MCAT® Behavioral Sciences Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT® Behavioral Sciences Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team About Scientific American About the MCAT How This Book Was Created Using This Book Chapter 1: Biology and Behavior Biology and Behavior Introduction 1.1 A Brief History of Neuropsychology 1.2 Organization of the Human Nervous System 1.3 Organization of the Brain 1.4 Parts of the Forebrain 1.5 Influences on Behavior 1.6 Development Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Shared Concepts 13 Practice Questions 14 Answers and Explanations Chapter 2: Sensation and Perception Sensation and Perception Introduction 2.1 Sensation vs Perception 2.2 Vision 2.3 Hearing and Vestibular Sense 2.4 Other Senses 2.5 Object Recognition Conclusion Concept Summary 10 Answers to Concept Checks 11 Shared Concepts 12 Practice Questions 13 Answers and Explanations Chapter 3: Learning and Memory Learning and Memory Introduction 3.1 Learning 3.2 Memory 3.3 Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 4: Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Introduction 4.1 Cognition 4.2 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making 4.3 Consciousness 4.4 Consciousness-Altering Drugs 4.5 Attention 4.6 Language Conclusion 10 Concept Summary 11 Answers to Concept Checks 12 Equations to Remember 13 Shared Concepts 14 Practice Questions 15 Answers and Explanations Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Introduction 5.1 Motivation 5.2 Emotion 5.3 Stress Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 6: Identity and Personality Identity and Personality Introduction 6.1 Self-Concept and Identity 6.2 Formation of Identity 6.3 Personality Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks 10 11 Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders Introduction 7.1 Understanding Psychological Disorders 7.2 Types of Psychological Disorders 7.3 Biological Basis of Nervous System Disorders Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior Introduction 8.1 Group Psychology 8.2 Socialization 8.3 Attitudes and Behavior Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations Chapter 9: Social Interaction Social Interaction Introduction 9.1 Elements of Social Interaction 9.2 Self-Presentation and Interacting with Others Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts Practice Questions 10 Answers and Explanations Chapter 10: Social Thinking Social Thinking Introduction 10.1 Social Behavior 10.2 Social Perception and Behavior 10.3 Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations 12 Chapter 11: Social Structure and Demographics Social Structure and Demographics Introduction 11.1 Sociology: Theories and Institutions 11.2 Culture 11.3 Demographics Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts 10 Practice Questions 11 Answers and Explanations 13 Chapter 12: Social Stratification Social Stratification Introduction 12.1 Social Class 12.2 Epidemiology and Disparities Conclusion Concept Summary Answers to Concept Checks Shared Concepts Practice Questions 10 Answers and Explanations 14 About This Book Copyright Information Glossary Index Art Credits Periodic Table of the Elements Special Offer for Kaplan Students The Kaplan MCAT Review Team Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Editor-in-Chief Áine Lorié, PhD Editor Derek Rusnak, MA Editor Mikhail Alexeeff Kaplan MCAT Faculty Laura L Ambler Kaplan MCAT Faculty Krista L Buckley, MD Kaplan MCAT Faculty Kristen L Russell, ME Editor Pamela Willingham, MSW Editor Melinda Contreras, MS Kaplan MCAT Faculty Samantha Fallon Kaplan MCAT Faculty Jason R Pfleiger Kaplan MCAT Faculty MCAT faculty reviewers Elmar R Aliyev; James Burns; Jonathan Cornfield; Alisha Maureen Crowley; Nikolai Dorofeev, MD; Benjamin Downer, MS; Colin Doyle; M Dominic Eggert; Marilyn Engle; Eleni M Eren; Raef Ali Fadel; Tyra Hall-Pogar, PhD; Scott Huff; Samer T Ismail; Elizabeth A Kudlaty; Kelly Kyker-Snowman, MS; Ningfei Li; John P Mahon; Matthew A Meier; Nainika Nanda; Caroline Nkemdilim Opene; Kaitlyn E Prenger; Uneeb Qureshi; Bela G Starkman, PhD; Michael Paul Tomani, MS; Nicholas M White; Kerranna Williamson, MBA; Allison Ann Wilkes, MS; and Tony Yu Thanks to Kim Bowers; Tim Eich; Owen Farcy; Dan Frey; Robin Garmise; Rita Garthaffner; Joanna Graham; Adam Grey; Allison Harm; Beth Hoffberg; Aaron Lemon-Strauss; Keith Lubeley; Diane McGarvey; Petros Minasi; John Polstein; Deeangelee Pooran-Kublall, MD, MPH; Rochelle Rothstein, MD; Larry Rudman; Sylvia Tidwell Scheuring; Carly Schnur; Karin Tucker; Lee Weiss; and the countless others who made this project possible About Scientific American Scientific American is at the heart of Nature Publishing Group’s consumer media division, meeting the needs of the general public Founded in 1845, Scientific American is the longest continuously published magazine in the United States and the leading authoritative publication for science in the general media In its history, 148 Nobel Prize scientists have contributed 240 articles to Scientific American, including Albert Einstein, Francis Crick, Stanley Prusiner, and Richard Axel Together with scientificamerican.com and in translation in 14 languages around the world, it reaches more than million consumers and scientists Other titles include Scientific American Mind and Spektrum der Wissenschaft in Germany Scientific American won a 2011 National Magazine Award for General Excellence Theta waves (EEG), 138f, 138–39, 143 Thiamine deficiency, 106, 146 Thinking (Jung), 231 See also Cognition Thirst and hypothalamus, 12, 17 Thomas Szasz, 254 Threat displays, 347, 347f Thresholds of stimuli, 53–55, 71 Token economies, 237 Tolerance, 180 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 321 Tonotopical organization, 68 Top-down processing, 72 Top-down reasoning, 132 Touch in communication, 328, 329, 329f parietal lobe, 19, 21 somatosensation as, 70 Traits, 236, 353 Transduction of stimuli, 52, 55 olfactory, 70 photoreceptors, 58, 59 somatosensation, 70 sound wave receptors, 65–66, 68 Transformational grammar, 155 Transgendered, 212, 395 Trauma cognition effects, 130 conversion disorder, 264 dissociative amnesia, 263 hypnotism and, 143 posttraumatic stress disorder, 187, 256t schizophrenia factor, 268 Thanatos (death instincts), 226 Tremors, 271 Triadic reciprocal determinism, 306 Trial and error, 96, 132 Trials of signal detection, 55–56, 56f Twin studies, 29 Two-factor theory of emotion, 185–86 Two-point threshold, 71 Tympanic membrane, 64–65, 65f, 66f Type A personality, 235 U Umami (savory taste), 70 Umbilical cord, 31 Unconditional positive regard, 234 Unconditioned response, 91–92 Unconditioned stimulus, 91–92 Unconscious (psychoanalytic), 224f, 225f, 226–29 Undifferentiated (gender identity), 212 Universal emotions, 182–83, 182t, 183f, 325 Urbanization, 400, 417, 422 Utricle, 66f, 67 V Value of money, 384, 419–20 Values attraction, 346 fictional finalism, 232 internalizing moral values, 218 of a culture, 391 of social institutions, 386t peer pressure, 290 symbolic culture, 390 Variable reinforcement schedules, 94–95, 95f Vasopressin See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 150, 150f Ventricles (brain), 270 Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), 17, 351 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 188, 189f Verbal communication, 327–28, 329t, 331 Vestibule, 66, 66f, 67 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 65f, 67, 67f Vibration sensing, 70 Violent media and aggression, 97, 299, 348 Visual cortex, 20, 22, 62, 62f, 185f Visual encoding, 99 Visual system cerebral hemispheres, 23t eyes, 58–60, 58f, 59f, 61f, 328, 329, 329t object recognition, 63–64, 72–74 occipital lobe, 19f, 22, 57, 62 superior colliculus, 14 visual pathways, 61–62, 62f Vitamin B1 See Thiamine deficiency Vitreous humor, 58f, 59 Vocalizations of animals, 329, 331 Vygotsky, Lev, 128, 222 W Weber, Max, 287 Weber’s law, 55 Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome, 146 Wernicke’s aphasia, 157, 258 Wernicke’s area, 22, 157–58, 157f Whorf, Benjamin, 156 Whorfian hypothesis, 156 Wish fulfillment, 224 Word salad, 258 Working memory, 101, 102 Worrying See Anxiety Y Yerkes–Dodson law, 176, 176f, 288, 288f See also Alertness; Attention Z Zimbardo, Philip, 301 Zone of proximal development, 128, 222 Art Credits Chapter Cover—Image credited to nobeastsofierce From Shutterstock Figure 1.2—Image credited to Alila Medical Media From Shutterstock Figure 1.3—Image credited to Alila Medical Media From Shutterstock Figure 1.4—Image credited to Carol Donner From Scars that Won’t Heal: The Neurobiology of Child Abuse by Martin Treicher Copyright © 2002 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 1.6—Image credited to User: I, Nrets From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / CC-BY-SA-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 1.7—Image credited to User: Der Lange From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2005 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Figure 1.14—Image credited to User: tawamie From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 1.15—Image credited to User: Medicus of Borg From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Chapter Cover—Image credited to Phatic Photography From Shutterstock Figure 2.3—Image credited to User: Vanessaezekowitz From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under 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Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / CC-BY-SA-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 4.13—Image credited to William Rafti From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under license: CC-BY-2.5 Figure 4.14—Image credited to Cannabis Training University From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2011 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 4.17—Image credited to User: James.mcd.nz From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Chapter Cover—Image credited to A.B.G From Shutterstock Figure 5.4—Image credited to User: Factoryjoe From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2009 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 5.5—Image credited to Icerko Lýdia From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 5.6—Image credited to Roberto Osti From The Emotion, Memory, and the Brain by Joseph E LeDoux Copyright © 1997 by Scientific American, Inc All rights reserved Figure 5.9—Image credited to User: finereach From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used 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Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Chapter Cover—Image credited to file404 From Shutterstock Figure 8.2—Image credited to User: David.Monniaux From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under license: CC-BY-2.0 Figure 8.3—Image credited to User: Nyenyec From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2005 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 8.5—Image credited to User: Beyond My Ken From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 8.6—Image credited to User: russavia From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under license: CC-BY-2.0 Figure 8.7—Image credited to User: kance From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under license: CC-BY-2.0 Chapter Cover—Image credited to YanLev From Shutterstock Figure 9.1—Image credited to Claudio Rocchini From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under licenses: CC-BY-3.0 / CC-BY-2.5 / GFDL Figure 9.2—Image credited to Artem Furman From Shutterstock Figure 9.3—Image credited to Tobertz Chavez From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under license: CC-BY-2.0 Figure 9.4—Image credited to David Shankbone From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under licenses: CC-BY-3.0 / GFDL Figure 9.5—Image credited to J Tautz and M Kleinheinz From the Public Library of Science Copyright © 2004 Used under license: CC-BY-2.5 Chapter 10 Cover—Image credited to Chros From Shutterstock Figure 10.1—Image credited to Dawn Endico From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2004 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Figure 10.3—Image credited to Amanda Lea From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Figure 10.4—Image credited to User: Jebulon From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2010 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 10.6—Image credited to User: Anton From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2004 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 10.7—Image credited to Edward H Adelson Copyright © 1995 Permission given to reproduce and distribute freely Chapter 11 Cover—Image credited to Darren Brode From Shutterstock Figure 11.1—Image credited to rvlsoft From Shutterstock Figure 11.2—Image credited to Irina Matskevich From Shutterstock Figure 11.3—Image credited to arfabita From Shutterstock Figure 11.7—Image credited to User: Supaman From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2013 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 11.8—Image credited to User: Roke From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2009 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 11.10—Image credited to User: Ventus From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2011 Used under license: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Chapter 12 Cover—Image credited to Olivier Le Queinec From Shutterstock Figure 12.1—Image credited to User: TastyCakes From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2009 Used under license: CC-BY-3.0 Figure 12.3—Image credited to User: GK tramrunner229 From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2006 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 12.4—Image credited to User: Citynoise From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2007 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / CC-BY-2.5 / GFDL Figure 12.5—Image credited to User: cflm From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2009 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Figure 12.6—Image credited to Panagiotis V Lazaridis From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 2008 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 / GFDL Figure 12.8—Image credited to User: cmglee From Wikimedia Commons Copyright © 20011 Used under licenses: CC-BY-SA-3.0 / GFDL Periodic Table of the Elements ... sending an email to KaplanMCATfeedback @kaplan. com Using This Book Kaplan MCAT Behavioral Sciences Review, along with the other six books in the Kaplan MCAT Review series, brings the Kaplan classroom.. .MCAT? ? Behavioral Sciences Review Edited by Alexander Stone Macnow, MD Table of Contents MCAT? ? Behavioral Sciences Review Cover Title Page Table of Contents The Kaplan MCAT Review Team... 828-0690 www.aamc.org /mcat mcat@aamc.org How This Book Was Created The Kaplan MCAT Review project began in November 2012 shortly after the release of the Preview Guide for the MCAT 2015 Exam, 2nd edition