Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Edited by J.-L Vincent 2008 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2008 Edited by J.-L Vincent With 238 Figures and 90 Tables Prof Jean-Louis Vincent Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Universit´e libre de Bruxelles Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium ISBN 978-3-540-77289-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISSN 0942-5381 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature Typesetting: FotoSatz Pfeifer GmbH, D-82166 Gräfelfing Printing: Stürtz GmbH, D-97080 Würzburg 21/3150 – – Printed on acid-free paper V Table of Contents I Genetic Factors Are Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Important for Critically Ill Patients? C Kirwan, I MacPhee, and B Philips Genetic Susceptibility in ALI/ARDS: What have we Learned? R Cartin-Ceba, M.N Gong, and O Gajic 13 Racial Disparities in Infection and Sepsis: Does Biology Matter? F.B Mayr, S Yende, and D.C Angus 24 II Cardiac Issues B-type Natriuretic Peptide: An Emerging Biomarker in Pediatric Critical Care P.E Oishi, J.-H Hsu, and J.R Fineman 33 Cardiac Dysfunction in Septic Shock I Cinel, R Nanda, and R.P Dellinger 43 The Consequences of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome H Schmidt, U Müller-Werdan, and K Werdan 55 Quantification of Improved Left Ventricular Performance during Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy B Lamia and M.R Pinsky 65 Diastolic Dysfunction and Cardiac Failure in the Intensive Care Unit J Poelaert, E Osipowska, and C Verborgh 76 Pharmacological Support of the Failing Right Ventricle P.F Wouters, S Rex, and C Missant 88 Perioperative Cardioprotection H.-J Priebe 101 III Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improving the Quality of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Care C.J Dine and B.S Abella 113 Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation A Topjian, R.A Berg, and V.M Nadkarni 121 VI Table of Contents Early Cooling in Cardiac Arrest: What is the Evidence? L Hammer, C Adrie, and J.-F Timsit 137 IV Emergencies Management of Severe Accidental Hypothermia G.J Peek, P.R Davis, and J.A Ellerton 147 Initial ICU Management of Skin Sloughing Diseases: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome T.L Palmieri 160 V Poisonings Pathophysiology of Caustic Ingestion M Osman and D.N Granger 171 Extracorporeal Life-Support for Acute Drug-induced Cardiac Toxicity B M´egarbane, N Deye, and F.J Baud 179 VI Acute Respiratory Failure Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation H.S Suri, G Li, and O Gajic 193 Esophagectomy and Acute Lung Injury D.P Park, D Gourevitch, and G.D Perkins 203 Glucocorticoid Treatment in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Friend or Foe? P Pelosi and P.R.M Rocco 214 Regional Lung Function in Critically Ill Neonates: A New Perspective for Electrical Impedance Tomography I Frerichs, J Scholz, and N Weiler 224 Extracorporeal Lung Assist for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Past, Present and Future R Kopp, U Steinseifer, and R Rossaint 235 VII Ventilatory Support Protective Mechanical Ventilation: Lessons Learned from Alveolar Mechanics S Albert, B Kubiak, and G Nieman 245 Mechanical Ventilation for Acute Asthma Exacerbations D De Mendoza, M Lujan, and J Rello 256 Hypercapnia: Permissive, Therapeutic or Not at All? P Hassett, M Contreras, and J.G Laffey 269 The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Hypercapnia T Manca, L.C Welch, and J.I Sznajder 282 High Frequency Oscillation for Acute Respiratory Failure in Adults S.D Mentzelopoulos, C Roussos, and S.G Zakynthinos 290 Table of Contents Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: Promises and Potentials for Concern J Guti´errez Mej´ia, E Fan, and N.D Ferguson 301 Post-operative Non-invasive Ventilation S Jaber, G Chanques, and B Jung 310 VIII Tracheostomy Choice of Tracheostomy Tube: Does One Size Fit All? J Oram and A Bodenham 323 What’s New in Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy? T.A Treschan, B Pannen, and M Beiderlinden 331 IX Infections Novel Therapies in the Prevention of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia P.J Young and M.C Blunt 343 Management of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia M Ferrer, M Valencia, and A Torres 353 Flucytosine Combined with Amphotericin B for Fungal Infections P.H.J van der Voort 365 X Cellular Mechanisms in Sepsis Apoptosis in Critical Illness: A Primer for the Intensivist Z Malam, J.C Marshall 375 Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by Hypoxia and Inflammation in Sepsis: A Putative Role for Hypoxia Inducible Factor T Regueira, S.M Jakob, and S Djafarzadeh 385 Gram-positive and Gram-negative Sepsis: Two Disease Entities? S Leaver, A Burke Gaffney, and T.W Evans 395 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced Sepsis: Role of Nitric Oxide P Enkhbaatar, L Traber, and D Traber 404 XI Sepsis Therapies The Cardiovascular Management of Sepsis B.C Creagh-Brown, J Ball, and M Hamilton 413 Terlipressin in Septic Shock: When and How Much? C Ertmer, A Morelli, and M Westphal 423 Blood Purification Techniques in Sepsis and SIRS P.M Honor´e, O Joannes-Boyau, and B Gressens 434 Glutathione in Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure U Fläring and J Wernerman 444 Selenocompounds and Selenium: A Biochemical Approach to Sepsis X Forceville and P Van Antwerpen 454 VII VIII Table of Contents XII Metabolic Alterations The Role of Hypoxia and Inflammation in the Expression and Regulation of Proteins Regulating Iron Metabolism S Brandt, J Takala, and P.M Lepper 473 Hyperammonemia in the Adult Critical Care Setting K Dams, W Meersseman, and A Wilmer 481 Magnesium in the ICU: Sine qua non F Esen and L Telci 491 Strict Glycemic Control: Not If and When, but Who and How? M.J De Graaff, P.E Spronk, and M.J Schultz 502 Cortisol Metabolism in Inflammation and Sepsis B Venkatesh and J Cohen 514 XIII Fluid Management Assessment of Perioperative Fluid Balance M.T Ganter and C.K Hofer 523 Fluid Resuscitation and Intra-abdominal Hypertension I.E de Laet, J.J De Waele, and M.L.N.G Malbrain 536 XIV Acute Kidney Injury Six Truths about Acute Kidney Injury that the Intensivist should be Aware of E.A.J Hoste 551 Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Acute Kidney Injury R Vaschetto, F.B Plötz, and A.B.J Groeneveld 559 From Hemodynamics to Proteomics: Unraveling the Complexity of Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis M Matejovic, P Radermacher, and V Thongboonkerd 568 XV Hemodynamic Assessment and Management Towards Optimal Central Venous Catheter Tip Position W Schummer, Y Sakr, and C Schummer 581 From Arterial Pressure to Cardiac Output M Cecconi, A Rhodes, and G Della Rocca 591 Hemodynamic Monitoring: Requirements of Less Invasive Intensive Care – Quality And Safety A Vieillard-Baron 602 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring: Toy or Tool? G Marx and T Schuerholz 607 Bioreactance: A New Method for Non-invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring P Squara 619 Goal-directed Hemodynamic Therapy for Surgical Patients P Morgan and A Rhodes 631 Table of Contents XVI Tissue Oxygenation Use of Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation in ICU Patients M Leone, V Blasco, and C Martin 641 Early Optimization of Oxygen Delivery in High-risk Surgery Patients S.M Lobo, E Rezende, and F Suparregui Dias 654 The Influence of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Tissue Oxygenation S Suttner and J Boldt 665 Recent Advancements in Microcirculatory Image Acquisition and Analysis R Bezemer, M Khalilzada, and C Ince 677 The Beneficial Effects of Increasing Blood Viscosity B.Y Salazar V´azquez, P Cabrales, and M Intaglietta 691 XVII Anticoagulants in Organ Failure Protein C and Antithrombin Levels in Surgical and Septic Patients Y Sakr, N.C.M Youssef, and K Reinhart 703 Thrombophilia as a Risk Factor for Outcome in Sepsis J.-J Hofstra, M Schouten, and M Levi 713 The Effects of Activated Protein C on the Septic Endothelium S.E Orfanos, N.A Maniatis, and A Kotanidou 721 Improvement in Hemodynamics by Activated Protein C in Septic Shock X Monnet, H Ksouri, and J.-L Teboul 730 XVIII Acute Bleeding Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage on the Intensive Care Unit S.J Thomson, M.L Cowan, and T.M Rahman 739 Recombinant Activated Factor VII: The Delicate Balance between Efficacy and Safety S B´elisle, J.-F Hardy, and P Van der Linden 751 XIX Hepatic Disease ICU Management of the Liver Transplant Patient G Della Rocca, M.G Costa, and P Chiarandini 763 Liver Support with Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption and Prometheus® K Rifai, C Tetta, and C Ronco 777 Artificial Liver Support: Current Status F Saliba, P Ichaă, and D Samuel 785 XX Neurological Crises Encephalopathy in Sepsis A Polito, S Siami, and T Sharshar 801 IX X Table of Contents Multimodality Monitoring in Patients with Elevated Intracranial Pressure D.B Seder, J.M Schmidt, and S Mayer 811 Managing Critically Ill Patients with Status Epilepticus S Legriel, J.P Bedos, and E Azoulay 822 XXI Analgesia and Sedation Sedation with Inhaled Anesthetics in Intensive Care F.J Belda, M Soro, and A Meiser 839 Sedation or Analgo-sedation in the ICU: A Multimodality Approach F Meurant, A Bodart, and J.P Koch 850 XXII Outcomes Time to Use Computerized Physician Order Entry in all ICUs J Ali and A Vuylsteke 865 Quality of Life in Locked-in Syndrome Survivors M.-A Bruno, F Pellas, and S Laureys 881 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Survivors J Griffiths, A.M Hull, and B.H Cuthbertson 891 Subject Index 907 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Survivors 901 the accident is a more reliable predictor than asking about their pre-trauma psychiatric history [43] Recall of the ICU Experience Currently, there is no standardized way of assessing perceptions of the ICU experience in survivors or relating it to long-term outcome Methods that have been employed include the ICU memory tool [4], the ICE questionnaire [44], and recall for traumatic events [14, 20] A particular issue for ICU patients appears to be the high prevalence of delusional memories for the period of critical illness Jones et al demonstrated much higher IES scores at 6-months following ICU discharge in patients having delusional memory without recall for factual events than those patients retaining some factual recall [4] However, a proportion of patients after ICU treatment reporting factual, traumatic memories from their stay in the ICU have also been shown to be more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder [20, 31] It has been postulated that stress hormones may influence the development of post-traumatic stress disorder through complex and simultaneous interactions on memory formation and retrieval and numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with hydrocortisone is associated with a decreased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder [18, 20, 23] Therefore, the exact relationship between recall for the ICU experience, factual and delusional memory, and subsequent psychological morbidity remains uncertain at the present time Sedation and Delirium The long-term psychological effects of the sedative and analgesic drugs prescribed on the ICU are also not properly understood High levels of ICU-related post-traumatic symptomatology could be related to lorazepam dose [35] or the duration of sedation and neuromuscular blockade prescribed on the ICU [45] Moreover, a lower prevalence of post-traumatic symptomatology has been demonstrated in patients whose sedative infusions are interrupted on a daily basis [29] It is postulated that intermittently withdrawing sedation from ICU patients enables them to become more conscious and aware of their environment As a consequence of this they may be less prone to developing the delusional type of memory described by Jones et al [4] However, the exact relationship between the level of sedation, the development of delirium, and the later recall of delusional memories and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology remains largely undetermined [35] Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Co-morbid Psychological Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly in the more chronic forms, rarely occurs alone The National Co-morbidity Survey found that approximately 80 % of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder met criteria for at least one other disorder defined in the DSM-IV [46] Post-traumatic stress disorder is most commonly associated with depression and this co-morbidity is associated with greater symptom severity and higher risk of suicidal behavior Accurate prevalence rates for depression symptomatology associated with ICU-related post-traumatic stress disorder are difficult to ascertain because a wide variety of tools have been used by the individual studies Moreover, these tools have been applied at different time points Using the SCID to diagnose depression, Rothenhausler et al reported a prevalence rate of 10 % XXII 902 XXII J Griffiths, A.M Hull, and B.H Cuthbertson in survivors of cardiac surgery 6-months after hospital discharge [25] Trait anxiety in patients recovering from ICU treatment has been found to be a predictor of possible post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms [4] In the same study, patients demonstrating “delusional memory” for their ICU experience had significantly higher mean depression and anxiety scores at 2-weeks compared to those patients with factual memory [4] In survivors of ARDS, Shaw et al demonstrated a significant positive correlation between IES intrusion subscale score and the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI) Distress Score [47] ARDS survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder commonly display psychiatric co-morbidities that include major depression, bulimia nervosa, alcohol abuse, and in 58 % of patients, undifferentiated somatoform disorder [3] It is not surprising that an increased level of somatic symptoms has been found in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder or post-traumatic symptomatology after ICU treatment as the general literature suggests that there is an increased risk of somatization symptoms that is beyond that expected by the presence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder The recognition of the existence of co-morbidity is essential to allow the appropriate formulation of treatment for each disorder and to clarify the respective roles each disorder may play in the maintenance of distress and dysfunction Conclusion There are an increasing number of studies pertaining to the study of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic symptomatology in survivors of critical illness Although the studies reporting on the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder vary considerably in their design and methodological rigor, a number of conclusions can be drawn First, there is little doubt that a population of adult ICU survivors does suffer significant psychological morbidity as a result of their ICU experience Second, few rigorous longitudinal studies have been undertaken to establish the exact prevalence and natural time course of post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of ICU treatment Third, there is no clear evidence in the literature regarding the true etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of ICU, but memory of the ICU experience and particularly the effects of sedation protocols on recall of the ICU experience may play a role As with other patient populations, pre-existing psychological and personality disorders could predispose an individual to post-traumatic stress disorder after a traumatic event Fourth, post-traumatic stress disorder is often associated with other psychological morbidity (notably depression and anxiety disorders) and also causes limitation of function above and beyond the impact of the primary critical illness to affect an individual patient’s health-related quality of life Finally, few studies have examined potential treatments and interventions in ICU survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder Currently, there is a global lack of resources in ICU follow-up and access to mental health professionals, such as psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, is not universally regarded as an important facet of the follow-up process Therefore, it is understandably difficult to achieve the gold standard for post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis at time of ICU follow-up – clinical review by personnel trained in psychological assessment This has been overcome by the use of screening instruments These self-report questionnaires have highlighted patients suffering from psychological distress and allowed post-traumatic symptomatology to be measured However, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Survivors 903 Table Recommendations for future studies of post-traumatic stress disorder in survivors of ICU treatment Future studies should: Be longitudinal in nature with multiple assessments made over a minimum of 12 months follow-up Recruit consecutive ICU admissions Include patients with pre-existing personality and psychological disorders Determine baseline prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and other co-morbid psychological conditions Utilize both a structured clinical interview and self-report measure approach to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder and its related symptoms, so that the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and validity of the self-report measure can be determined in the post-ICU population Collect detailed demographic and treatment data including ICU length of stay, sedation policy, and delirium score Collect longitudinal data on a patient’s recall for their ICU experience and health-related quality of life and the prevalence of depression, anxiety and other co-morbid psychological disorders the majority of these instruments have been introduced without enough attention given to their true psychometric properties Few have been validated against psychological diagnostic interview in survivors of ICU treatment Moreover, when follow-up studies have used a screening tool, rather than a diagnostic interview, to determine post-traumatic stress disorder-related symptoms, this fact is rarely emphasized in the literature when the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder are quoted As a result, the prevalence rates that exist in the literature for post-traumatic stress disorder in patients recovering from critical illness are inaccurate as no distinction is made between post-traumatic psychopathology and the distinct diagnostic entity that is post-traumatic stress disorder Complications arise with regard to which classification system is used as diagnostic interviews comply with the stricter criteria of DSMIV and thus the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder quoted from these studies are likely to be over-inflated with regard to DSM-IV The diagnosis 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Johnston M, Wildsmith JA (2004) The intensive care experience: development of the ICE questionnaire J Adv Nurs 47:64 – 73 45 Nelson BJ, Weinert CR, Bury CL, Marinelli WA, Gross CR (2000) Intensive care unit drug use and subsequent quality of life in acute lung injury patients Crit Care Med 28:3626 – 3630 46 Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1048 – 1060 47 Shaw RJ, Harvey JE, Nelson KL, Gunary R, Kruk H, Steiner H (2001) Linguistic analysis to assess medically related posttraumatic stress symptoms Psychosomatics 42:35 – 40 48 Griffiths J, Gager M, Alder N, Fawcett D, Waldmann C, Quinlan J (2006) A self-report-based study of the incidence and associations of sexual dysfunction in survivors of intensive care treatment Intensive Care Med 32:445 – 451 49 Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, et al (2003) Rehabilitation after critical illness: a randomized, controlled trial Crit Care Med 31:2456 – 2461 50 Perrins J, King N, Collings J (1998) Assessment of long-term psychological well-being following intensive care Intensive Crit Care Nurs 14:108 – 116 51 Richter JC, Waydhas C, Pajonk FG (2006) Incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder after prolonged surgical intensive care unit treatment Psychosom 47:223 – 230 905 XXII 907 Subject Index Abdominal aortic surgery 894 – compartment syndrome (ACS) 538, 657 – surgery 315, 661 Abscess 204 Acetic acid 175 Acetylcholine 56, 801, 817 Acidosis 271, 645, 829 Acids 174 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 218, 370 Actin 47 Activated clotting time (ACT) 155 – partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 755 – protein C (APC) 714, 721, 730, 807 Activator protein (AP)-1 215, 396 Acute heart failure 657 – kidney injury (AKI) 551, 559, 568 – liver failure 785 – lung injury (ALI) 13, 193, 196, 203, 217, 232, 382, 395, 405, 721, 725 – myocardial infarction 27 – normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) 668 – on-chronic liver failure 780, 785 – renal failure 559, 568, 770 – respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 13, 88, 151, 193, 203, 214, 235, 245, 270, 274, 283, 290, 379, 529, 854 – see also respiratory distress syndrome – – failure 193 – tubular necrosis (ATN) 569, 771 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 385, 423, 473, 562, 632, 673 Adrenaline – see epinephrine Adrenoceptors 6, 148 Adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) 802 Adrenomedullin 93 Adverse drug event 866, 871 Afterload 649 Air trapping 257, 261 Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) 251, 301 Albumin 208, 544, 694 – dialysis 777, 788 Aldosterone 34, 793 Alginate 695 Alkaline reserve 172 Alkalis 173 Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists 107 Amiloride 284 Amino acid 573 Aminoglycosides 554 Amiodarone Ammonia 481, 792 Ammonium 804 Amphotericin B 365 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 883 Anaerobic metabolism 51, 532, 642 Analgesia 491, 494, 850 Analgo-sedation 854 Anaphylactic shock 695 Anaphylaxis 538 Anemia 642 Anesthesia 317, 523, 645, 649, 857, 830, 840, 883 Angiography 744 Angiotensin II 802 – converting enzyme (ACE) 16, 60, 206 – – – inhibitors 62, 425, 569 Annexin 20 Anti-apoptotic effect 735 Antibiotics 161, 356, 362 Anticoagulation 779 Anticonvulsive drugs 179 Antidepressant 179 – poisoning 182 Antimicrobial coating 347 – prescription 870 Antithrombin 703, 716 Anxiety 850 Aortic compliance 612 – valve 77 APACHE II score 61 – III score 198 Apoptosis 43, 47, 125, 375, 455, 458, 571, 724, 803 – inducing factor (AIF) 561 Aquaporin 20 Arachidonic acid 458 Argatroban 239 Arginine 908 Subject Index Arrhythmia 181, 584, 660 Arterial pressure 428, 591, 632, 641, 654, 765, 782 Arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVDO2) 814 Artificial liver support 488, 785 Ascites 545 Aspergillus 367 Aspiration 343 – of subglottic secretions 356 – pneumonitis 151 Aspirin 107 Asthma 194, 198, 256, 275, 462 Atelectasis 204, 313 Atelectrauma 249, 302 Atrial fibrillation (AF) 148 Atrio-ventricular block 180 Atropine 183 Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) 114 Autonomy 887 Autopulse 116 Autoregulation 815 Bacterial translocation 745 Barotrauma 258 Benzodiazepines 851, 900 Beta-agonists 210 – adrenergic hyporesponsiveness 50 – blockers 60, 62, 104, 180 Bicarbonate 278, 532, 555, 790 Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) 197, 304 Bilirubin 787, 792 Bioimpedance 621 Biomarker 33 Bioreactance 619 Biotrauma 250 Bisoprolol 106 Bleach 175 Bleeding 751 Blood brain barrier (BBB) 802 – pressure 128 – viscosity 691 – volume 621 Body position 357 Bohr effect 283 Bone marrow Borderline personality disorder 900 Bradycardia 152 Brain natriuretic peptide (see B-type natriuretic peptide) – oxygen tension (PbrO2) 815 Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 209, 273, 358, 516, 725 – – fluid 215 Bronchoscopy 266, 336, 360 B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) 34, 49, 93, 531 Burn 160, 356, 381, 536 Burst-suppression 834 Button battery 174 Calcineurin inhibitors 770 Calcium 47, 284, 492 – channel blockers 179, 181 Calibration 595, 624, 659 Candida 366 Capillaries 692 Carbon monoxide 697, 765, 802 Cardiac arrest 113, 180, 256 – autonomic dysfunction 55 – disease 35 – dysfunction 43 – failure 76 – filling pressures 527 – function 733 – index 633 – output 71, 124, 155, 238, 270, 285, 415, 416, 429, 527, 591, 607, 619, 642, 649, 655, 788 – surgery 38, 92, 94, 107, 314, 354, 586, 609, 613, 651, 894 – tamponade 582 – toxicity 179 – transplantation 91 Cardiogenic shock 51, 447 Cardiopulmonary arrest 199 – bypass (CBP) 36, 93, 128, 137, 152, 155, 185, 236 – resuscitation (CPR) 113, 121, 138, 152 Cardioversion 182 Caspase-3 47 Caspases 376 Catecholamines 50, 183, 414, 564, 801 Caustic ingestion 171 CD14 802 Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 379 Central venous catheter 581 – – oxygen saturation (ScvO2) 416, 533, 654 – – pressure (CVP) 415, 525, 536, 632, 655, 766 Cerebral blood flow (CBF) 804, 811 – – volume (CBV) 812 – edema 786 – metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) 815 – oxygen requirements 148 – perfusion pressure (CPP) 811 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 496, 811 Charcoal hemoperfusion 786 Chemokine 20 Chest compression 113, 126 – radiography 585 Chlorhexidine 345 Cholesterol 103 Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway 55 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 197, 199, 256, 275, 285, 305, 310, 450 Subject Index Cirrhosis 425, 481, 745, 754, 755 Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy 765 Cisplatin 564 Citrate 779 Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) 358 Clonazepam 825 Clonidine 856 Clothiapine 855 Coagulation 332 Coagulopathy 742, 764 Cocaine 179 Colchicine 180 Collagen 176 Colloid 414, 634, 693, 772 – osmotic pressure (COP) 694 Colonoscopy 747 Coma 200, 484 Communication 886 Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) 25, 218, 219 Complement 20 Compliance 76, 305, 599, 813 Computed tomography (CT) 129, 224, 337 Computerized physician order 865 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 276 – heart disease 130, 277 – – surgery 91, 121 Congestive heart failure (CHF) 33, 36 Continuous end-diastolic volume index (CEDVI) 527 – positive airway pressure (CPAP) 197, 253, 290, 303, 310 – renal replacement therapy (CRRT) 434, 544, 551, 556 – veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) 793 – – - hemofiltration (CVVH) 155, 436, 544 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) 552, 554 Convection 291 Cooling blanket 141 Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) 10, 26 – blood flow 124 – perfusion pressure 94, 118 – venous blood 644 Cortactin 20 Corticosteroids 8, 215, 382 – see also glucocorticoids Cortisol 215, 514 Cost-effectiveness 870 Costs 868 C-reactive protein (CRP) 400, 516, 658 Creatinine 368, 533, 552, 660, 772, 787 Cross-correlation synchrony index (CCSI) 70 Cryoprecipitate 156 Crystalloids 537, 772 Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 91 – guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) 423 Cyclooxygenase (COX) 20, 724, 740, 802 Cyclosporine 165, 770 Cysteine 375 Cytochrome C 377 – oxidase 46 – P450 Cytokine 9, 43, 56, 215, 250, 295, 398, 434, 517, 793, 794 Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) 893 Dead space 282 Death effector domain (DED) 377 Decision support 868 Defibrillation 130 Dehydration 628 Delirium 801, 850, 851, 901 Desflurane 827 Dexamethasone 217, 276 Dexmetomidine 856 Dextran 695 Diabetes 21, 771 – insipidus 534 Diabetic ketoacidosis 533 Diaphragmatic dysfunction 313 Diastolic dysfunction 47, 76 Diazepam 825 Dichloroacetate 51 Diffuse alveolar damage 17 Digitalis 180 Digoxin Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 148, 174, 238, 440, 703, 713, 733, 782 Diuretics 553 Dobutamine 95, 106, 187, 418, 531, 545, 626, 647, 657, 673 Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order 885 Dopamine 95, 418, 554, 772 Dopexamine 633, 650, 658 Doppler 77 – velocity 619 Drug-eluting stents 104 Dysoxia 668 Early goal directed therapy 18 Echocardiographic tissue Doppler imaging 67 Echocardiography 88, 187, 605 Edema 13, 296 Education 872 Ejection fraction 43, 66 Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) 224, 252 Electrocardiogram (EKG) 77, 113, 121, 147, 180, 587, 629 Electroencephalogram (EEG) 129, 486, 811, 818, 822, 883, Electron transport 387 909 910 Subject Index Emergency medical services (EMS) 121 Emphysema 302 Encephalitis 883 Encephalopathy 482, 764, 773, 801 End-diastolic volume index (EDVI) 766 – of-life care 26, 885 Endonuclease G (EndoG) 376 Endopeptidases 34 Endoscopic therapy 741, 743 Endothelial activation 803 – cell protein C receptor (EPCR) 704 – damage 379 – dysfunction 27 – permeabiliuty 210 Endothelin-1 44, 440, 802 – antagonists 92 Endothelium 35, 250, 691, 721 Endotoxemia 679 Endotoxin 47, 58, 210, 273, 391, 449, 517, 717, 730, 795 Endotracheal intubation 259 – tube 343 End-systolic pressure/volume slope 50 Enteral feeding 539 Epidemiology 193, 313 Epinephrine 95, 127, 148, 152, 418, 633, 743, 793, 893 Erythrocyte 448 Erythromycin 743 Erythropoietin (EPO) 476 Esophageal Doppler 634, 659 – motility 740 Esophagectomy 203 Etomidate 828 Exercise 661 Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) 654 Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass 625 – CO2 removal (ECCO2R) 236 – gas exchange 266 – life-support 179 – liver support systems 778 – lung assist (ECLA) 235 – membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 121, 131, 147, 186, 235 Extravasation 584 Extravascular lung water (EVLW) 294, 596, 610 – – – index 766 Facial mask 316 Factor V Leiden 716 Fas-associated death domain (FADD) 377 Fatty acid 481 Fenoldopam 772 Ferroportin 474 Fever 161, 811 Fibrinogen 703, 787 Fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) 704 Fibrinolytic system 717 Fick equation 642 Filling pressures 85 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) 386 Flucytosine 365 Fluid challenge 655 – resuscitation 163, 536 Fluoride 175 Fosphenytoin 826 Fractioned plasma separation and adsorption (FPSA) 778, 792 Frank-Starling curve 45, 530 – relationship 88, 655 Free radicals 273, 450 Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 757, 768 Functional residual capacity (FRC) 256, 310 Fungal infections 365 Furosemide 544 Gas exchange 198, 252, 258 Gastric colonization 357 – pH – tonometry 670, 685 Gastrointestinal bleeding 739 – injury 171 Gene expression 14 – polymorphisms 714 Genetic factors – predisposition 400 – determinants 13 Glasgow coma scale (GCS) 805, 819 Global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) 542, 610 – – – index (GEDVI) 528 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 770 Glucagon 183 Glucocorticoid 214, 382, 801 – see also corticosteroids – response elements (GRE) 215 Glucose 502, 817 – control 128 Glue therapy 746 Glutamate 444, 817, 858, Glutamine 7, 382, 458, 482 Glutathione 174, 273, 444 – peroxidase 457 Glycerol 817 Glycocalyx 684 Glycolysis 391 Glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALF) 515 Goal-directed hemodynamic therapy 633 Gram-negative 395 – positive 28, 395 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 209, 381 – macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 381 Guidelines 876 Guillain-Barr´e syndrome 199 Subject Index Haloperidol 855 Haplotypes 15 H2-blockers 357, 741 Heart failure 72, 380 Heat and moisture exchanger (HME) 841 – shock proteins (HSP) 46, 378 Helicobacter pylori 740 Heliox 266 Helmet 316 Hemadsorption 785 Hematocrit 657, 691, 693 Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) 474 Hemodialysis 436, 488, 555, 778, 785 Hemodilution 692 Hemodynamic monitoring 602 Hemofiltration Hemoglobin 108, 646, 651, 665, 742, 817 – dissociation curve 814 Hemolysis Hemophilia 753 Hemorrhage 757 Hemorrhagic shock 531, 565, 648, 695, 696 Hemothorax 585 Heparin 156, 187, 238, 779, 866 – induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) 7, 238 Hepatic encephalopathy 780 Hepatitis 782, 791 Hepato-pulmonary syndrome 769 Hepatorenal syndrome 782, 789 Hepcidin 474 Hibernation 50, 51, 125 High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) 251, 290, 303 – risk surgical patients 631, 654 – volume hemofiltration (HVHF) 434 Hirudin 239 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 24, 162, 197, 446, 803 Humidification 265 Hyaline membranes 214 Hydralazine Hydrochloric acid 171 Hydrocortisone 260 Hydrofluoric acid 175 Hydrogen peroxide 456 Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 541, 694 Hyperammonemia 481 Hypercapnia 239, 258, 264, 269, 282 Hyperinflation 257 Hyperkalemia 180 Hyperoncotic solutions 544 Hypertension 524 Hyperventilation 812 Hypoalbuminemia 207 Hypoglycemia 148, 498, 503, 506, 804, 828 Hypotension 182, 730 Hypothermia 125, 128, 137, 147, 563, 812, 828 Hypovolemia 149, 413, 524, 568, 635, 768 Hypovolemic shock 742 Hypoxemia 258, 303 Hypoxia 46, 385, 390, 473, 475, 631, 667, 685 385, 390, 476 – inducible factor (HIF)-1 – response elements (HREs) 390 Ileostomy 545 Immunoglobulins 165 Immunoparalysis 434, 440 Immunosuppression 770, 773 Impact of events scale (IES) 893 Impedance cardiography 225 Incentive spirometry 315 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 379, 406, 423, 476, 571, 734 Infants 228 Infection 27, 60, 344 Inflammation 385, 473, 564, 705 Inhaled anesthetics 839 – drugs 264 – iloprost 92 – nitric oxide 90 – prostacyclin 91 Inodilators 95 Inotropic drugs 95 – support 89 Inspiratory impedance threshold valve (ITV) 115 Insulin 183, 804 Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 274, 803 Interferon response factor-3 (IRF-3) 396 Interleukin (IL)-1 204, 706 – – receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) 20 – 14 – receptor 20 – 10 16 International normalized ratio (INR) 705 Interstitial lung diseases 199 Interventricular septum 84 Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) 536, 767 – – pressure (IAP) 767 Intracerebral hemorrhage 754, 755 Intracranial hypertension 793 – presssure (ICP) 277, 336, 674, 811 Intraoperative goal-directed therapy 633 Intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) 596 – – - index (ITBVI) 528, 766 – pressure 258 Intravital microscopy 571, 684 Intrinsic positive end-expiratory presssure (PEEPi) 257 Intubation 163, 331 Iron metabolism 473 Ischemia-reperfusion 46, 137, 272, 285, 559, 561, 686 Iseganan 345 911 912 Subject Index Isoflurane 827, 844 Isoproterenol 95, 183 Janus kinase 56 Jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) 814 Keratins 695 Ketamine 260, 827, 840, 854, 858 Lactate 37, 51, 152, 181, 417, 429, 654, 662, 670, 731, 817 Lactic acidosis 465, 532, 643 Lactulose 487 L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) 407 Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) 336 Left bundle branch block (LBBB) 65 – ventricular compliance 259 – – end-diastolic area (LVEDA) 530, 542 Leukocytes 684, 734 Leukopenia 357 Leukotrienes 215, 246 Levetiracetam 827 Levosimendan 96, 184, 419 Lidocaine 211 Linton-Nachlas tubes 746 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 211, 273, 379, 392, 396, 459, 723 Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) 396 Lithium 596 Liver assist device 788 – dialysis unit 787 – disease 506 – failure 196, 237, 368, 765 – transplantation 488, 763 Locked-in syndrome 881 Lorazepam 825, 829 Low cardiac output syndrome 33, 37 – tidal volume 251 Lund University Cardiac Arrest System (LUCAS) 116 Lung injury score (LIS) 195, 220 Lymphocyte 380, 392 Macrophage 56, 398, 440, 474, 497 – inhibitory factor (MIF) 16, 802 Magnesium 491, 807, 854, 855, 866 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 66, 224 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I molecules 161 – surgery 650 Mannose-binding lectin-2 16 Mechanical ventilation 181, 193, 224, 236, 245, 256, 259, 295, 353, 648, 764 Medication error 865 Meningeal disease 370 Meningitis 806 Meningococcemia 717 Mesenteric artery 744 Meta-analyses 463, 553, 752 Metabolic acidosis 149, 175, 273, 532 – see acidosis Metabolism Methemoglobinemia 91, 852 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 395, 404 Methylprednisolone 210 Microcirculation 461, 531, 570, 666, 680, 734 Microcirculatory changes 48 – flow 668 Microdialysis 817 Microvascular function 692 Microvideoscopy 531 Midazolam 5, 773, 826, 839 Milrinone 96, 184, 420 Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) 840 Mitochondria 378, 477 Mitochondrial dysfunction 46 – function 385, 562 – respiratory chain 454 Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) 44, 392, 399 Mitral valve 65, 79 Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) 181, 416, 429, 533, 619, 641, 669 Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score 763 Molecular Adsorbent Recycling System (MARS) 777, 790 Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 706 Morbidity 220, 406 Morphine 8, 495, 853 Mortality 61, 62, 161, 165, 196, 220, 274, 349, 360, 378, 464, 465, 633, 656, 708, 713, 769, 780, 877 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 55, 380 – – failure (MOF) 14, 195, 196, 269, 399, 538, 564, 654, 730 Multi-wavelength imaging (MWI) 688 Muscle 445 – relaxation 264 Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) 397 Myocardial depression 413, 734 – dysfunction 65 – infarction 101, 133, 139, 756 – ischemia 108 – relaxation 49 Myosin 47 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 210, 554 Natriuresis 34 Natriuretic hormone system 34 – peptide 33 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 181, 669, 670 Subject Index Necrosis 375 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 275 Neonates 224, 277 Nephrotoxins 559 Nesiritide 93 Neuroleptics 179 Neuromuscular blocking agents 264 – diseases 199 Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) 801 Neuropsychological testing 886 Neutrophil 246, 250, 380, 440, 455, 709 – count 220 – gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) 563 N (G)-nitro-L-methyl esther 691 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 386, 560 Nitrate 697 Nitric oxide (NO) 39, 44, 45, 128, 274, 283, 297, 404, 497, 571, 691, 684, 724, 732, 765, 802, 856 – – synthase (NOS) 285 Nivaquine 179 N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) 495 Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) 228, 265, 310, 343, 763 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents 161 Norepinephrine 95, 408, 429, 731 Nosocomial pneumonia 353 Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) 215, 392, 396, 458, 560, 706, 732, 803 Nurses 875 Nutrition 163, 211 Obesity 329, 333 Open chest CPR 126 Opioids 844, 853 Oral hygiene 345 Organophosphates 179 Ornithine transcarbamylase 484 Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging 531, 669, 671, 677, 734 Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) 777 Oxidative phosphorylation 50, 386 Oxygen consumption (VO2) 416, 426, 478, 633 – delivery (DO2) 416, 541, 654, 667, 692 – extraction 667 – saturation 688 – transport 641 Pacemaker 59, 183 Pancreatitis 196, 381 Paracetamol 866 Paralytic agents 356 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 493 Parenteral nutrition 485 Patent ductus arteriosus 36, 39 Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 396 Pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest 121 – critical care 33 Pendelluft 292 Pentobarbital 812, 826 Perioperative cadioprotection 101 – fluid balance 523 – period 650 Peripheral vascular resistance 691 Peritonitis 369, 440, 609 Permeability transition pore (PTP) 285 Permissive hypercapnia 240, 269 Peroxynitrite 46, 283, 407, 455, 803 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) 38, 81, 276 Pharmacist 867, 876 Pharmacodynamics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Pharmacokinetics Phenobarbital 825 Phenylephrine 94, 734 Phenytoin 825 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 91 – inhibitors 92, 184 Phospholipids 237 Plasma exchange 788 Plasmapheresis 165 Plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) 440, 704, 714 Platelet 156, 705, 757 – activating factor (PAF) 204, 295, 399, 802 – derived growth factor (PDGF) 476 – transfusion 332 Pneumocytes 214 Pneumonia 24, 27, 28, 199, 354, 405, 765 Pneumoperitoneum 539 Pneumothorax 296, 337, 585 Poison 171 Poisoning 179 Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) 377, 391, 407, 457, 559 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 695 – – albumin 697 Polymorphisms Polyneuropathy 502 Polyurethane 326 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 325 Pontine abscess 883 Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 187, 229, 251, 272, 290, 302, 310, 543, 648 – pressure ventilation 127 Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning 883 Postoperative goal-directed therapy 634 Post-traumatic stress disorder 839, 891 Potassium channel 286 – – antagonists 184 Pre-eclampsia 491 913 914 Subject Index Preload 527, 607, 649 Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) 306 Procollagen 215 Propofol 5, 260, 826, 828, 839, 851, 852 Prostacyclin 91, 239, 458, 709, 724 Prostaglandin 802 Protease-activator receptor (PAR-1) 704 Protein C 703 Proton pump inhibitor 740 Pruritus 781 Publication bias 19 Pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) 525, 602, 607, 619, 641, 656, 766 – – occlusion pressure (PAOP) 85, 415, 527, 607, 633, 655, 733 – circulation 126 – edema 139, 186, 197, 529 – embolism 583, 788 – hypertension 88, 205, 440, 770 – vascular resistance 91, 270, 277, – venous doppler 81 Pulse contour 659 – pressure 611, 612 – – variation (PPV) 415, 529, 542, 655 – wave analysis 608 Pulsus paradoxus 259 Pyruvate 817 – dehydrogenase 391, 670 Quality 602 – of care 26 – – life 881, 891 Racial disparities 19, 24 Radionuclide scanning 48 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 246, 284, 390, 454, 455, 474, 803 Recombinant activated factor VII 156, 742, 751 Red blood cell (RBC) 677, 753 Regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) 65 Relaxation 78 Remifentanil 773, 859 Renal failure 782 – insufficiency 871 Renin 793 Resistance 225, 599, 619 Respiratory acidosis 258 – distress syndrome (RDS) 232 – see acute respiratory distress sydnrome – rate 263 Resynchronization therapy 65 Rhabdomyolysis 148, 829, 839 Rheumatoid arthritis 21 Rifampicin 781 Right ventricular dysfunction 88 – – ejection fraction (RVEF) 766 – – failure 49 – – pacing 66 Rotenone 389 Ryanodine receptor 47 Safety 602, 755 Sclerotherapy 746 Sedation 491, 494, 545, 773, 812, 839, 850, 857, 894 Sedatives 260, 805 Seizures 33, 818, 822 Selective oral decontamination 345 Selenium 454 Selenoprotein P 461 Sengstaken-Blakemore tube 746 Sepsis 24, 195, 196, 385, 404, 413, 444, 454, 473, 497, 514, 568, 646, 682, 703, 792, 801 Septicemia 782 Septic encephalopathy 497 – shock 15, 43, 219, 413, 447, 514, 539, 564, 569, 647, 671, 730 Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) 61, 195, 196, 707, 732 Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors 179 Serum amyloid P 807 Severe sepsis 651, 672, 683 Sevoflurane 840, 843 Shear stress 692 Shivering 151 Shock 200 Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire 884 Sidestream dark field imaging (SDF) 531, 678 Sildenafil 92 Silicone 157 Silver nitrate 165 Simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II 708 Simulation 118 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) – Pass Albumin Dialysis (SPAD) 792 Smoke inhalation 408 Sodium-potassium ATPase 492 Somatosensory evoked potential 129, 806 Spectrometry 646, 647 Spine fixation 335 Splanchnic hypoperfusion 739 – perfusion 767 Standardization of care 869 Statins 60, 107 Status epilepticus 822 Staurosporine 724 Steroids 154, 165 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 160 Strain 84 Stroke volume 524, 593, 597, 634 – – variation (SVV) 415, 542 Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 496, 883 Subglottic drainage 345, 347 – suction 328 Subject Index Sucralfate 357 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 121 Sufentanil 773 Superior vena cava 581 Superoxide 273, 455 – radicals 802 Surfactant 224, 246 – protein-B 16 Surgical patients 631 Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) 423, 540, 766, 788 Systolic pressure variation (SPV) 542 Translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B 302 Transplantation 380, 563 Trauma 148, 196, 199, 356, 381, 517, 538, 539, 632, 648, 657, 703 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 816, 882 Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 386 Tricuspid regurgitation 278 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 14, 34, 44, 55, 204, 216, 251, 392, 476 516, 724, 732, 793 – – – – – receptor 376 Tachycardia 48, 49 Tachypnea 260 Tacrolimus 8, 770 Terlipressin 419, 423, 746 Theophylline 180, 555 Thermodilution 525, 608, 612 Thermoregulation 147 Thiamine 828 Thiopental 826, 828 Third space 523 Thoracic bioimpedance 619 – surgery 310, 315 Thrombin 703, 706, 722 – activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) 704 – antithrombin complex 715 Thrombocytopenia 782 Thrombo-embolic complications 755 Thrombomodulin 704, 723 Thrombophilia 713 Tidal volume 262, 293 Tissue capnography 685 – Doppler echocardiography 82 – factor-pathway inhibitor (TFPI) 705 – oxygen tensions 671 – resonance analysis (TRA) 818 – type plasminogen activator (t-PA) 717 Titratable acid 172 Toll-like receptor (TLR) 43, 396, 477, 802 – – - (TLR4) 25, 302, 392 Topiramate 827 Total blood volume index (TBVI) 766 – lung capacity (TLC) 256 Toxic epidermal necrolysis 160 Tracheal stenosis 335 Tracheostomy 199, 323, 331, 346 Training 872 Tramadol Transcranial Doppler 818 Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 525, 530, 585, 587, 767 Transforming growth factor (TGF) 44, 295 Transfusion 647, 665, 747, 768, 785 – related ALI (TRALI) 196 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) 747 Ubiquinone 388 Upper airway dysfunction 200 Urea cycle 481, 488 Urease 485 Urinary output 524 Vaccine reaction 8883 Vagal signals 58 Vagus nerve 801 – – stimulation 828 Valproate 826 Valproic acid 484, 488 Variceal hemorrhage 745 Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 726, 803 – density 683 – endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 391, 407, 476 Vasoconstriction 151, 430 Vasodilatation 7, 181 Vasopressin 94, 127, 184, 408, 418, 423, 533, 570, 746, 793, 802 Vasopressor 82, 94, 183, 655, 817 – therapy 89 Vasospasm 496 Vegetative state 885 Velocity 82 Ventilation 227 – perfusion ratio 313 Ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI) 14, 238, 301 – – pneumonia (VAP) 328, 343, 353, 460 – induced lung injury (VILI) 208, 245, 269, 283 Ventricular assist device 188 – fibrillation 117, 121, 138, 148, 180 – tachycardia 180 Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) 203 Viscosity 691 Vitamin D 493 Vitronectin 20 Volutrauma 249, 302 Von Willebrand’s factor 14 915 916 Subject Index Warfarin Weaning failure 649 – time 852 Wesseling algorithm 595 Work of breathing 257 Wound infection 204 – management 164 Zinc 488 .. .Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Edited by J.-L Vincent 2008 Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2008 Edited by J.-L Vincent With 238 Figures and 90 Tables Prof... XXI XXII List of Contributors Regueira T Department of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Inselspital 3010 Bern Switzerland Reinhart K Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Friedrich-Schiller... Netherlands Schuerholz T Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich Schiller University Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany Schummer W Dept of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care