Public Libraries in the Smart City Dale Leorke Danielle Wyatt Public Libraries in the Smart City Dale Leorke · Danielle Wyatt Public Libraries in the Smart City Dale Leorke Tampere University Tampere, Finland Danielle Wyatt University of Melbourne Balaclava, Melbourne, VIC, Australia ISBN 978-981-13-2804-6 ISBN 978-981-13-2805-3  (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2805-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956731 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: © Melisa Hasan This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Acknowledgements This book is the culmination of over two years of collaboration between us encompassing research, writing, interviews, and countless visits to public libraries It began with a conversation about how strongly libraries seemed to be aligning themselves with wider visions of urban redevelopment and economic prosperity, and how little this had been addressed in the scholarly literature Our observations evolved into a public seminar, a few conference papers, two research grants, a co-authored article, and a white paper When we realised we had more to say on this topic, we embarked upon this book We would like to begin by thanking the two people who shepherded this project from its inception: Audrey Yue, for her early encouragement and pilot funding support; and Scott McQuire, for his always incisive guidance, feedback, and input on the subsequent publications we produced together We also extend our deep gratitude to the librarians, library managers, policymakers, and library users we interviewed for this project and thank them for their thoughtful, honest, and enlightening responses to our questions Finally, we would like to thank the colleagues and friends who provided advice, ideas, or timely direction along the way: David Bissell, Rachael Cilauro, Steph Hannon, Esther Hitchen, Rimi Khan, Ben Nicoll, and Nikos Papastergiadis v Contents Introduction: More Than Just a Library Beacons of the Smart City 13 Mixed Metaphors: Between the Head and the Heart of the City 57 Metrics, Metrocentricity, and Governance Models: The Uneven Transformation of Libraries 95 Coda: Library Futures 117 Appendices 123 Index 131 vii List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5 Fig. 2.6 Fig. 2.7 Fig. 2.8 Interior of the Geelong Library and Heritage Centre Photograph by John Gollings, used with permission 19 The ‘Share’ Space at library@orchard in Singapore Photograph by Dale Leorke 20 One of the Singapore’s sophisticated movement-tracking sensors, in situ at Sengkang Public Library Photograph by Dale Leorke 29 The AutoSorter book-sorting technology on display at the entrance to Bukit Panjang Public Library, Singapore Photograph by Dale Leorke 30 A screen capture of the Unstacked web interface Image copyright Elisa Lee and Adam Hinshaw, used with permission Unstacked is the result of the inaugural DX Lab Fellowship, supported through a gift to the State Library of NSW Foundation—a not-for-profit organisation which supports key Library fellowships, innovative exhibitions, and landmark acquisitions 31 SLQ Unstacked at the Knowledge Walk, State Library of Queensland Photograph by Lance Scafe-Elliott, used with permission 32 Interior of the library@orchard in Singapore Photograph by Dale Leorke 37 The curved shelving design at the library@orchard Photograph by Dale Leorke 38 ix x    List of Figures Fig. 2.9 Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.4 Fig. 3.5 Fig. 3.6 Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 The NLB’s new-look book display, located at Sengkang Public Library, which emphasises the integration of physical and digital content Photograph by Dale Leorke 39 Exterior of the Geelong Regional Library & Heritage Centre Photograph by Edward Blake, used under CC-BY licence 58 The children and families’ space in the GLHC Photograph by John Gollings, used with permission 63 Interior of the GLHC Photograph by John Gollings, used with permission 64 Exterior of the now-closed North Fitzroy Library in Melbourne Photograph by Dale Leorke 74 Exterior of the Bargoonga Nganjin North Fitzroy Library, opened in April 2017 Photograph supplied by City of Yarra, used with permission 75 Exterior of the State Library Victoria in Melbourne Photograph supplied by State Library Victoria, used with permission 77 Artists’ impression of the new Information Centre on the ground floor of the State Library Victoria Photograph copyright Development Victoria, supplied by State Library Victoria and used with permission 78 Artists’ impression of the Start Space mezzanine in the State Library Victoria Photograph copyright Development Victoria, supplied by State Library Victoria and used with permission 80 The City of Melbourne’s Service Performance Indicators for its libraries The four indicators—utilisation, resource standard, service cost, and participation—are the only ones requested by the State Government (Source City of Melbourne 2017: 129) 100 One of the Toronto Public Library Board’s Key Indicators for its libraries in 2016 (Source Toronto Public Library 2016: 1) 104 List of Tables Table 2.1 Table 2.2 A taxonomy of the technologies underpinning the smart city model A taxonomy of the ‘smart city’ technologies now being deployed in public libraries 26 33 xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction: More Than Just a Library Abstract  This chapter introduces the key argument of this book, which concerns the role of public libraries within the smart city We argue that the expansion of the library into other sectors of social and cultural life is connected to the economic development strategies of the cities in which they are built As we outline, this is becoming particularly apparent in ‘smart city’ visions, made possible by the ubiquity of networked technologies, which numerous cities are adopting to position themselves as efficient, innovative, and liveable The chapter situates this trend within broader contemporary debates about the library’s social and cultural significance, and provides an outline of the structure of the book Keywords  Digitisation · Public libraries · Smart cities Frank (Frank Langella) is the ageing protagonist of Jake Schrier’s 2012 film, Robot & Frank Suffering from dementia in a time marginally ahead of our own, he is being cared for by a domestic robot His friend, Jennifer (Susan Sarandon), works at the local library Early in the film, Frank visits the library to return some books This vaguely Carnegie-style building looks familiar to us, a comfortable, shabby space where Jennifer duct-tapes the spines of some well-worn books on dusty wooden shelves The only incongruous feature here is Mr Darcy, a book-sorting robot, who, according to Jennifer, ‘does all the real work anyway’ Hunting down a book for Frank, Jennifer explains that she won’t be duct-taping © The Author(s) 2019 D Leorke and D Wyatt, Public Libraries in the Smart City, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2805-3_1 120  D LEORKE AND D WYATT and a whole bunch of chess sets and stuff, and I’m thinking, “Hang on It’s the one space where I know, hopefully, I can be quiet, and it’s not happening.” (Elizabeth) I first went to the State Library in 1974 on a school excursion […] I have used the State Library on and off to study and research during my years at high school, and university It has become a place where I have grown up and visit it whenever I have an opportunity to so (Anonymous survey respondent, 2017) State Library Victoria, it should be noted, serves an almost unique function in Melbourne, given its historical and architectural significance and its broader remit than a typical suburban or inner city library (see Chapter 3) Yet it is notable that new technologies and digital media are peripheral to many of the users of Australia’s oldest and most visited public library in our sample Most use the State Library to escape from the distractions of these technologies Importantly, they are less invested in it as a ‘third place’ of sociality and comfort, than as a space of learning, reflection, and memory Surrounded by lofty architecture and the gravitas of the book, they can concentrate and adopt a persona of scholarliness in continuity with a long scholarly tradition This atmosphere is as important to their creative and intellectual endeavours as the State Library’s vast and rare collections These observations might be dismissed as the preferences of a scholarly elite—students and researchers using a distinguished reference library for the express purpose of academic study But their experiences also convey something about the more generic condition of what it means to live in a digitally networked, increasingly entrepreneurial culture, in which connectivity is continuous, work is precarious, and the grounds of public life are fragmented and unstable It is not simply that these users value the library as a space to study and research They value it as a space to disconnect—both from ubiquitous technology and from the distractions of the world outside This is not just because technology is alienating or because they are nostalgic for a more bounded, stable past Rather, their attraction to the library is about seeking temporary respite from too much connectivity, from the pressures and compulsions that being connected produces A ‘computer is just a distraction’ (Martin interview transcript, 2017) and many preferred to use a notepad and pen or simply escape from the bustle of the city surrounding them (see Leorke et al 2018: 18) 5  CODA: LIBRARY FUTURES  121 Libraries might productively adapt to digital technologies to pursue the goals and ambitions of the smart city But they mature as institutions when they respond to both the positive and negative impacts of technologies in a digital culture In a digital culture, people no doubt seek spaces for disconnection and quiet contemplation as much as they seek 24-hour access to information and free Wi-fi The library that recognises this is, surely, an institution contributing to a deeper, less instrumental embodiment of the smart city Connectivity in a digital culture relates not only to lateral connections between people, and between people and information, organisations, institutions, products, and platforms Connectivity is also articulated through time The users in our study valued the library as a way to connect to the past, to their personal memories, but also to situate themselves within a shared, public history Temporal connection sustains personal and collective narratives It also sustains a more nuanced, critical perspective on the pressures and imperatives of our contemporary cultural moment Critical accounts of the smart city point out that, like the creative city and the knowledge economy, these visions are partial, often failing to find value in the full variety and complexity of urban experience (Greenfield 2013; Mattern 2016) As a proleptic urban vision, the smart city conscripts people into a highly prescribed, already authored version of the future Libraries should not be tied to this future; they offer a pathway beyond it As our fieldwork and research have illustrated, libraries are unique in their adaptability to social and cultural changes ‘on the ground’, and in their versatility around multiple, even competing functions and roles They are institutions that have demonstrated their capacity to both customise their service to the particular needs of their locality or community, and to reinvent themselves as technologies, tastes and cultural practices change If we invest in libraries and recognise their value, their future is, at least partially, unimaginable This is because, like the need for disconnection in a hyper-connected world, or the need for connection to a shared past in a relentlessly future-oriented society, the social and cultural impacts of technological and economic change are difficult to anticipate In this sense, rethinking the library as a necessary institution of a digital culture rather than an instrument of the smart city offers a counter-narrative to the powerful dictates driving much of the discourse, design, and development of public libraries today 122  D LEORKE AND D WYATT References Greenfield, A (2013) Against the Smart City London: Do Projects Leorke, D., Wyatt, D., & McQuire, S (2018) A Library in Transition: State Library Victoria’s Redevelopment Melbourne: Research Unit in Public Cultures Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180925120156/https:// arts.unimelb.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0010/2872126/a-libraryin-transition-report.pdf Mattern, S (2016, April) Instrumental City: The View from Hudson Yards, Circa 2019 Places Journal https://web.archive.org/web/20180805032953/ https://placesjournal.org/article/instrumental-city-newyork-hudson-yards/ Peet, L (2016, October 12) Nicholas Carr: The Digital Shift Library Journal Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180810093740/https:// www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=nicholas-carr-the-digital-shift Appendices Appendix A: Interview Methodology This book draws upon interviews with library architects, library managers, library users, and one policymaker These interviews were conducted as part of a broader research project, Public Libraries in the Digital Economy, funded and supported by the Research Unit in Public Cultures at the University of Melbourne We received additional funding from a 2017 Melbourne Engagement Grant (MEGS20170109), and from a consultancy for State Library Queensland in 2015 Professional Interviews Interviews with professional staff were conducted as face-to-face, semi-structured conversations We approached interviewees with a consistent set of questions about how digital technologies and their city’s policies were driving their library’s development and operations But we also allowed interviewees to steer the conversation, raising concerns and issues that were relevant to them This organic structure brought to the surface the everyday experiences of professional library staff, particularly, the kinds of community needs they were observing ‘on the ground’, and the ways they were addressing these We would like to emphasise that these interviews were not analysed to capture the institutional dynamics at each library Rather, they provide snapshots of how the policy settings © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 D Leorke and D Wyatt, Public Libraries in the Smart City, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2805-3 123 124  Appendices shaping each library are experienced and understood by staff with sole or shared responsibility for digital strategy Interviews were audio taped, transcribed by a professional transcriber and then sent to interviewees to edit for accuracy Transcripts were analysed for common, connecting themes, as well as to highlight the individual concerns and observations of each interviewee Where possible, we verified facts and policies mentioned by interviewees through external sources like policy documents and media reports The list below includes the professionals we interviewed for our research Positions listed are accurate at the time the interview was conducted Name and year(s) of interview(s) Position Mavis Bani 2015 Librarian Mick Byrne 2015 Warren Cheetham 2015 Rachael Cilauro 2017/2018 Leo Clayton 2015 Lucy Croft 2017 Cathy Ferencz 2015/2016 Justine Hanna 2016 Justine Hyde 2017 Yi Chin Liau 2017 Peter McMahon 2015 Anita Morris 2016 Institution Torres Shire Council, Ngulaig Meta (Thursday Island) State Library Queensland, Program Co-ordinator The Edge (Brisbane) Co-ordinator, Planning and Townsville City Council, Aitkenvale Library Business Moreland City Council Brunswick and Campbell Turnbull Library and Digital (Melbourne) Services Team Leader City of Gold Coast, Branch Librarian Helensvale Library Architectus Melbourne Interior Designer Executive Manager, Library Services and Customer Experience Acting Kathleen Syme and Literacy and Learning Library Team Leader Director, Library Services and Experience Assistant Director of Technology & Service Innovation Director of Digital Strategy Team Leader Systems & Technology Geelong Regional Libraries Melbourne Library Service State Library Victoria (Melbourne) National Library Board (Singapore) State Library Victoria (Melbourne) Yarra Libraries (Melbourne) Appendices   125 Name and year(s) of interview(s) Position Institution Stephen Sayers 2017 Sarah Slade 2017 Jodi Sneddon 2016 Kate Torney 2017 Rowena Wilmott 2015 Ruth Wilson 2017 Manager, Digital Experiences Head of Digital Engagement & Collection Services Manager Strategy, Principle Planner Chief Executive Officer State Library Victoria (Melbourne) State Library Victoria (Melbourne) Infrastructure Victoria (Melbourne) State Library Victoria (Melbourne) Logan City Council, Logan Central Library Architectus Melbourne Library Technical Services Program Leader Director State Library Victoria User Interviews In addition to professional staff, we also interviewed 10 users (7 women, men) of the State Library Victoria, Melbourne, as part of a research funded through Melbourne University and conducted in partnership with State Library Victoria Interviewees ranged from 20–60 years old Participants were recruited through the email lists of University campuses situated near the Library, a list of previous participants in a research project on international students, posters placed around the Library itself, and flyers distributed to visitors at the Library information desk Participants were offered a small voucher as an incentive Some names have been changed at the request of participants These in-depth interviews were open-ended and semi-structured using similar methods to the interviews above We aimed to understand how people used the Library and how this use contributed to their broader lives and ambitions We did not aim to capture a representative sample of users, but rather to focus on the diverse ways the State Library figures in the everyday lives of people from its core set of users—students, academics, and everyday visitors to the Library For the full findings of these interviews, see our report A Library in Transition (Leorke et al 2018) 126  Appendices Reference Leorke, D., Wyatt, D., & McQuire, S (2018) A Library in Transition: State Library Victoria’s Redevelopment Melbourne: Research Unit in Public Cultures Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180925120156/https://arts unimelb.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0010/2872126/a-library-in-transitionreport.pdf Appendix B: Summary of Key Library Redevelopments in Melbourne, 2013–2020 Name, location, and year of development Melton Library and Learning Hub City of Melton (outer west) Opened 2013 Details • 3500 m2 over two levels • Combines library with community meeting spaces and maternal and child health centre Dandenong Library and • Area unknown, three Civic Centre levels City of Greater Dandenong • Combines library with (outer south-east) council’s service desk and Opened 2014 administration offices • Adjoining Harmony Square public space with large outdoor screen Realm (Ringwood) • 3500 m2 over three levels Maroondah City Council • Combines library with (outer east) Council Customer Service Opened 2015 Centre, Centre for Regional Knowledge and Innovation, Artspace and café • Adjoining Ringwood Town Square precinct Bargoonga Nganjin North • 2040 m2 over three levels Fitzroy Library • Combines library with Yarra City Council (inner maternal and child health north) centre, council service desk, community meeting rooms, and rooftop terrace Funding Cost: AU$20m (US$14.6m/€12.8m) Source federal/state/local Cost: AU$65m (US$47.5m/€41.6m) Source state/local, part of larger redevelopment of city centre precinct AU$24m (US$17.5m/€12.8m) Source mixed private and public (federal/state/ local), part of larger AU$665m Eastland redevelopment AU$17m (US$12.4 m/€10.9 m) Source state/local Appendices   127 Name, location, and year of development Details Funding Bunjil Place (Narre Warren) City of Casey (outer south-east) Opened 2017 • Approx 6000 m2 over three levels (library) • Combines library with gallery, two theatres, and outdoor plaza • Library features outdoor reading garden, amphitheatre, children’s and youth zones • Area unknown, two levels • Renovation and relocation of existing library to new location • Area unknown, three levels • Third ‘Hume Global Learning Centre’, following one in Broadmeadows (2003) and Craigieburn (2012) • Combines library with council service desk, gallery, museum, and coworking space • 2640 m2 proposed over two levels • Combines library with gallery, theatrette, maternal and child health centre, and café • Design to be determined • Combines library with childcare centre and kindergarten, neighbourhood learning centre, maternal and child health centre, and community meeting rooms AU$125m (US$91.3m/€80m) Source federal/local, cost includes entire complex Balwyn Library City of Boroondara (inner east) Opened 2018 Hume Global Learning Centre Sunbury Hume City Council (outer north-west) Due to open 2019 Ivanhoe Library and Cultural Hub Banyule City Council (inner north-east) Due to open 2020 Wheatsheaf Community Hub (Glenroy) Moreland City Council (inner north) Proposed, funding pending AU$8.9m (US$6.5m/€5.7m) Source local AU$19m (US$13.9m/€12.2m) Source state/local AU$24m (US$17.5m/€15.4m) Source state/local, part of larger Ivanhoe Civic Precinct redevelopment AU$24.5m Source federal/state/local (pending agreement) 128  Appendices References N.B References are listed chronologically in order of library redevelopment Melton Library and Learning Hub City of Melton (n.d.) Melton Library and Learning Hub Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20180812090914/https://www.melton.vic.gov.au/Council/Major-Projects/Completed-works-projects/ Melton-Library-and-Learning-Hub Dandenong Library and Civic Centre Barber, D (2014, Feburary 28) New Greater Dandenong Council Tech-savvy $65m Civic Centre to Open on March 17 Herald Sun Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20170519190706/ https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/south-east/new-greater-dandenong-council-techsavvy-65m-civic-centr e-to-open-on-mar ch-17/ news-story/5dfbf8c787d88f1df9b4dc75359f9860 Realm Maroondah City Council (n.d.) Realm Retrieved from https://web.archive org/web/20170625023401/http://www.maroondah.vic.gov.au/Realm.aspx Bargoonga Nganjin North Fitzroy Library Yarra City Council (2017) Bargoonga Nganjin North Fitzroy Library Opens https://web.archive.org/web/20180325025700/https://library yar racity.vic.gov.au/news/2017/04/09/bargoonga-nganjin-nor thfitzroy-library-opens Bunjil Place City of Casey (n.d.) Discover Bunjil Place https://web.archive.org/ web/20180812135259/https://www.casey.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/ council/employment/current-vacancies/discover-bunjil-place.pdf Balwyn Library City of Boroondara (n.d.) Balwyn Library Redevelopment https://web archive.org/web/20180812111246/https://www.boroondara.vic.gov.au/ about-council/projects-and-major-works/balwyn-library-redevelopment Hume Global Learning Centres Coslovich, G (2006, October 21) Reinventing Broadmeadows The Age https://web.archive.org/web/20180812145125/https://www.theage.com.au/ technology/reinventing-broadmeadows-20061021-ge3e0s.html Appendices   129 Hume City Council (2017) Hume Global Learning Centre—Sunbury https://web.archive.org/web/20180812145041/https://www.hume vic.gov.au/Libraries_Learning/Learning_amp_Community_Facilities/ Hume_Global_Learning_Centres/Hume_Global_Learning_Centre_-_ Sunbury Ivanhoe Library & Cultural Hub Shaping Banyule (n.d.) Ivanhoe Library & Cultural Hub https://web archive.org/web/20180812141058/https://shaping.banyule.vic.gov.au/ ivanhoelibrary Wheatsheaf Community Hub Moreland City Council (2018) Give Glenroy a Go https://web.archive org/web/20180812152510/http://www.moreland.vic.gov.au/about-us/ have-your-say/consultations/give-glenroy-a-go/ Index A Adelaide City Library, 43 Aitkenvale Library, 67 Alexandria Co-working Network, 43 Alsop & Störmer, 18 Amazon (company), 16, 39 American Libraries, 16 Amin, Ash, 22, 27 Apple, 16 Architectus, 76 Arizona State University (ASU), 43 ARM Architecture, 58, 65 Audunson, Ragnar, 4, 59, 83, 84 Australian Academic and Research Network (AARNet), 64 Australian Centre for the Moving Image, 79 Australian Public Library Alliance (APLA), 102–104 Automation and book-sorting, 1, 30 and employment, 44 AutoSorter, 28, 30 B Bargoonga Nganjin North Fitzroy Library, 73, 75, 108 BBC, 112 Bedok Public Library, 40 Beer, David, 97 Bertot, John Carlo, 71, 109 Biblioteca José Vasconcelos, 18 Biblioteca Parque España, 6, 18 Big data, 25, 69, 99 Bilandzic, Mark, 66, 83, 85, 86, 89 Billington, James, 59, 84 Black, Alistair, Black Diamond Library, 18 Boyd Community Hub, 73, 80, 81 British Library, 98 Brunswick Library, 85 Bukit Merah Public Library, 40 Bukit Panjang Public Library, 28, 40, 41 C Canada Water Library, 18 Carnegie library, 2, 21 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 D Leorke and D Wyatt, Public Libraries in the Smart City, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2805-3 131 132  Index Carr, Nicholas, 16, 119 Central Public Library (Singapore), 38 Cheetham, Warren, 67, 68 Christian, Christine, 79 Cisco, 25 City of Greater Geelong, 33, 62, 70, 102, 111, 112 City of Melbourne, 72, 73, 80–82, 100 City of Phoenix, 43 City of Westminster, 43 Clare Design, 82 Community infrastructure, 35, 81, 107, 109 Coworking spaces, 6, 43, 45, 79, 83 CP1 Ltd, 38 Creative cities and gentrification, 23 and urban planning, 27 critiques of, 9, 28 Creative city See Creative cities Creative class, 23 Creative industries, 60, 72, 79, 81, 102, 108, 112 Croft, Lucy, 76 Crowdfunding, 23 Cultural infrastructure, 8, 79, 102 D Dallas Public Library, 43 Data and metrics, 99 and privacy, 34 and smart cities, 45 Dewey decimal system, 29 Digital-by-default, 3, 45, 62, 70, 96, 109 Digital divide, 3, 7, 24, 32, 62, 70 Digital inclusion, 44, 70, 102, 112 Digital literacy, 6, 7, 24, 63, 69, 76 Dokk1, 32 Doyle, Robert, 73 Dudley, Michael, 4, 15 E eBook readers See eBooks eBooks, 16, 42, 102 Edwards, Brian, 86 e-government, 34, 62, 70, 71, 109 Enterprise Geelong, 65 Entrepreneurship, 7, 24 F Ferencz, Cathy, 62–65, 69–71, 85, 102, 105 Florida, Richard, 23, 60 Forbes, 35 Forkert, Kirsten, 15, 16 Foth, Marcus, 66, 83–86 G Gardner, Laurinda, 112 Geelong Library and Heritage Centre, 19, 32, 57, 61, 81, 88, 99, 107 Geelong Regional Libraries, 57, 102 Geylang East Public Library, 41 Gig economy, 23, 25 Global cities, 18, 22 Global city See Global cities Global financial crisis, 15, 24 Global Positioning System (GPS), 25 Goad, Philip, 82 Google, 16 Greater Melbourne Area, 73 Greenfield, Adam, 9, 25, 27, 28, 69, 107, 121 Gwee, June, 35, 36, 38 Index H Habermas, Jürgen, 84 Hanna, Justine, 80, 86, 87 Heartbeat@Bedok, 40 Hinshaw, Adam, 30, 31, 33 Hjørring Centre, 18 Humby, Clive, 45 Hyde, Justine, 47, 76 I IBM, 25 Ibrahim, Yaacob, 42 Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA), 41, 42 Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), 70 Infrastructure Victoria, 106, 107 Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), 97, 98 Intel (company), 25 Internet of Things (IoT), 25, 26, 33 Ito, Toyo, 18 J Jacobs, Jane, 27 Jaeger, Paul T., 5, 15, 70, 109 Jurong Regional Library, 41, 85 K Kalach, Alberto, 18 Kathleen Syme Library and Community Centre, 73, 80 Knowledge economy, 5, 25, 27, 35, 58, 61, 62, 65, 73, 88, 117 Knowledge workers, 22, 25, 27, 44, 45, 62 Koolhaas, Rem, 18 KPMG, 108   133 L Lance, Keith Curry, 97 Langella, Frank, Larsen, Henning, 18 Lee, Elisa, 30, 31, 33 LEGO, 64 Lend Lease (company), 81, 108 Liau, Yi Chin, 40, 42, 124 Library at the Dock, 73, 80–83, 88, 107, 108 library@chinatown, 37 library@esplanade, 6, 18, 37, 85 Library(ies) See Public libraries Library of Birmingham, 111 Library of Congress, 58 library@orchard, 18, 19, 35–38, 41 Library 2.0, 17 Lidar, 34 Logan Central Library, 85 Lumb, David, 112 Lyons, Darren, 59 Lyons, Ray, 97 M Makerspaces, 6, 7, 45, 61, 85 Makey Makeys, 64 Malmö Public Library, 18 Mattern, Shannon, 3, 15, 20–22, 27, 60, 66, 87, 109, 112 Mazzanti, Giancarlo, 18 McCabe, Ronald, 59 McDougal, Ian, 65, 67, 83 McQuire, Scott, 26, 43, 86, 118 Metrics, 29, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 109 Mickiewicz, Paulina, 5, 18, 83 MIT Technology Review, 14 Morris, Anita, 101, 124 Moshe Safdie & Da Architects, 18 134  Index N National Library Board (NLB) (Singapore), 8, 10, 29, 35 National Library of Australia, 98, 99 National Library (Singapore), New Space Architect, 19 Ngulaig Meta Municipal Library, 85 NLB Mobile app, 39 North Fitzroy Library, 73, 74, 108 and third space, 83, 84 and universal access, 59 and urban policy, 13, 20, 110 Public Libraries News, 16 Public library See Public libraries Public sphere, 58, 60, 117 O Oculus Rift, 64 Oldenburg, Ray, 4, 83 Oodi, 32 Open data, 26, 34 O’Reilly, Tim, 17 R Radio frequency identification (RFID), 25, 29, 108 Regus (company), 41 Robot & Frank, 1–3, 29 Rolex Learning Centre (Lausanne), Rose, Nikolas, 87 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), 76 P Palfrey, John, 7, 17 Palomar, Juan, 18 Peckham Public Library, 6, 18 Pepper, Simon, 3, 7, 59, 84, 85 Phoenix State Library, 43 Picon, Antoine, 23, 27, 28, 71 Places Victoria, 81 Precariat class, 25 Prince-Ramus, Joshua, 18 Public libraries and assessment, 97 and digitisation, 46 and entrepreneurialism, 120 and evaluation See Public libraries, and assessment and interior design, and literacy, 21, 101 and neoliberalism, 16 and obsolescence, 96 and privatisation, 15 and public sphere, 3, 84 and social interaction, 86 S Sammons Enterprises Inc., 43 Sarandon, Susan, Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects, 18, 76 Schrier, Jake, Seattle Central Library, 6, 18 Sello Library, 18 Seng, Siow Shong, 42 Sengkang Public Library, 29, 39, 40 SGS Economics & Planning, 107 Share economy See Gig economy Shaw, Kate, 72 Shepard, Mark, 28, 69, 71 Siong, Neo Boon, 35, 36, 38 Sitterwerk Kunstbibliothek, 29 Smart cities and data, 45 and efficiency, 71 and neoliberalism, 110 critiques of, Smart city See Smart cities Smart Nation (Singapore), 34, 41 Index Smartphone, 31, 34, 39, 44, 63, 70 Sneddon, Jodi, 106, 125 Squishy Circuits, 64 Startup, 2, 23 State Government Victoria, 70, 74, 102, 110 State Library of New South Wales, 30, 43 State Library of Queensland, 31, 32, 43, 85, 103 State Library of Western Australia, 43 State Library Victoria, 43, 58, 68, 74, 76–80, 85, 87, 102, 108, 110, 118, 120, 125 Strong, Jeremy, Swaffield, Laura, 16 T Tallinn City Council, 33, 103 Tama Art University Library, 18 Tampines Regional Library, 40, 41 Tao Payoh Public Library, 41 Telework See Teleworking Teleworking, 23 Telstra, 63 Terranova, Tiziana, 23 Third place, 4, 61, 83, 84, 86, 87, 120 3D printing, 41, 43, 64, 96 Torney, Kate, 68, 69, 80, 125 Toronto Public Library, 43, 103, 104 Tuan, Yi-Fu, 87   135 U UNESCO, 23, 72 University of Melbourne, the, 81, 123 Unstacked, 30, 31 Urban regeneration See Urban renewal Urban renewal, 23, 24, 73, 95, 108, 110, 111 V Vancouver Public Library Central Branch, 18 Virtual reality (VR), 18, 42, 64, 101 W Web 2.0, 17 Weinberger, David, 6, 66, 87 WiFi, 4, 70, 84, 99, 118, 121 Wilson, Ruth, 76, 125 Winter, Ian, 82, 87 Woodward, Jeanette, 17 Y Yarra City Council, 73, 74 Yarra Libraries, 101 Yishun Public Library, 40, 42 ... city initiatives and digital strategies We outline the twofold way in which this integration of public libraries into smart city planning is taking place First, through the integration of smart city. .. guide and warning In this chapter, we outline the forces shaping the evolution of the public library today, charting how it has come to be entangled in the smart city The Reinvention of the Contemporary... Geelong to examine how libraries in these cities are being mobilised within particular smart city visions These case studies examine how smart city rhetoric is materialising through these libraries