tested by acceptable research designs Research Methodology Continued Research Methodology Continued • Use of research designs – Three designs most often used today are the experiment, the case, and the survey • Validity of studies – Study must have both internal validity and external validity in order to make a meaningful contribution to the body of knowledge Defining Organization Behavior • The understanding, prediction, and management of human behavior in organizations – Relationship to other fields • All managers need to have an understanding and perspective of organizational behavior – Organizational behavioral approach to management • The human side of management Defining Organizational Behavior Continued Theoretical Frameworks • Cognitive Framework – Precede behavior and constitute input into the person’s thinking, perception, problem solving, and information processing • Behavioristic Framework – Dealing with observable behaviors • Social Cognitive Framework – Behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants Social Cognitive Framework Continued Social Cognitive Framework Continued Conceptual Framework for the Text Questions ... organizational behavior – Organizational behavioral approach to management • The human side of management Defining Organizational Behavior Continued Theoretical Frameworks • Cognitive Framework – Precede behavior. .. paradigm shift facing management • Outline an organizational behavior perspective • Summarize the Hawthorne studies, a starting point of modern organizational behavior • Explain methodology used to... • Behavioristic Framework – Dealing with observable behaviors • Social Cognitive Framework – Behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral,