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1. Introduction p. 5 2. Dichotomous key to genera of winged 06 ants in the World p. 6 2.1 Morphology of 06 winged ants p. 6 2.2 The study of the 06 ants wings p. 7 2.2.1 Brief review of ants wings studies p. 7 2.2.2 Classification and analysis of the forewings and hindwings of oo ants p. 7 2.2.3 Morphology description forewings of 66 ants p. 20 2.2.4 Morphology description hindwings of ooants p. 32 2.2.5 Terminology and morphological aspects used in the dichotomous key p. 36 2.2.6 Reference Chapter 2 p. 38 2.3 Summary Typology of the oo ants wings p. 40 2.4 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology I p. 41 2.5 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology II p. 62 2.6 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology Ill p. 80 2.7 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology IV p. 97 3. Morphological description, data on mating flight and reference to genera of winged 66 ants p. 102 3.1 Subfamily Agroecomyrmecinae p. 102 3.2 Subfamily Amblyoponinae p. 102 3.3 Subfamily Aneuretinae p. 108 3.4 Subfamily Apomyrminae p. 109 3.5 Subfamily Dolichoderinae p. 110 3.6 Subfamily Dolyrinae p. 125 3.7 Subfamily Ectatomminae p. 142 3.8 Subfamily Formicinae p. 146 3.9 Subfamily Heteroponerinae p. 175 3.10 Subfamily Leptanillinae p. 177 3.11 Subfamily Martialinae p. 180
Winged Ants The Male 00 Dichotomous key to genera of winged (S(Sants in the World Behavioral Ecology of Mating flight Stefano Cantone Winged Ants The Male 66 oo Dichotomous key to genera of winged ants in the World Behavioral Ecology of Mating flight Stefano Cantone r ~- J ( All rights reserved This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review Copyright© Stefano Cantone, 2017 www.wingedant.com cantonestefano@gmail.com First Printing, 2017 ISBN979-12-200-2394-8 ISBN-A 10.979.12200/23948 Original text translation from Italian to English by Sarah Roberta Gonc;:alves sarah.goncalves@gmail.com Winged Ants The MalecScS The purpose of the job is to earn free time Aristotele Stefano Cantone: Italian biologist, independent researcher with twenty years of experience in ethological and entomological studies wandering in the World Index Introduction p Dichotomous key to genera of winged 06 ants in the World p 06 winged ants p 2.2 The study of the 06 ants wings p 2.1 Morphology of 2.2.1 Brief review of ants wings studies p 2.2.2 Classification and analysis of the forewings and hindwings of oo ants p 2.2.3 Morphology description forewings of 66 ants p 20 2.2.4 Morphology description hindwings of ooants p 32 2.2.5 Terminology and morphological aspects used in the dichotomous key p 36 2.2.6 Reference Chapter p 38 2.3 Summary Typology of the oo ants wings p 40 2.4 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology I p 41 2.5 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology II p 62 2.6 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology Ill p 80 2.7 Dichotomous key to forewings of Typology IV p 97 Morphological description, data on mating flight and reference to genera of winged ants p 102 3.1 Subfamily Agroecomyrmecinae p 102 3.2 Subfamily Amblyoponinae p 102 3.3 Subfamily Aneuretinae p 108 3.4 Subfamily Apomyrminae p 109 3.5 Subfamily Dolichoderinae p 110 3.6 Subfamily Dolyrinae p 125 3.7 Subfamily Ectatomminae p 142 3.8 Subfamily Formicinae p 146 3.9 Subfamily Heteroponerinae p 175 3.10 Subfamily Leptanillinae p 177 3.11 Subfamily Martialinae p 180 66 3.12 Subfamily Myrmeciinae p 180 3.13 Subfamily Myrmicinae p 182 3.14 Subfamily Paraponerinae, p 251 3.15 Subfamily Ponerinae p 251 3.16 Subfamily Proceratiinae p 275 3.17 Subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae p 277 Behavior Ecology of mating flight in ants p 280 4.1 Introduction p 280 4.2 Mating flight and habitat change p 280 4.3 Annual periodicity analisys of mating flight in ants at different latitudes p 282 4.4 Summer annual periodicity of mating flight in ants in the World p 285 4.5 Annual periodicity of mating flight in some ant genera p 286 4.5.1 Mating flight of genera Formica and Lasius p 286 4.5.2 Mating flight of genera Dolichoderus and Pogonoyrmex p 287 4.5.3 Mating flight of genus Camponotus p 288 4.5.4 Mating flight of genus Atta p 289 4.5.5 Mating flight of genus Pheido/e p 290 4.5.6 Mating flight of genera Crematogaster and Wasmannia p 291 4.5.7 Mating flight of genera Cyphomyrmex and Trachymyrmex p 292 4.6 Mating flight and diversity of ants in urban ecosystem at Sao Paulo city, Brazil p 293 4.6.1 Introduction p 293 4.6.2 Material and methods p 293 4.6.3 Diversity of ants in Sao Paulo city, Brazil p 297 4.6.4 Mating flight analysis p 299 4.6.5 Conclusions p 309 Reference Chapter p 310 Genera Index p.314 Tables Index p 317 Introduction Ants are eusocial insects that form colonies made up of individuals with different morphologies and functions The abundance and behavior of ants in all land habitats is legendary, influencing the existence and evolution of innumerable animal and plant species, as extensively described in Holldobler and Wilson's famous book "The Ants" (1990) In an ant colony the individuals cooperate in parental care Are found sterile and fertile individuals and there is always an overlapping of at least two generations that contribute to the various activities of the colony Individuals, who make an ant colony, are specialized morphologically and ethologically sometimes extreme, constituting the castes An ant colony is divided, in most of the species, in two castes: The caste of workers, sterile, always without wings, who carry out activities of defense, nest construction, nursing care, and search for food; The royal caste, consisting of fertile females ( ~ ~ ) and males The ooand ~ ~ of the majority (oo) of species of ants are provided with wings, two on front and two rear, which have the function of facilitating the meeting with individuals of the opposite sex of other colonies for coupling (mating flight), favoring, thus, the dispersion of the populations in the environment The goal of my work was to produce a dichotomous key to the identification of oo winged ants and an analysis of the periodicity of the mating flight I present a study on the morphology of the male ants wings in 260 genera, which I will use as the main morphological characteristic for the writing of the dichotomous key In the last chapter, I present a study on the periodicity of the mating flight with a comparative analysis, in different latitudes and habitats oo Why study the of ants? I briefly expose my motives: a To better understand the phylogeny and systematic of the Formicidae family, expanding knowledge about oothat have little or very little known b To help explain the great success of the ants in almost all terrestrial environments, where they occupy a leading ecological function, validating the biological function of oo as essential in determining gene flow among the populations of most species; c As an excellent method to record the species diversity of ants community; d To record the periodicity of the Mating flight and its strategies, representing a path to better understand the success of some species and as a possible indicator to detect the effects of climate change, since the flattening mating seems to be particularly affected by the climate Dichotomous key to genera of winged ooants in the World ooants 2.1 Morphology of winged ooof ants are known for external morphology easy-to-see characteristics with a simple optical stereo microscope In the Formicidae family, I found morphological descriptions of oo in 260 from about 404 For an identification at the taxonomic level of genus, the genera knowns, which in many cases are related to very few species and few described characteristics This study is based on 260 genera belonging to all the 17 subfamilies of the Formicidae family (Hymenoptera) currently present in the World, and were used as a basis for it: publications of morphological descriptions, some specimens photos published on Antwiki and Antweb websites represent the Typus or Paratypus that have been deposited in entomological collections of various Museums and my personal collection of In order to write up a dichotomous key of morphological characteristics that ooants in the are encountered oo world, I have chosen some in the majority of published descriptions For each genus studied I provide bibliographic references so is possible to confirm the taxonomic identification using other morphological features This dichotomous key of ooants represents a courageous attempt to provide a simple and scientifically credible tool for a first identification, for this reason I always recommend an utmost caution in the definitive diagnosis completing the identification with the study of cited bibliographic references, which are easy to consult on various websites I say this because, unfortunately, the oo descriptions of ants are in many cases superficial and describe only very few morphological features, which, in some cases, not allow to distinguish some genera from another In the following chapters, I will highlight these scientific shortcomings hoping to be a useful indication for future studies I present a description of the outer body morphology of the giving more attention to the terminology ooants with some figures and morphological aspects used in the dichotomous key, and for further details are cited some bibliographic references 2.2 The study of ooants wings In this study, I deepen the morphology aspects of the forewings and hindwings of oo ants, which represent the main characteristic on which my dichotomous key is written 2.2.1 Brief review of ants' wings studies The scholar Nylander (1846) was the first one to describe the wings of the European Formicidae family Later, Mayr (1855), in the study of the morphology of the Formicidae family of the Austrian Empire, provided a more detailed description of the ants' wings giving the name to the nervation that forms the cells using as the model the forewings of the genus Formica The first real comparative analysis of the ants forewings was written by Prof Carlo Emery (1877 and 1913), the most illustrious taxonomist of the Formicidae family Subsequently, other comparative studies of the ants forewings were published: by Brown and Nutting (1949) with a phylogenetic interpretation; by Ogata (1991) who classified the forewings of the Formicidae family into four types, according to the structure of the venation; and, recently, Perfilieva (2010) classifying the forewings into five types, relying, like Ogata, on the structure of some cells that are formed from the encounter of the veins The only comparative study on the hindwings of the Formicidae family was made by Kusnezov (1962) ooants In this study, I presented a classification of the forewings of the ooants divided into four 2.2.2 Classification and analysis of the forewings and hindwings of Typologies and I classify the hindwings into three Typologies (see Table 12-13) In both cases, the diversity of Typology is represented by a gradual reduction in wing venation as studied by the aforementioned researchers This study is based on the ooof 260 genera of ants belonging to all 17 subfamilies currently present in the World In reference to the forewings, I based my work in particular on the presence/absence of subMarginal cells and Discoidal cells in Typologies I, II and Ill and a drastic reduction of veins in Typology IV (see paragraph 2.2.3) Regarding the hindwings, I based my work on the presence/absence of M2 vein in Typology I and II and on a strong reduction of veins in Typology Ill (see paragraph 2.2.4) Below I describe the characteristics of the wings in the different Typologies: Forewings of Typology I (figs 1-4) The morphology represented by this Typology is called by some authors as "complete" In fact, it represents a more complex structure of ants' wings venations, where the two subMarginal cells, the Discoidal cell and the Marginal cell are always present, which can be opened or closed In some cases, the subMarginal cell is incomplete due to the reduction of the Rs + vein (see fig 4) In the 260 genera I studied, Typology I in ooants forewings is encountered in 73 genera belonging to 12 subfamilies (see Table 14-15 and Graphic 1) Proceratiinae Pseudomyrmecinae Amblyoponinae Aneuretinae I Ectatomminae Heteroponerinae Graphic - Distribution by subfamily and its number of genera with Typology I forewings in ooants ... Introduction p Dichotomous key to genera of winged 06 ants in the World p 06 winged ants p 2.2 The study of the 06 ants wings p 2.1 Morphology of 2.2.1 Brief review of ants wings studies p 2.2.2 Classification... defense, nest construction, nursing care, and search for food; The royal caste, consisting of fertile females ( ~ ~ ) and males The ooand ~ ~ of the majority (oo) of species of ants are provided... particularly affected by the climate 6 Dichotomous key to genera of winged ooants in the World ooants 2.1 Morphology of winged ooof ants are known for external morphology easy-to-see characteristics