Digital Libraries and Innovation This page intentionally left blank Digital Libraries and Collections Set coordinated by Fabrice Papy Digital Libraries and Innovation Fabrice Papy Cyril Jakubowicz First published 2017 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Press Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK Elsevier Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB UK www.iste.co.uk www.elsevier.com Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein For information on all our publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ © ISTE Press Ltd 2017 The rights of Fabrice Papy and Cyril Jakubowicz to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-1-78548-223-6 Printed and bound in the UK and US Contents Chapter Digital Building of “Information Society” 1.1 “Information Society” infrastructures 1.2 Improving citizenship through digital technology 1.2.1 Digital libraries and technical fantasy 1.2.2 Availability and access to digital resources 1.2.3 Technological exceptions 1.3 Digital libraries and IR skills 1.4 Digital and information skills 1.5 Individualized paths in digital libraries 12 18 22 23 Chapter Innovations 27 2.1 Digital libraries: a crucible for innovation 2.2 Definitions and typologies of innovation 2.3 The innovation movement regarding library computing 2.4 Innovation regarding library interfaces 2.4.1 Innovation actors in library interfaces 2.4.2 Innovation through usages 2.4.3 Innovation through hybridization 2.4.4 Identity innovation: new features of library interfaces and digital libraries 2.4.5 Meaning innovation 27 31 33 37 38 40 44 46 50 vi Digital Libraries and Innovation 2.4.6 Desirable innovation 2.4.7 Desired innovation 2.4.8 Conviction: intention (motivation) and assiduity 2.4.9 Appropriate innovation 2.4.10 The new industrial revolution 51 52 54 56 61 Chapter Digital Library Collaborations Focused on Technology 67 3.1 Collaborative models inherited from W3C recommendations 3.2 XML technologies and semantic descriptions 3.3 OAI-PMH: unqualified Dublin Core data production and sharing 3.4 Catalog FRBRization: from an obsolete model of collaboration focused on documents to a collaboration model focused on data 67 76 85 92 Chapter Re-engineering Digital Libraries While Focusing on Usages 99 4.1 Possible usages, actual usages 4.2 Web technologies and anthropocentric perspectives 4.2.1 REST 4.2.2 DOM and XSLT 4.2.3 CORS 4.2.4 AJAX 4.3 User experience and cross-cutting Information Retrieval 99 104 105 107 109 111 112 Conclusion 115 Bibliography 135 Index 157 Digital Building of “Information Society” 1.1 “Information Society” infrastructures Approximately two decades – a short time at the level of human societies – were needed so that successive governmental action plans1 could provide substance to a political project regarding the digital evolution of our societies Within a few years, in the most economically and technologically developed countries, the need for an information transformation from human societies to tertiary economies appeared [MAT 07, RIF 05, THE 02, PET 98, MAY 97, HEN 96]: “Organizational changes driven by the implementation of new relationships with information, its processing and dissemination, It was in 1998 that the Programme d’Action Gouvernemental pour la Société de l’Information (PAGSI – Governmental Action Program for the Information Society) was launched by the Comité interministériel pour la Société de l’Information (CISI – Inter-ministerial Committee for Information Society): “The governmental action program entitled ‘Preparing the entry of France in Information Society’ intends to facilitate citizen’s access to administration via the Internet, universalize the online availability of public data, dematerialize administrative procedures, and make administration electronically accessible These guidelines led to a significant development of central administrations, decentralized services and State public institutions websites, as well as numerous initiatives presented on the site of the Programme d’Action Gouvernemental pour la Société de l’Information (PAGSI – Governmental Action Program for the Information Society)” – Circular of October 7, 1999 on the websites of State services and public institutions Digital Libraries and Innovation can be the matrix of new major economic regulations and of the development of a new knowledge economy that needs to be theorized” [PET 98, p 341] Knowledge, its availability and, more generally, the access to reliable and current information in markets, which proves to be of significant advantage for individuals, communities, companies and countries, has become extremely competitive due to economic globalization [DEL 12, BEN 09, UNE 05, UNE 03, OCD 04] Beyond the substitutive dematerialization of the administrative and institutional operating modes and, more generally, of lifestyles, numerous observers saw these transformations as the expression of a new paradigm; that of a “rupture society” [DOU 13, DON 09, BER 08, RIF 05] yet considered by some as utopian: “The first of these phases would be the chaotic phase of innovation gestation, where rhetoric takes the form of a ‘rupture utopia’ Then, an implementation phase would follow, at the end of which the utopian reflection would either be embodied by an experimental project, a ‘utopia-project’, or would fail or refuse to face (technical and social) reality and would thus get lost in a ‘utopia-delusion’” [BER 02, p 6] In light of the most recent digital developments, in the known context of economic globalization, it is more a “suppletive dematerialization”2 that the action plans, focusing on the Information Society Technologies (ISTs)3, sought to address [ASS 07, CER 02] Like the Agence de développement de l’Administration Électronique (ADAE – Electronic Administration Development Agency) created by a Decree in 2003 within the framework of the Electronic Administration 2004/2007 (ADELE) project At the end of its mission in 2007, the ADAE was integrated into the General Directorate for State Modernization (Decree No 2005 of December 30, 2005) The European Parliament and Council of Europe prefer the term Information Society Technologies (ISTs) to the term, more often used, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) Even though they are very synonymous, the term “IST” has the advantage of reflecting the political, economical, social, cultural, etc ambitions assigned to ICTs (see Recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council of December 18, 2006 on the key skills for education and training throughout life Official Journal of the European Union, L394/310 Digital Building of “Information Society” During the Internet emergence period, it was all of the scientific actors and transnational firms that committed to a surprising collaborative dynamics4 who, in tune with achievements and devices leading to the adhesion of millions of Internet users, provided the “high-frequency” rate of digital technological innovations (search engines and directories, social networks, digital documents, broadband, development languages for the Web, etc.) Conversely, preparatory stages for the organizational, administrative and political foundations of an emerging “Information Society” (technical infrastructures, content production, governance of information systems, network security and robustness, legal adaptation and regulation, actor training and skills, data confidentiality, protection of privacy, sustainable development, “digital policy”5, etc.), which were considerably less spectacular, were implemented at a far slower pace, due to the complexity of the architectures to be defined, the infrastructures to be developed, and the social and cultural regulations to be foreseen These tedious stages took place one after the other in the background of the vivid productions of tireless research and development from the economic actors of electronics, IT and telecommunications, whose mediafriendly activities have made the headlines of non-specialized and specialized media6 for many years Free from society, cultural, political and citizen issues with no immediate link to the economy or market shares to be won in an The World Wide Web Consortium, created in 1994, is the main actor of production and distribution of World Web normalized technologies (HTML, XML, CSS, SSL, DOM, RDF, HTTP, SOAP, etc.) The consortium includes, among its 440 members, a large majority of international technological companies (see https://www.w3.org/ Consortium/Member/List, seen on 02/27/2016) The Service d’Enquête des Fraudes aux Technologies de l’Information (SEFTI – Information Technology Fraud Investigation Service) was launched in February 11, 1994 It reports to the Sub-Directorate for Economic and Financial Affairs within the Directorate of the Judicial Police of the Prefecture of Police of Paris The number of pages indexed by Google and Yahoo!, and their technological war (engine vs directory), the RIS IT clusters, fundraising, stock exchange listing, the number of active users on Facebook or Twitter, etc Bibliography 147 [KOS 11] KOSZOWSKA-NOWAKOWSKA P., RENUCCI F., “L’hypertexte: approches expérimentale et 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left blank Index A, B, C acceptability, 22, 28, 49, 105 accessibility, 5, 9, 11, 12 activity, 17, 19–21, 23, 31, 36, 41, 45, 52, 63, 67, 77, 99, 101, 104 AFNOR, 84 AJAX, 12, 68, 73, 111 anthropocentric approach, 20 perspectives, 104 API, 104, 106, 107 approach focused on technology, 20 ARA, 79, 80 artistic creation, 54, 56 availability, 1, 2, 6, 9, 12, 21, 44, 69, 71 benchmarking, 99 blogosphere, 4, BnF, 11, 74, 86, 88–90, 92–94 browser, 57, 68, 74, 96, 111 business model, 28, 32, 34, 54, 56, 57 C-K theory, 53 catalographic data, 93 CDN, 69 citizenship, 5, 9, 96 client-side, 73 cloud computing, 70 CMS, 23, 72, 75 cognitive ergonomics, 35, 41, 48, 49, 99 collaborative models, 67 communities, 2, 7, 8, 64, 85, 89, 100, 114 compliance, 11, 19, 82, 99 computer paradigm, 36 contextualization, 19 CORS, 74, 109, 110 crowdsourcing, 49, 50 CSS, 3, 8, 10, 68, 73, 101, 111 CVD, 91 D, E, F data repositories, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 102, 103, 107 delegation, 10, 14, 72, 96 design thinking, 53 158 Digital Libraries and Innovation digital artifact, 44, 45, 99 collections, 21, 77, 100 divide, 4, 8, 9, 14 environment, 57 innovation, literacy, platforms, 18 skills, 18, 19, 22, 25 world, disintegration, 36, 96 disorientation, 19 disruptive degree, 33 dissatisfaction, 14, 19 DOM, 3, 10, 12, 68, 106–108, 111 dominant design, 35, 37 DTD, 81–84, 113 Dublin Core, 73, 77, 79, 81, 85, 86, 88, 89–91, 101, 113 economic theory of innovation, 28, 37 ergonomics, 16, 44, 48, 49, 55, 57, 85 federated search, 20, 47, 51 focused on technology, 12, 14, 15 FRBR, 92–95 FRBRization, 92, 94 free software, 42, 67 full text, 101 functional interoperability, 16 G, H, I Gallica, 11, 16, 74, 86 globalization, 2, 16 Google Books, 60 governance of information systems, grammar, 78, 82 graphic arts, 55 innovation, 48, 51 theme, 102 harvesting, 70, 72, 79, 103 horizontal innovation, 40, 42, 43, 46, 62 HTML5, 12, 73, 101 hybrid library, 19, 25 hybridization, 44, 46, 55 identity innovation, 40, 46 ILMS, 28, 32–34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 94, 105 incantation, 30 incremental innovation, 33, 35, 37, 40, 43, 52 individualized paths, 23 information culture, 18 retrieval (IR), 18, 22, 112 skills, 18, 22, 102 society technologies, system, 13, 15, 16, 37, 70, 73, 74, 77, 81, 96, 101, 113 innovation actors, 38, 42 design, 31, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 53, 55, 60 through hybridization, 40, 44, 54 through usages, 40 instance, 79–81, 83, 87–89 instrumental approach, 28 intangible capital, 60 interaction, 16, 17, 27, 57, 59, 74, 82, 100 interactivity, 27 IR, 18, 22 IST, Index J, L, M JSON, 68, 74, 111 library computing, 33, 41 interfaces, 27, 28, 33, 36–38, 40, 44, 46, 49–51, 55, 64 lingua franca, 90 linked open data, 91, 113 LOM, 73, 78, 81 meaning innovation, 40, 50 mediation, 20, 25, 49, 50, 64 mental processes, 21 modeling, 14 monitored serendipity, 44, 50, 55 MOOC, 101 O, P, R OAI-PMH, 69, 72, 85–91, 97, 102, 103, 113 online communication service, 10 open collaborative innovation, 42, 62, 63 data, 91–95, 104, 112, 113 source, 33, 34, 36, 37, 62, 73, 85 organizations, 8, 10, 17, 63, 67, 69, 72, 85, 86, 89, 93 OWL, 77 PAGSI, PAN ANT, PHP, 45, 56, 74, 76, 86, 106 physical libraries, 22, 25, 27, 28, 37, 40, 41, 47, 48, 51 point of view, 4, 24, 31, 32, 38, 47, 53, 59, 60, 62–64, 67, 71 process technological innovation, 31 159 product technological innovation, 31 public authorities, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 25, 103 service, 5, 10, 13, 112 radicality degree, 33 realigning, 72 recommendations, 9, 10, 67, 68, 69, 70 RGAA, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17 RSS, 24, 68, 77 S, T, U scientific and technical information, Semantic Web, 93, 100 serendipity, 24, 45, 48 server-side, 73 service provider, 85, 86, 90, 91, 102, 105 singular innovations, 28 social innovation, 32, 49, 64 networks, 3, 4, 7, 17, 19, 24, 42, 49, 50, 85, 100 software firm, 12, 15–17, 25, 35, 85, 101 SPARQL, 104 standard queries, 86, 97 substitutive dematerialization, SUDOC, 16, 17 suppletive dematerialization, technical fantasy, 6, innovations, 47, 48 techno-documentary, 7, 11, 13, 15, 69, 70, 85, 91, 97, 101, 113 160 Digital Libraries and Innovation techno-scientific evolutions, technological feasibility, 112 interoperability, 15, 16, 18, 25, 70, 73 third industrial revolution, 28, 32, 62 triplestore, 73, 101 unequal access, 4, 8, 9, 12 UNIMARC, 91 UNT, 69, 81 upward interoperability, 16 URI, 74, 79 usability, 11, 22, 47, 49, 57, 105 usage, 4, 7, 13, 14, 17, 21, 40–43, 45–47, 80, 91, 93–95, 99, 101, 103, 105 USD, 91 User eXperience, 57, 112 UX, 57 V, W, X virtual networks, 23 VLE, 73 W3, 3, 10, 67, 68, 70, 73, 76, 85, 87–89, 96, 100, 107, 109 WAI, 9, 10 Web 2.0, 4, 27, 28, 75 web services, 93, 106, 110 welfare, 32, 38, 63, 64 work, 18, 20, 21, 33, 40, 41, 45, 52–54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 65, 84, 92–95, 105 World Wide Web Consortium, 3, 7, WYSIWYG, 76 XHTML, 12, 68, 76 XSD, 82, 87, 88, 89, 113 XSLT, 68, 106, 107, 109 XUL, 68 .. .Digital Libraries and Innovation This page intentionally left blank Digital Libraries and Collections Set coordinated by Fabrice Papy Digital Libraries and Innovation Fabrice... hand, their capacity for digital innovation and hinting, on the other hand, at the unavoidable turmoil that such innovations were going to create7 The 1990s and 2000s were years of technical and. .. européen de l’École Doctorale SHS, “Humanités Digitales” (Digital Humanities), University Lille 22 Digital Libraries and Innovation 1.4 Digital and information skills Like general search engines