Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Southwestern Illinois College University of Southern Mississippi University of Iowa SEELEY’S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121 Copyright © 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Previous editions © 2013, 2010, and 2007 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States ISBN 978-0-07-809732-4 MHID 0-07-809732-0 Senior Vice President, Products & Markets: Kurt L Strand Vice President, General Manager, Products & Markets: Marty Lange Vice President, Content Design & Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Managing Director: Michael S Hackett Director of Marketing: James F Connely Brand Manager: Amy Reed Director, Product Development: Rose Koos Product Developer: Mandy C Clark Marketing Manager: Jessica Cannavo Director of Development: Rose Koos Digital Product Developer: Jake Theobold Program Manager: Angela R FitzPatrick Content Project Managers: Jayne Klein/Sherry Kane Buyer: Laura M Fuller Design: David W Hash Content Licensing Specialists: John Leland/Leonard Behnke Cover Images: young woman sweating after working out ©Thomas_EyeDesign/Getty Images/RF; Two Staphylococcus epidermis Bacteria ©CDC/Janice Carr Compositor: ArtPlus Ltd Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: R R Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data VanPutte, Cinnamon L Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology / Cinnamon Van Putte, Jennifer Regan, Andrew Russo.–Ninth edition pages cm Proudly sourced and uploaded by [StormRG] Includes index Kickass Torrents | TPB | ET | h33t Human physiology Human anatomy I Regan, Jennifer L II Russo, Andrew F III Title IV Title: Essentials of anatomy and physiology QP34.5.S418 2016 612 dc23 2014022213 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites www.mhhe.com d e d icat io n This text is dedicated to our families Without their uncompromising support and love, this effort would not have been possible Our spouses and children have been more than patient while we’ve spent many nights at the computer surrounded by mountains of books We also want to acknowledge and dedicate this edition to the previous authors as we continue the standard of excellence that they have set for so many years For each of us, authoring this text is a culmination of our passion for teaching and represents an opportunity to pass knowledge on to students beyond our own classrooms; this has all been made possible by the support and mentorship we in turn have received from our teachers, colleagues, friends, and family About the Authors cinnamon L VanPutte Jennifer L Regan Cinnamon has been teaching biology and human anatomy and physiology for almost two decades At Southwestern Illinois College she is a full-time faculty member and the coordinator for the anatomy and physiology courses Cinnamon is an active member of several professional societies, including the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) Her Ph.D in zoology, with an emphasis in endocrinology, is from Texas A&M University She worked in Dr Duncan MacKenzie’s lab, where she was indoctrinated in the major principles of physiology and the importance of critical thinking The critical thinking component of Seeley’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology epitomizes Cinnamon’s passion for the field of human anatomy and physiology; she is committed to maintaining this tradition of excellence Cinnamon and her husband, Robb, have two children: a daughter, Savannah, and a son, Ethan Savannah is very creative and artistic; she loves to sing, write novels, and art projects Robb and Ethan have their black belts in karate and Ethan is one of the youngest black belts at his martial arts school Cinnamon is also active in martial arts and is a competitive Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioner She has competed at both the Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship and the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship For over ten years, Jennifer has taught introductory biology, human anatomy and physiology, and genetics at the university and community college level She has received the Instructor of the Year Award at both the departmental and college level while teaching at USM In addition, she has been recognized for her dedication to teaching by student organizations such as the Alliance for Graduate Education in Mississippi and Increasing Minority Access to Graduate Education Jennifer has dedicated much of her career to improving lecture and laboratory instruction at her institutions Critical thinking and lifelong learning are two characteristics Jennifer hopes to instill in her students She appreciates the Seeley approach to learning and is excited about contributing to further development of the textbook She received her Ph.D in biology at the University of Houston, under the direction of Edwin H Bryant and Lisa M Meffert She is an active member of several professional organizations, including the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society During her free time, Jennifer enjoys spending time with her husband, Hobbie, and two sons, Patrick and Nicholas Professor of Biology Southwestern Illinois College iv Instructor University of Southern Mississippi andrew F Russo Professor of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics University of Iowa Andrew has over 20 years of classroom experience with human physiology, neurobiology, molecular biology, and cell biology courses at the University of Iowa He is a recipient of the Collegiate Teaching Award and is currently the course director for Medical Cell Biology and Director of the Biosciences Graduate Program He is also a member of several professional societies, including the American Physiological Society and the Society for Neuroscience Andrew received his Ph.D in biochemistry from the University of California at Berkeley His research interests are focused on the molecular neurobiology of migraine His decision to join the author team for Seeley’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology is the culmination of a passion for teaching that began in graduate school He is excited about the opportunity to hook students’ interest in learning by presenting cutting-edge clinical and scientific advances Andy is married to Maureen, a physical therapist, and has three daughters Erilynn, Becky, and Colleen, now in college and graduate school He enjoys all types of outdoor sports, especially bicycling, skiing, ultimate Frisbee and, before moving to Iowa, bodyboard surfing Brief Contents chapter The Human Organism chapter The Chemical Basis of Life chapter Cell Structures and Their Functions 21 42 chapter Tissues 70 chapter Integumentary System 94 chapter Skeletal System: Bones and Joints chapter Muscular System 150 chapter Nervous System 193 chapter Senses 239 110 chapter 10 Endocrine System 264 chapter 1 Blood 297 chapter 12 Heart 318 chapter 13 Blood Vessels and Circulation 350 chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity 385 chapter 15 Respiratory System 412 chapter 16 Digestive System 442 chapter 17 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation 476 chapter 18 Urinary System and Fluid Balance 499 chapter 19 Reproductive System 529 chapter 20 Development, Heredity, and Aging 560 v Contents Online Teaching and Learning Resources viii Teaching and Learning Supplements xii What Sets Seeley’s Essentials Apart? xiii Ninth Edition Changes xxi Chapter-by-Chapter Changes xxii List of Clinical Impact Essays xxv Acknowledgments xxvi chapter the Human organism 1.1 Anatomy 1.2 Physiology 1.3 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body 1.4 Characteristics of Life 1.5 Homeostasis 1.6 Terminology and the Body Plan 11 chapter the chemical Basis of Life 21 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Basic Chemistry 21 Chemical Reactions 26 Acids and Bases 30 Inorganic Molecules 31 Organic Molecules 31 chapter cell Structures and their Functions 42 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cell Structure 42 Functions of the Cell 44 Cell Membrane 44 Movement Through the Cell Membrane 44 3.5 Organelles 52 3.6 Whole-Cell Activity 58 3.7 Cellular Aspects of Aging 66 chapter tissues 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 70 Tissues and Histology 70 Epithelial Tissue 70 Connective Tissue 77 Muscle Tissue 83 Nervous Tissue 86 Tissue Membranes 86 Tissue Damage and Inflammation 88 4.8 Tissue Repair 89 vi 4.9 Effects of Aging on Tissues 91 chapter integumentary System 94 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Functions of the Integumentary System 94 Skin 95 Subcutaneous Tissue 98 Accessory Skin Structures 99 Physiology of the Integumentary System 101 Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid 103 Burns 103 Skin Cancer 106 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 106 chapter Skeletal System: Bones and Joints 110 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 Functions of the Skeletal System 110 Extracellular Matrix 111 General Features of Bone 111 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis 117 General Considerations of Bone Anatomy 119 Axial Skeleton 120 Appendicular Skeleton 129 Joints 137 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints 143 chapter Muscular System 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 nervous System 8.1 chapter Senses 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 150 193 Functions of the Nervous System 193 8.2 Divisions of the Nervous System 194 239 Sensation 239 Sensory Receptors 239 General Senses 240 Special Senses 242 Olfaction 242 Taste 243 Vision 244 Hearing and Balance 253 Effects of Aging on the Senses 260 chapter 10 endocrine System 10.1 10.2 Functions of the Muscular System 150 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle 151 Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle 165 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy 166 Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 185 chapter 8.3 Cells of the Nervous System 194 8.4 Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways 196 8.5 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 206 8.6 Spinal Cord 206 8.7 Spinal Nerves 208 8.8 Brain 210 8.9 Sensory Functions 214 8.10 Motor Functions 217 8.11 Other Brain Functions 219 8.12 Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 222 8.13 Cranial Nerves 223 8.14 Autonomic Nervous System 225 8.15 Enteric Nervous System 231 8.16 Effects of Aging on the Nervous System 231 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 264 Principles of Chemical Communication 264 Functions of the Endocrine System 265 Characteristics of the Endocrine System 266 Hormones 266 Control of Hormone Secretion 267 Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action 269 Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones 274 Other Hormones 291 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System 291 chapter 11 Blood 297 11.1 Functions of Blood 297 11.2 Composition of Blood 298 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 Plasma  298 Formed Elements  299 Preventing Blood Loss   304 Blood Grouping  308 Diagnostic Blood Tests   310 Chapter 12 Heart  318 12.1   Functions of the Heart   318 12.2 Size, Form, and Location of the Heart  319 12.3 Anatomy of the Heart   320 12.4 Histology of the Heart   327 12.5 Electrical Activity of the Heart   329 12.6 Cardiac Cycle  333 12.7 Heart Sounds  337 12.8 Regulation of Heart Function   338 12.9 Effects of Aging on the Heart   346 Chapter 13 Blood Vessels and Circulation  350 13.1   Functions of the Circulatory System  350 13.2 General Features of Blood Vessel Structure  351 13.3 Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation  353 13.4 Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries  354 13.5 Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins  362 13.6 Physiology of Circulation   367 13.7 Control of Blood Flow in Tissues   371 13.8 Regulation of Arterial Pressure   373 13.9 Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels  379 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity  385 14.1   Functions of the Lymphatic System  385 14.2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System  386 14.3 Immunity  390 14.4 Innate Immunity  390 14.5 Adaptive Immunity  394 14.6 Acquired Immunity  403 14.7 Overview of Immune Interactions  404 14.8 Immunotherapy  404 14.9 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity   409 Chapter 15 Respiratory System  412 15.1   Functions of the Respiratory System  412 15.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory System  413 15.3 Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes  421 15.4 Gas Exchange  427 15.5 Gas Transport in the Blood   429 15.6 Rhythmic Breathing  429 15.7 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise  438 15.8 Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System  438 Chapter 16 Digestive System  442 16.1   Functions of the Digestive System  442 16.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System  443 16.3 Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus  444 16.4 Stomach  451 16.5 Small Intestine  455 16.6 Liver and Pancreas   458 16.7 Large Intestine  463 16.8 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport  465 16.9 Effects of Aging on the Digestive System  470 18.4 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume  510 18.5 Urine Movement  514 18.6 Body Fluid Compartments   518 18.7 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition  519 18.8 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance  521 Chapter 19 Reproductive System  529 19.1   Functions of the Reproductive System  529 19.2 Formation of Gametes   530 19.3 Male Reproductive System   532 19.4 Physiology of Male Reproduction  537 19.5 Female Reproductive System   541 19.6 Physiology of Female Reproduction   548 19.7 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System  555 Chapter 20 Development, Heredity, and Aging  560 20.1   Prenatal Development  560 20.2 Parturition  572 20.3 The Newborn  573 20.4 Lactation  574 20.5 First Year Following Birth   576 20.6 Life Stages  577 20.7 Genetics  579 Chapter 17 Appendices 17.1   Nutrition  476 17.2 Metabolism  484 17.3 Body Temperature Regulation   494 A Table of Measurements   A-1 B Some Reference Laboratory Values  A-2 C Solution Concentrations  A-7 D Answers to Critical Thinking Questions  A-8 E Answers to Predict Questions   A-18 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation  476 Chapter 18 Urinary System and Fluid Balance  499 Glossary  G-1 Credits  C-1 Index  I-1 18.1   Functions of the Urinary System  499 18.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys   500 18.3 Urine Production  505 vii Online Teaching and Learning Resources Help Your Students Prepare for class LearnSmartAdvantage.com SmartBook is the first and only adaptive reading experience available for the higher education market Powered by an intelligent diagnostic and adaptive engine, SmartBook facilitates the reading process by identifying what content a student knows and doesn’t know through adaptive assessments As the student reads, the reading material constantly adapts to ensure the student is focused on the content he or she needs the most to close any knowledge gaps LearnSmart is the only adaptive learning program proven to effectively assess a student’s knowledge of basic course content and help them master it By considering both confidence level and responses to actual content questions, LearnSmart identifies what an individual student knows and doesn’t know and builds an optimal learning path, so that they spend less time on concepts they already know and more time on those they don’t LearnSmart also predicts when a student will forget concepts and introduces remedial content to prevent this The result is that LearnSmart’s adaptive learning path helps students learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge, allowing instructors to focus valuable class time on higher-level concepts viii LearnSmart Labs is a super adaptive simulated lab experience that brings meaningful scientific exploration to students Through a series of adaptive questions, LearnSmart Labs identifies a student’s knowledge gaps and provides resources to quickly and efficiently close those gaps Once the student has mastered the necessary basic skills and concepts, they engage in a highly realistic simulated lab experience that allows for mistakes and the execution of the scientific method The primary goal of LearnSmart Prep is to help students who are unprepared to take college level courses Using super adaptive technology, the program identifies what a student doesn’t know, and then provides “teachable moments” designed to mimic the office hour experience When combined with a personalized learning plan, an unprepared or struggling student has all the tools they need to quickly and effectively learn the foundational knowledge and skills necessary to be successful in a college level course — A Diagnostic, Adaptive Learning System to help you learn—smarter ▲ LearnSmart is the only adaptive learning program proven to effectively assess a student’s knowledge of basic course content and help them master it By considering both confidence level and responses to actual content questions, LearnSmart identifies what an individual student knows and doesn’t know and builds an optimal learning path, so that they spend less time on concepts they already know and more time on those they don’t LearnSmart also predicts when a student will forget concepts and introduces remedial content to prevent this The result is that LearnSmart’s adaptive learning path helps students learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge, allowing instructors to focus valuable class time on higher-level concepts Study with LearnSmart by working through modules and using LearnSmart’s reporting to better understand your strengths and weaknesses ▲ Gauge your student’s progress using reports in LearnSmart and Connect Students can run these same reports in LearnSmart to track their own progress ▲ The Tree of Knowledge tracks your progress, reporting on shortterm successes and long-term retention Reports in Connect and LearnSmart help you monitor student assignments and performance, allowing for “just-in-time” teaching to clarify concepts that are more difficult for your students to understand ▲ Download the LearnSmart app from iTunes or Google Play and work on LearnSmart from anywhere! McGraw-Hill Campus is an LMS integration service that offers instructors and students universal sign-on, automatic registration, and gradebook synchronization with our learning platforms and content Gain seamless access to our full library of digital assets—1,500 e-texts and instructor resources that let you build richer courses from within your chosen LMS! ix McGraw-Hill Connect® Anatomy & Physiology McGraw-Hill connect® anatomy & Physiology integrated learning platform provides auto-graded assessments, a customizable, assignable eBook, an adaptive diagnostic tool, and powerful reporting against learning outcomes and level of difficulty—all in an easy-to-use interface Connect Anatomy & Physiology is specific to your book and can be completely customized to your course and specific learning outcomes, so you help your students connect to just the material they need to know Save time with auto-graded assessments and tutorials Fully editable, customizable, auto-graded interactive assignments using high quality art from the textbook, animations, and videos from a variety of sources take you way beyond multiple choice Assignable content is available for every Learning Outcome in the book new! clinical Question types for each chapter! Gather assessment information Generate powerful data related to student performance against learning outcomes, specific topics, level of difficulty, and more All connect content is pre-tagged to Learning Outcomes for each chapter as well as topic, section, Bloom’s Level, and Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) Learning Outcomes to assist you in both filtering out unneeded questions for ease of creating assignments and in reporting on your students’ performance against these points This will enhance your ability to effectively assess student learning in your courses by allowing you to align your learning activities to peer-reviewed standards from an international organization x I-8 Index Fat-soluble vitamin, 266–267, 269–270, 481 Fatty acid, 32, 33, 34f, 480 Fecal matter, 463 transplant, 468 Female condom, 552 Female infertility, 554 Female reproductive system, 541–547, 542f Femoral artery, 361 Femoral head, 134 Femoral nerve, 210 Femur, 134 Fenestration, 267 Fertilization, 543–545, 561, 561f in vitro, 566 Fetal circulation, 563f, 575f Fetal growth, 570–572, 572f Fetus, 560, 577 Fiber, dietary, 449 Fibrillation, cardiac, 332 Fibrin, 299, 306 Fibrinogen, 299, 306 Fibrinogen receptor, 305 Fibrinolysis, 307, 308f Fibroblast, 78 Fibrocartilage, 82, 138 Fibrocyte, 78 Fibroid tumors, 554–555 Fibrosis, 89 Fibrous joint, 138 Fibrous pericardium, 320 Fibrous tunic, 245, 246 Fibula, 136 Fibular artery, 361 Fibularis, 185 Fifth lobe, 214 Fight-or-flight system, 230, 284 Filtrate, 501 Filtration, 506 Filtration membrane, 501, 504f Filtration pressure, 507, 507f Fimbria, 545 Finger, 177–180 First stage of labor, 572 First-degree burn, 103 Fixator muscle, 166 Flaccid paralysis, 159 Flagellum, 58 Flat bone, 111–112 Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 487 Flexion, 141 Flexor carpi, 180 Flexor digitorum, 180 Flexor reflex, 208 Floating rib, 128 Fluid balance, 518–521; see also urinary system body fluid compartments, 518–519, 518t body fluid composition, 518 exchange between compartments, 518–519 ion concentration regulation, 519–521 regulation of extracellular fluid composition, 519–521 thirst regulation, 519, 519f Fluid connective tissue, 82–83, 84t Fluid-mosaic model, 44 Focal point, 250, 250f Focusing, 250 Folate deficiency, 313 Follicle hair, 99, 99f ovary, 544f, 545 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 537 Fontanel, 138, 138f Food composition, 478t metabolism, 490f Food label, 484f Foot, 137, 137f Foramen, 119 Foramen magnum, 123–124 Foramen ovale, 569 Forced expiratory vital capacity, 426 Forearm, 13, 177, 181f, 181t Foreign antigen, 394 Foreskin, 536 Formed element, 298, 299–304, 300t platelets, 304 red blood cells, 299–303, 302f, 303f white blood cells, 302f, 303–304, 305f Fossus, 120 Fourth ventricle, 223 Fovea centralis, 249 Fracture, 118, 118f, 128 Fraternal twin, 561 Freckle, 106 Free energy, 494 Free nerve ending, 240 Free radical, 66, 481 Free radical theory of aging, 578 Free surface, 71, 75 Frenulum, 445 Frontal bone, 120 Frontal lobe, 214 Frontal plane, 16 Frontonasal process, 566 Frostbite, 496 FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 537 Full-thickness burn, 103, 104f Functional residual capacity, 426 Fundus, 451, 545 G G protein activation, 272, 273f Gallbladder, 460 Gallstone, 460 Gamete, 579 Gamma globulin, 397 Ganglion, 228, 254 Gangrene, 354 Gap junction, 76, 328 Gas exchange, 427–429, 428f, 430f partial pressure, 427–429, 427t respiratory membrane thickness, 427 surface area, 427 Gas transport, blood, 429 Gastric bypass surgery, 492 Gastric gland, 451 Gastric phase, 453 Gastric pit, 451 Gastrin, 453 Gastrocnemius, 185 Gastroesophageal opening, 451 Gastrulation, 565 Gate control theory, 241 Gated channel, 46, 47f, 200 Gene, 59, 580–582 Gene death, 66 Gene expression, 59–61, 60f, 580–582 General anesthesia, 241 General sense, 239 General sensory area, 216 Generalized cell, 43f Genetic counseling, 582–583 Genetic disorder, 582 Genetics, 579–584 chromosome, 52, 579–580 autosome, 63 diploid number, 62 sex, 62–63 structure, 54f chromosomes, 579–580 genes, 59, 580–582 dominant gene, 580–581, 582 dominant trait, 584f incomplete dominance, 582 recessive gene, 580–581, 581f sex-linked trait, 581 genetic counseling, 582–583 genetic disorders, 582 summary and review, 584–586 Genome, 580 Genomic map, 583 Genotype, 581 Germ layer, 563–565, 565f, 565t Germinal center, 388 Germinal period, 577 Gestation period, 572 Gigantism, 278 Gingiva, 445 Gland; see also specific gland name endocrine; see endocrine gland exocrine; see exocrine gland skin, 100, 100f Glans penis, 536 Glaucoma, 249 Glenoid cavity, 129 Glial cell, 195–196, 198f Gliding joint, 139 Globin, 299–300 Globulin, 299 Glomerular capillary pressure, 507 Glomerulus, 500 Glucagon, 288t, 290 Glucocorticoid, 285 Glucose, 465 transport, 467f Gluten enteropathy, 70, 91 Gluteus maximus, 182 Gluteus medius, 182 Glycerol, 32 Glycogen, 486 Glycolysis, 486, 487f GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 537 Goblet cell, 75, 456 Goiter, 292, 292f Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f Gomphosis, 138 Gonadotropin, 279 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 537 “Goose bump,” 99 Gram, 22 Granular cell, 456 Granulation tissue, 89–91 Granulocyte, 304 Granulosa cell, 545 Graves disease, 280, 292, 293 Gray matter, 196 Great saphenous vein, 367 Greater curvature, 451 Greater omentum, 443 Greater tubercle, 130 Greater vestibular gland, 546 Greenstick fracture, 118 Groin pull, 182 Ground substance, 78 Growth, Growth hormone, 278 Gut bacteria, 279, 394 Gynecomastia, 546 Gyrus, 214 H H zone, 153 Hair, 99 Hair bulb, 99 Hair cortex, 99 Hair follicle, 99, 99f Hair follicle receptor, 240 Hair root, 99 Hair shaft, 99 Hamstring muscle, 184 Hand, 130–133, 133f Hard palate, 124, 413, 447 Haversian canal, 113 hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone), 545, 563 Head, 13 arteries, 354–358, 358f, 359f muscles, 170–173, 170t, 171f, 172f, 172t, 173t veins, 362, 364f Head, pancreatic, 461 Hearing, 254–256 balance, 256–257, 258f disease and disorder, 260 ear anatomy and function, 253–254, 253f, 255f, 256f loss, 254–256 neuronal pathway, 256, 257f Heart, 318–349 aging effects, 346 anatomy, 320–327, 320f, 321f, 322f–323f blood flow through the heart, 325–326, 326f blood supply to the heart, 326–327, 327f external anatomy, 320–323 heart chambers and internal anatomy, 323 heart valves, 323–325, 324f, 325f pericardium, 320 cardiac cycle, 333–337, 335f, 336f disease and disorder, 346 electrical activity, 329–333 action potentials in cardiac muscle, 329, 331f conduction system of the heart, 329–332, 332f electrocardiogram, 332–333 formation, 571f functions, 318–319 heart sounds, 337–338 histology, 327–329 cardiac muscle, 328–329 heart wall, 327–328, 329f regulation of heart function, 338–346 extrinsic regulation of the heart, 339–346, 343f intrinsic regulation of the heart, 338–339 size, form, and location, 319–320 summary and review, 347–349 Heart, artificial, 342 Heart attack, 314–315, 328, 344, 345 Heart chamber, 323 Heart disease, 346 Index treatment and prevention, 342–343 Heart failure, right, 339 Heart medication, 342 Heart rate, 338, 373 Heart transplant, 342 Heart valve, 323–325, 324f, 325f, 337f incompetence, 347 Heart valve replacement, 342 Heart valve stenosis, 338 Heart wall, 327–328, 329f Heartburn, 453 Heart-lung machine, 342 Heat exchange, 102f Heat exhaustion, 496 Heat stroke, 496 Heimlich maneuver, 417 Helicobacter pylori, 455 Helper T cell, 395 Hematocrit, 312, 312f Hematopoiesis, 299, 301f Heme, 300 Hemiazygos vein, 362 Hemidesmosome, 76 Hemocytoblast, 299 Hemodialysis, 524–525, 524f Hemoglobin, 299 breakdown, 303f measurement, 312 Hemolysis, 308 Hemolytic anemia, 313 Hemolytic disease of the newborn, 310, 311f Hemophilia, 581, 581f Hemorrhagic anemia, 313 Hemorrhagic shock, 376 Hemorrhagic stroke, 232 Hemorrhoid, 463 Heparin, 306 Hepatic artery, 458 Hepatic cord, 458 Hepatic duct, 460 Hepatic portal system, 365, 366f Hepatic portal vein, 365, 458 Hepatic sinusoid, 458 Hepatic vein, 366f, 458 Hepatocyte, 458 Hering-Breuer reflex, 431 Hernia, inguinal, 533 Heterozygosity, 580 High blood pressure, 368 High-density lipoprotein, 466, 468 Hilum, 500 Hinge joint, 139 Hip, 183f Histamine, 89 Histology, 70 bone, 113–114 digestive system, 443, 444f, 452f, 457f, 462f heart, 327–329 cardiac muscle, 328–329 heart wall, 327–328, 329f tissue, 70 urinary system, 514 Holocrine secretion, 77 Homeostasis, 4–11, 8f blood flow control, 372t, 380f body humor, calcium, 118f, 119–120 negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f, 11f positive feedback, 8–11, 11f Homeostatic mechanism, Homologous pair, 579 Homozygosity, 580 Hormonal stimulus, 268 Hormone, 266–267; see also specific hormone name blood pressure control, 374–376 blood volume regulation, 515f chemistry of, 266–267 digestive system, 453t endocrine glands adrenal gland, 284–287, 284f pancreas, insulin, and diabetes, 287–290, 288f parathyroid gland, 282 pineal gland, 291 pituitary and hypothalamus, 274–279, 275f, 277f, 278f testes and ovaries, 290 thymus, 291 thyroid gland, 280–282, 281f hormone receptors and mechanism of action membrane-bound receptors and signal amplification, 272–274 nuclear receptors, 270–272 receptor classification, 269–270 lactation control, 577f maternal changes, 563 reference laboratory values, A–6 reproductive, 537, 538f, 539t secretion control inhibition of hormone release, 268–269 regulation of blood hormone levels, 269 stimulation of hormone release, 267–268 urine concentration regulation, 510–514 Hormone receptor, 269–274 Hormone-response element, 272 Hospital-acquired diarrhea, 468 Human chorionic gonadotropin, 291 Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), 545, 563 Human genome, 583 Human Genome Project, 583, 583f Human organism, 1–20 I-9 characteristics of life, 3–4 homeostasis, 4–11, 8f negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f, 11f positive feedback, 8–11, 11f organization, 2–3, 3f organ level, 2, 5f organ system level, 2, 6f–7f organism level, physiology, summary and review, 19–20 terminology and body plan, 11–18 body cavities, 16–17 body parts and regions, 13, 13f body positions, 11 directional terminology, 11, 12f, 12t planes, 16 serous membranes, 17–18 Human physiology, Humeral head, 130 Humerus, 130, 132f Humor, body, Humoral stimulus, 267 Huntington disease, 581 Hyaline cartilage, 82 Hydrocephalus, 223 Hydrochloric acid, 451 Hydrogen atom, 23f Hydrogen bond, 24–25, 25f, 25t Hydrophilic molecule, 34 Hydrophobic molecule, 34 Hydrostatic pressure, 47 Hydroxyapatite, 111 Hydroxyl group, 33 Hygiene hypothesis, 394 Hymen, 546 Hyoid bone, 124, 125f Hyoid muscle, 172 Hypercapnia, 432 Hyperextension, 143 Hyperglycemia, 290 Hyperparathyroidism, 282 Hyperplastic obesity, 493 Hyperpolarization, 201 Hypertension, 368 Hyperthermia, 496 Hyperthyroidism, 280, 292, 293 Hypertonic solution, 47–48, 49f Hypertrophic obesity, 493 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 453 Hypertrophy, 164 Hypoblast, 563 Hypodermis, 98 Hypoparathyroidism, 284 Hypopituitarism, 279 Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system, 275 Hypothalamus, 214 Hypothalamus gland, 274–279, 277f, 278f Hypothermia, 496 I-10 Index Hypothyroidism, 280 Hypotonic solution, 47, 49f Hypovolemic shock, 376 Hypoxia, 432 Hysterectomy, 554 I I band, 153 ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone), 280 Identical twin, 561 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 305 Ig (immunoglobulin), 397 IGF (insulin-like growth factor), 278 Ileocecal junction, 457 Ileocecal sphincter, 457 Ileocecal valve, 457 Ileum, 455 Iliac crest, 133 Iliopsoas, 182 Ilium, 133 Imaging, anatomical, Immunity; see also lymphatic system acquired active artificial immunity, 403 active natural immunity, 403 passive artificial immunity, 404 passive natural immunity, 403–404 adaptive antibody-mediated immunity, 396–402 cell-mediated immunity, 402 lymphocyte activation and multiplication, 395–396 lymphocyte origin and development, 395 innate chemical mediators, 390–392 inflammatory response, 393–394 physical barriers, 390 white blood cells, 392 Immunoglobulin (Ig), 397 Immunotherapy, 404–408 Impacted fracture, 118 Implantation blastocyst, 562, 562f oocyte, 545 Impotence, 540 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 566 Incisor, 445 Incompetent valve, 337 Incomplete dominance, 582 Incomplete fracture, 118 Incus, 253 Indirect tract, 218 Infant, 577; see also newborn hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 453 infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), 423 Infarct, 328 Inferior colliculus, 256 Inferior mesenteric artery, 359–360 Inferior mesenteric vein, 365 Inferior orbital fissure, 122 Inferior phrenic artery, 360 Inferior position, 11 Inferior vena cava, 321 Infertility female, 554 male, 541 Inflammation, 88, 88f cells, 392 chronic, 89 exercise-induced, 164 tissue, 88–89 Inflammatory response, 393–394, 393f Infundibulum, 214, 274 Inguinal canal, 533 Inguinal hernia, 533 Inheritance, sex, 580f Inhibin, 537 Inhibiting hormone, 269 Injection, 96 Innate immunity, 390–393, 395t chemical mediators, 390–392 inflammatory response, 393–394 physical barriers, 390 white blood cells, 392 Inner cell mass, 562 Inner ear, 254, 255f, 256f Inorganic chemistry, 31 Inorganic molecule, 31 Insertion of muscle, 166 Inspiration, 421, 424f Inspiratory capacity, 426 Inspiratory reserve volume, 425 Insula, 214 Insulin, 1, 19, 287–288, 288t, 465 reference laboratory values, Appendix B at A–6 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 278 Integumentary system, 86, 94–109; see also skin; Systems Pathology accessory skin structures, 99–101 glands, 100, 100f hair, 99 nails, 100–101, 100f aging effects, 106 burns, 103–106 diagnostic aid, 103 function, 94–95 physiology, 101–103 excretion, 103 protection, 101 sensation, 101 temperature regulation, 101, 102f vitamin D production, 101 skin, 95–98, 95f dermis, 96, 96f epidermis, 95–96, 96f skin color, 97–98 skin cancer, 106 subcutaneous tissue, 95f, 98–99 summary and review, 107–109 Interatrial septum, 323, 569 Intercalated disk, 84, 166, 328 Interferon, 392, 393 Interior thoracic vein, 362 Interleukin, 398 Interleukin-1, 396 Interleukin-2, 396 Interlobar artery, 505 Interlobular artery, 505 Intermediate filament, 57 Internal abdominal oblique, 173 Internal anal sphincter, 463 Internal carotid artery, 354 Internal iliac artery, 360 Internal iliac vein, 362 Internal intercostal, 173 Internal jugular vein, 362 Internal thoracic artery, 359 Internal thoracic vein, 362 Internal urinary sphincter, 514 Interneuron, 204 Interossei, 180 Interphase, 61 Interstitial cell, 533 Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), 280 Interstitial fluid loss shock, 376 Interthalamic adhesion, 213 Interventricular septum, 323, 569 Intervertebral disk, 126 Intervertebral disk rupture, 147 Intervertebral foramen, 126 Intestinal fecal transplantation, 468 Intestinal gland, 456 Intestinal microbe, 394 Intestinal phase, 453 Intracellular fluid compartment, 518 Intradermal injection, 96 Intramembranous ossification, 115 Intramuscular injection, 96 Intrauterine device (IUD), 552 Intrinsic cardiac regulation, 338–339 Intrinsic factor, 313, 451 Intrinsic foot muscle, 185 Intrinsic hand muscle, 180 Intrinsic muscle, 172 Intrinsic regulation, cardiac, 338–339 Inversion, 143 Involuntary movement, 217 Ion, 23, 24f Ion channel, 155f voltage-gated, 200f Ion concentration regulation, 519–521 Ionic bond, 25t Ionic bonding, 23, 23f IRDS (infant respiratory distress syndrome), 423 Iris, 247, 247f Iron deficiency anemia, 313, 315 Irregular bone, 112 Ischemic stroke, 232 Ischium, 133 Islet of Langerhans, 461 Isometric contraction, 164 Isotonic contraction, 164 Isotonic solution, 47, 49f Isotope, 28 Isthmus, 280 IUD (intrauterine device), 552 IVF (in vitro fertilization), 566 J Jaundice, 103, 302–303 Jejunum, 455 Joint, 137–143; see also specific joint name cartilaginous, 138 fibrous, 138 movement, 141–143 synovial, 138–139 types, 138–139 Joint capsule, 139 Joint cavity, 139 Jugular notch, 129 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 505 Juxtamedullary nephron, 500 K Karyotype, 579, 579f Keratin, 95 Keratinization, 95 Ketone, 287, 490 Kidney acid-base balance regulation, 522 anatomy, 500–505, 502f, 503f, 504f blood flow, 505f transplantation, 525 urinary system arteries and veins, 505, 505f Kidney stone, 517–518 Kilocalorie, 477 Kilogram, 22 Kinetic energy, 28 Knee-jerk reflex, 207–208, 208f Korotkoff sound, 367 Krebs cycle, 487 Kupffer cell, 392 Kyphosis, 125 L Labia majora, 546 Labia minora, 546 Labor, 572 Laboratory values, reference, A–2 to A–3 Lacrimal apparatus, 245 Lacrimal bone, 122 Lacrimal canaliculus, 245 Lacrimal gland, 245 Lacrimal sac, 245 Lactation, 552, 574–576, 577f Lacteal, 385, 456 Lactic acid, 486 Lactic acid fermentation, 486 Lactiferous duct, 546 Lactose intolerance, 442, 473 Lacuna, 82, 113, 563 Lag phase, 158 Lambdoid suture, 120 Lamella, 113 Lamina, 126 Lamina propria, 443 Lanugo, 569 Laparoscopy, 553 Large intestine, 463–464, 464f anatomy, 463–464 function, 464 Laryngitis, 414 Laryngopharynx, 414 Larynx, 414, 416f Last menstrual period (LMP), 560 Lateral column, 206 Lateral corticospinal tract, 218 Lateral fissure, 214 Lateral horn, 206 Lateral malleolus, 136 Lateral position, 11 Lateral ventricle, 223 Latissimus dorsi, 176 Leak channel, 46, 47f, 197–200 Lecithin, 479 Left atrium, 323 Left brachiocephalic vein, 362 Left bundle branch, 330 Left common carotid artery, 354 Left coronary artery, 327 Left heart failure, 339 Left lobe, 458 Left marginal artery, 327 Left pulmonary artery, 353 Left subclavian artery, 354 Left ventricle, 323 Leg, 13, 136 bones, 137f, 138f muscles, 184–185, 185t, 186f, 187t Leiomyomas, 554–555, 554f Index Length, measures of, Appendix A at A–1 Lens, 247 Lesser curvature, 451 Lesser omentum, 443 Lesser tubercle, 130 Leukemia, 313 Leukocyte; see white blood cell Leukocytosis, 313 Leukopenia, 313 Levator ani, 175 Levator labii superioris, 170 Levator scapulae, 176 Leydig cell, 533 LH (luteinizing hormone), 279–280, 537 Life characteristics, 3–4 Life stages, 577–579; see also development, heredity, and aging aging process, 578–579 death, 579 Ligament, 111 Light refraction, 249–250 Limb bud, 566 Limbic system, 222f Linea alba, 173 Linear fracture, 118 Lingual tonsil, 387, 414 Linked gene, 580 Linoleic acid, 479 Lip, 444 Lipase, 462, 467 Lipid, 32–35, 465–468 dietary, 479–480 digestion, 466f metabolism, 489–490 reference laboratory values, Appendix B at A–3 transport, 465–468, 466f, 467f Lipid-soluble hormone, 266–267, 269–270, 481 Lipid-storage disorder, 56 Lipoprotein, 468, 468f Liver, 458–461 anatomy, 458–461, 459f function, 460–461, 460f, 461f, 461t LMP (last menstrual period), 560 Lobar bronchus, 417 Lobule, 458, 547 Local anesthesia, 241 Local current, 201 Local inflammation, 393 Local potential, 201 Lock-and-key model, 36 Long bone, 111 endochondral ossification, 115f structure, 112–113, 112f Longitudinal fissure, 214 Longitudinal section, 16 Longitudinal smooth muscle, 443 Long-term memory, 222 Loop of Henle, 500, 511f, 512f Loose connective tissue, 79, 80t Lordosis, 125–126 Low-density lipoprotein, 466, 468 Lower limb artery, 360–362 bones, 134–137, 134f lower limb, 362f muscles, 180–185, 183f, 184f, 184t, 185t, 186f vein, 367, 367f Lower motor neuron, 217 Lower respiratory tract, 413 Lubb (heart sound), 337 Lumbar artery, 360 Lumbar vertebra, 125, 127 Lumbosacral plexus, 210 Lung, 417–420, 418f, 419f Lung gases diffusion, 427–428 Lung recoil, 423–425 Lunula, 101 Lupus, 406–407, 406f Luteinizing hormone (LH), 279–280, 537 Lymph, 385 Lymph drainage, 386f Lymph node, 388f, 447 Lymphatic capillary, 386 Lymphatic sinus, 388 Lymphatic system, 385–411 acquired immunity, 403–404 active artificial immunity, 403 active natural immunity, 403 passive artificial immunity, 404 passive natural immunity, 403–404 adaptive immunity, 394–402, 404f antibody-mediated immunity, 396–402 cell-mediated immunity, 402 lymphocyte activation and multiplication, 395–396 lymphocyte origin and development, 395 aging effects, 409 anatomy, 386–390, 386f, 387f, 388f, 389f, 390f lymphatic capillaries and vessels, 386–387 lymphatic organs, 387–389 overview, 389–390 disease and disorder, 408 immune interactions overview, 404, 404f immunity, 390 immunotherapy, 404–408 innate immunity, 390–393 chemical mediators, 390–392 inflammatory response, 393–394 physical barriers, 390 I-11 white blood cells, 392 lymphatic system functions, 385–386, 391f summary and review, 409–411 Lymphatic tissue, 387 Lymphatic vessel, 386 Lymphocyte, 304 activation and multiplication, 395–396 origin and development, 395 proliferation, 396 Lysis, 47 Lysosome, 54, 57f Lysozyme, 448 M M line, 153 Macrophage, 78, 304, 392 Macula, 247–249, 256, 257f Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 28 Main bronchus, 417 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, 396 Male infertility, 541 Male pattern baldness, 541 Male reproductive system, 532–537 Malignant melanoma, 106 Malignant tumor, 65 Malleus, 253 Mammary gland, 546–547 Mammillary body, 214 Mammography, 547 Mandible, 120 Mandibular fossa, 124 Mandibular process, 566 Manubrium, 128 MAP (mean arterial blood pressure), 373 Marfan syndrome, 79 Marrow, 113 Mass, 21–22 Mass, measures of, Appendix A at A–1 Mass movement, 463 Mass number, 23 Mast cell, 78, 392 Mastication, 444–445, 449 muscles, 170, 171f, 172t Mastoid air cell, 123 Mastoid process, 120 Maternal circulation, 563f Maternal hormonal changes, 563 Matter, 21–22 Mature follicle, 545 Maxilla, 120 Maxillary process, 566 Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), 373 Measurements, Table of, Appendix A at A–1 I-12 Index Meatus, 120 Mechanical digestion, 465 Mechanical energy, 29 Mechanoreceptor, 239 Meconium, 574 Medial malleolus, 136 Medial position, 11 Median cubital vein, 362 Median nerve, 210 Median plane, 16 Median sacral artery, 360 Median sacral crest, 128 Mediastinum, 17, 319 Meditation, 230 Medulla, 99 kidney, 500 thymus, 389 Medulla oblongata, 212 Medullary cavity, 113 Medullary respiratory center, 431 Megakaryocyte, 304 Meiosis, 529, 530, 531f, 556 Meissner corpuscle, 240 Melanin, 97, 97f, 107 Melanocyte, 97 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), 280 Melanoma, malignant, 106 Melanosome, 97 Melatonin, 291 Membrane basement, 71 internal, 87f otolithic, 256 respiratory, 420f serous; see serous membrane synovial, 139 Membrane channel, 44 Membrane potential, resting, 153 Membrane-bound receptor, 270, 271f, 272–274, 273f Membranous labyrinth, 254 Membranous urethra, 536 Memory, immune, 390 Memory B cell, 399 Memory engram, 222 Memory T cell, 402 Memory trace, 222 Menarche, 548 Meninges, 223, 224f Meniscus, 139 Menopause, 549–551 Menses, 548 Menstrual cycle, 548–549, 549f, 550t Merkel disk, 240 Merocrine secretion, 77 Mesentery, 18, 443, 445f Mesentery proper, 443 Mesoderm, 565 Mesovarium, 541 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 59 formation, 61f transcription regulation, 272 translation, 61, 62f Metabolic acidosis, 522 Metabolic alkalosis, 522 Metabolic rate, 491–492 Metabolism, 484–492 carbohydrate, 485–489 as characteristic of life, chemical basis of life, 27 food, 490f lipid, 489–490 metabolic rate, 491–492 metabolic states, 491 protein, 490 regulation, 485 summary and review, 496–498 Metacarpal bone, 130 Metaphase, 63 Metastasis, 65 Metatarsal bone, 137 Metric measurements, Appendix A at A–1 MHC molecule, 396 Micelle, 467 Microbe bacteria to fight bacteria, 100 fecal transplants, 468 generally, in human body, gut, 279, 394 gut bacteria immune response, 394 obesity, 279 human body, Microfilament, 57 Microglia cell, 392 Microglial cell, 196 Microtubule, 57 Microvillus, 58, 75, 455 Micturition reflex, 307, 516–517, 517f Midbrain, 212 Middle age, 577 Middle ear, 253–254, 256f Mifepristone, 552 Milk letdown, 575 Mineral, 483t dietary, 481–483 digestive system, 469–470 Mineralocorticoids, 285 Mini-pill, 552 Minoxidil, 541 Minute ventilation, 425 Mitochondrial DNA mutation, 579 Mitochondrion, 56 Mitochondrion, damage, 66 Mitosis, 63 Mitotic chromosome, 579 Mitral valve, 323 Mixed nerve; see spinal nerve Mixing wave, 455 Molality, Appendix C at A–7 Molar, 445, 447f Molarity, Appendix C at A–7 Mole, Appendix C at A–7 Molecule, 24, 25–26 carrier, 48, 486 nonpolar, 24 polar, 24 receptor, 44 Monoclonal antibody, 401 Monocyte, 304 Mononuclear phagocytic system, 392 Monosaccharide, 32, 465 Monounsaturated fat, 33, 479 Monozygotic twin, 561 Mons pubis, 546 Morning-after pill, 553 Morula, 562 Motion sickness, 258, 259 Motor division, 194 Motor functions, nervous system basal nuclei, 218–219 cerebellum, 219 cerebral cortex motor areas, 217–218 descending tracts, 218, 218f, 218t, 219f Motor neuron, 156, 194, 204 Motor speech area, 221 Motor unit, 156 Movement, joint, 141–142, 142f MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 28 mRNA; see messenger ribonucleic acid MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), 280 Mucin, 448 Mucosa, 443 Mucous, 72, 447, 451 Mucous epithelium, 443 Mucous membrane, 86–87 Mucous neck cell, 451 Multiple-wave summation, 161f Multipolar neuron, 194–195 Mumps, 447 Murmur, 338 Muscle, 83–84, 85t–86t; see also muscular system agonist and antagonist, 166 attachment, 166f belly, 166 cardiac, 330f contraction, 157–165, 159f, 160f energy requirements for, 162–163 types of, 158, 164–165, 458 fatigue, 163–164, 190 fixator, 166 insertion, 166 origin, 166 prime mover, 166 synergist, 166 tone, 165 twitch, 158–161, 161f Muscle fiber, 83, 162t excitability, 151, 153–156 stimulation, 156–157 structure, 151–153 types, 161, 164–165 Muscular artery, 351 Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne, 188, 188f, 189 Muscular system, 150–192, 151f; see also Systems Pathology disease and disorder, 187 function, 150–151 skeletal muscle aging, 185–187 skeletal muscle anatomy, 166–185, 167f–168f, 169t, 170f, 187t general principles, 166 head and neck muscles, 170–173, 170t, 171f, 172f, 172t, 173t lower limb muscles, 180–185, 183f, 184f, 184t, 185t, 186f nomenclature, 166–170 trunk muscles, 173–175, 174f, 174t, 175f, 175t, 176f, 176t, 177f, 177t upper limb muscles, 176–180, 178f, 178t, 179f, 180t, 181f, 181t, 182f skeletal muscle characteristics, 151–165 energy requirements for muscle contraction, 162–163 fiber type and activity level, 164–165 muscle contraction, 157–161, 159f, 160f muscle fatigue, 163–164 muscle fiber excitability, 153–156 nerve supply and muscle fiber stimulation, 156–157 structure, 152f, 154f smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, 165–166 summary and review, 190–192 Muscularis, 443 Muscularis mucosa, 443 Musculocutaneous nerve, 210 Mutation, 582 Myasthenia gravis, 157 Myelin sheath, 196, 199f Myelinated axon, 196 Myocardial infarction, 328, 344, 345 Myocardial infarction (heart attack), 314–315, 328, 344, 345 Myocardium, 328 Myoepithelial cell, 547 Myofibril, 153 Myofilament, 153 Myoglobin, 164 Myometrium, 545 Myosin head, 153 Myosin myofilament, 153 MyPlate nutrition icon, 477, 477f Myxedema, 280 N Nail, 100–101, 101f Nail bed, 100 Nail body, 100 Nail matrix, 100 Nail root, 100 Naris, 413 Nasal bone, 122 Nasal cavity, 122, 413, 415f Nasal concha, 122 Nasal septum, 122, 413 Nasolacrimal canal, 122 Nasolacrimal duct, 245, 413 Nasopharynx, 414 Natural killer cell, 392 Navicular bone, 136 Neck, 13 arteries, 354–358, 358f muscles, 170–173, 170t, 171f, 172f, 172t, 173t, 174t tooth, 445 veins, 362, 364f Negative feedback, 8, 9f, 10f, 11f, 269, 270f Neocortical death, 579 Neonate, 573, 577 Nephron, 500, 503f Nerve, 86, 87t; see also specific nerve name organization, 196 Nerve cell; see neuron Nerve tract, 196 Nervous system, 193–238 aging effects, 231–235 autonomic nervous system, 225–231, 228f, 229f function, 230–231, 230t parasympathetic division, 228, 228t sympathetic division, 228, 228t brain, 210–214, 212f, 215f brainstem, 212, 213f, 431–432 cerebellum, 213, 219, 220f cerebrum, 214 diencephalon, 213–214, 213f, 214f brain function, other, 219–222 brain hemispheres, 219–221 brain waves and consciousness, 221 limbic system and emotions, 222 memory, 222 Index speech, 221 cells, 194–196, 197f, 197t glial cells, 195–196, 198f myelin sheath, 196, 199f nervous tissue organization, 196 neurons, 194–195 central and peripheral nervous systems, 206 cranial nerves, 223–225, 227f, 227t disease and disorder, 234 divisions, 194, 194f, 195f electrical signals and neural pathways, 196–206 action potential, 200f, 201–203, 201f neuronal pathways, 204–206, 205f reflexes, 204, 205f resting membrane potential, 197–201, 199f synapse, 203–204, 203f enteric nervous system, 231 function, 193 meninges, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid, 222–223 cerebrospinal fluid, 223, 226f meninges, 223, 224f ventricles, 223, 225f motor functions, 217–219 basal nuclei, 218–219 cerebellum, 219 cerebral cortex motor areas, 217–218 descending tracts, 218, 218f, 218t, 219f sensory functions, 214–217 ascending tracts, 215–216, 216f, 216t cerebral cortex, sensory areas, 216–217, 217f spinal cord, 206–208, 206f, 207f reflexes, 207–208 spinal nerves, 206f, 208–210, 211f, 211t summary and review, 235–238 Nervous tunic, 245, 247–248 Neural crest, 566 Neural crest cell, 566 Neural fold, 566 Neural groove, 566 Neural pathways and electrical signals, 197–206 action potential, 200f, 201–203, 201f neuronal pathways, 204–206, 205f reflexes, 204, 205f resting membrane potential, 197–201, 199f synapse, 203–204, 203f Neural plate, 566 Neural stimulus, 267–268 Neural tube, 566, 567f Neuroectoderm, 566 Neurogenic shock, 376 Neuroglia, 86 Neuromuscular junction, 156, 156f Neuron, 86, 194–196, 196f, 197f, 197t glial cell, 195–196, 198f interneuron, 204 motor, 194, 204 myelin sheath, 196, 199f olfactory, 242 postganglionic, 228 preganglionic, 228 proprioceptive, 219 sensory, 194, 204 types, 194–195 Neuronal pathway, 204–206, 205f balance, 258–259 hearing, 256, 257f olfaction, 243 taste, 244, 244f vision, 251, 252f Neurotransmitter, 157, 203, 204t, 230, 265 Neutral solution, 30 Neutron, 22 Neutrophil, 89, 304, 392 Newborn, 573–574 circulation, 575f, 576f digestive changes, 574 hemolytic disease, 310, 311f respiration, 573–574 respiratory and circulatory changes, 573–574 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 486 Night blindness, 247 Nipple, 546 Nitroglycerin, 342 Nociceptor, 240 Node of Ranvier, 196 Nonessential amino acid, 480 Nonpolar covalent bond, 24, 25t Nonpolar molecule, 24 Norepinephrine, 203, 230, 284 Normal range, Nose, 413 Notochord, 566 Nuclear envelope, 52 Nuclear pore, 52 Nuclear receptor, 269, 270–272, 271f Nuclease, 462 Nucleic acid, 36 Nucleolus, 54 Nucleotide, 36 Nucleus, 22, 52–54, 53f Nucleus, gray matter, 196 Nutrient, 476–477 Nutrition, 476–484 I-13 carbohydrates, 477–479 daily values, 483–484 kilocalories, 477 lipids, 479–480 minerals, 481–483, 483t MyPlate, 477, 477f nutrients, 476–477 proteins, 480 summary and review, 496–498 vitamins, 481, 482t O Obesity, 279, 493 Oblique fracture, 118 Oblique muscle, 245 Oblique section, 16 Obturator foramen, 133 Obturator nerve, 210 Occipital bone, 120 Occipital condyle, 124 Occipital lobe, 214 Occipitofrontalis, 170 Odorant, 242 Older adult, 577 Olecranon process, 130 Olfaction, 242–243, 242f neuronal pathways, 243 Olfactory bulb, 242f, 243 Olfactory cortex, 243 Olfactory epithelium, 242f Olfactory neuron, 242 Olfactory receptor, 243 Olfactory tract, 243 Oligodendrocyte, 196 Omental bursa, 443 Oocyte, 543, 544f Oogenesis, 543–545 Oogonia, 543 Open fracture, 118 Opposition, 143 Opsin, 247 Optic chiasm, 251 Optic disc, 249 Optic foramen, 122 Optic nerve, 247, 251 Optic radiation, 251 Optic tract, 251 Oral cavity, 387f, 444–448 anatomy, 444–448 esophagus, 449 mastication, 449 pharynx, 449 saliva, 448 swallowing, 449, 450f Oral contraceptive, 552 Orbicularis oculi, 170 Orbicularis oris, 170 Orbiculris oris muscle, 444 Orbit, eye, 122 Organ, 2, 5f Organ of Corti, 254 Organ system, 2, 6f–7f I-14 Index development, 568–570, 568t Organelle, 2, 42, 43t, 52–58 centrioles, 58, 59f cilia, flagella, and microvilli, 58 cytoskeleton, 57, 58f endoplasmic reticulum, 54, 55f Golgi apparatus, 54, 56f lysosomes and peroxisomes, 54, 57f mitochondria, 56 mitochondrion, 57f nucleus, 52–54, 53f ribosomes, 54, 55f secretory vesicles, 54 Organic chemistry, 31 Organic molecule, 31–39, 32t adenosine triphosphate, 36 carbohydrates, 32, 33f lipids, 32–35 nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, 36 proteins, 36, 37f Organism, Organization, Organogenesis, 568 Orgasm, 540, 551 Origin of muscle, 166 Oropharynx, 414 Ortho-Evra, 552 Osmolality, Appendix C at A–7 Osmosis, 47–48, 48f Osmotic diuretic, 513 Osmotic pressure, 47 Ossification, 114–116, 114f Ossification center, 115 Osteoblast, 78, 113 Osteoclast, 78, 113 Osteocyte, 78, 113 Osteon, 113 Osteoporosis, 144, 145 Otolith, 256 Otolithic membrane, 256 Oval window, 253 Ovarian artery, 360 Ovarian follicle, 541 Ovarian ligament, 541 Ovarian vein, 367 Ovary, 290, 541–543, 543f Ovulation, 543 Oxidative stress, 164 Oxygen, 23f, 31 Oxygen deficit, 487 Oxygen transport, 429 Oxyhemoglobin, 429 Oxytocin, 280 P P wave, 332 Pacemaker, 342 Pacinian corpuscle, 240 Pain, 13, 240–241 Palate, 447 Palatine bone, 124 Palatine tonsil, 387, 414 Pancreas, 287–290, 288f, 461–462 anatomy, 461–462 function, 462 Pancreatic amylase, 462, 465 Pancreatic duct, 455 Pancreatic islet, 287, 461 Pancreatic secretion, 463f Pap smear, 545 Papilla, 243 Papillary duct, 500 Papillary muscle, 324 Paracrine chemical messenger, 265 Paralysis, 159 Paranasal sinus, 122, 124f, 413 Parasympathetic nervous system, 228, 228t Parathyroid gland, 281f, 282–284 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 119, 282, 521 Parietal artery, 359 Parietal bone, 120 Parietal cell, 451 Parietal lobe, 214 Parietal pericardium, 320 Parietal peritoneum, 443 Parietal pleura, 420 Parietal serous membrane, 17 Parotid gland, 447 Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, 338 Partial pressure, 427–429, 427t Partial-thickness burn, 103, 104f Parturition, 572–573, 573f, 574f Passive artificial immunity, 404 Passive immunity, 403 Passive natural immunity, 403–404 Patch, contraceptive, 552 Patella, 136 Patellar reflex, 207–208, 208f Pathogen, 385 Pectoral girdle, 129, 130f, 132f, 133f Pectoralis major, 176 Pectoralis minor, 176 Pedicle, 126 Pedigree, 582 Pelvic cavity, 17 Pelvic floor, 175, 177f, 177t Pelvic girdle, 133–134, 134f, 134t Pelvis, 13, 133, 134f arteries, 360, 361f male versus female, 135f veins, 362–367, 365f Penis, 536 Pepsin, 451, 468 Pepsinogen, 451 Peptic ulcer, 455 Peptidase, 457, 469 Peptide bond, 61 Peptide hormone reference laboratory values, Appendix B at A–6 Percent concentration, Appendix C at A–7 Percent daily value (% daily value), 484 Perception, 214, 239 Pericardial cavity, 17, 319, 320 Pericardial fluid, 320 Pericardial membrane, 87 Pericarditis, 17, 87, 321 Pericardium, 320, 321f disorders, 321 Perilymph, 254 Perimetrium, 545 Perimysium, 151 Perineum clinical, 546 muscles, 175, 177f, 177t Periodontal disease, 447 Periodontal ligament, 445–447 Periosteum, 113 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 194, 206 Peripheral resistance (PR), 373 Peristalsis, 449, 451f, 455, 458 Peritoneal cavity, 17 Peritoneal dialysis, 525 Peritoneal membrane, 87 Peritoneum, 443, 445f Peritonitis, 17, 87, 444 Peritubular capillary, 505 Permanent tooth, 445 Pernicious anemia, 313 Peroneal artery, 361 Peroxisome, 54 Perpendicular plate, 122 Peyer patch, 457 pH acid-base balance regulation, 30–31, 31f, 521–522 pH blood, 429, 434f pH reference laboratory values, Appendix B at A–3 pH scale, 30, 30f Phagocyte, 392 Phagocytosis, 52 Phalanx foot, 137 hand, 130–133 Pharyngeal constrictor, 172 Pharyngeal constrictor muscle, 449 Pharyngeal elevator, 172 Pharyngeal phase, 449 Pharyngeal tonsil, 387, 414 Pharynx, 414, 415f, 449 Phenotype, 581 Phenylalanine, 486 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 486, 582 Phlebitis, 354 Phlebotomy, Phosphate ion, 521 Phosphodiesterase, 272 Phospholipid, 34, 35f Photoreceptor, 240 Phrenic nerve, 210 Physiological contracture, 164 Physiology, cellular, circulation blood pressure, 367–369 capillary exchange, 370–371, 371f pressure and resistance, 369–370 pulse pressure, 370, 370f excretion, 103 of female reproduction, 548–554 female sexual behavior and the female sex act, 551 menopause, 549–551 menstrual cycle, 548–549, 549f, 550t puberty in females, 548 human organism, integumentary system, 101–103 excretion, 103 protection, 101 sensation, 101 temperature regulation, 101, 102f vitamin D production, 101 of male reproduction, 537–541 male infertility, 541 male sexual behavior and the male sex act, 538–541 puberty in males, 537–538 reproductive hormone secretion regulation, 537, 538f testosterone effects, 538 protection, 101 sensation, 101 systemic, temperature regulation, 101, 102f vitamin D production, 101 Pia mater, 223 Pigmented retina, 247 Pineal gland, 213–214, 291 Pinocytosis, 52 Pitch, 254 Pituitary dwarfism, 278 Pituitary gland, 274–279, 275f Pivot joint, 139 PKU (phenylketonuria), 486, 582 Placenta, 562–563, 564f Plane, body, 15f, 16, 16f Plane joint, 139 Plantar flexion, 141 Plasma, 298–299 composition, 299t reference laboratory values, A–2 to A–3 Plasma cell, 395, 396 Plasma loss shock, 376 Plasma membrane, 42 Plasminogen, 307 Plateau phase, 329 Platelet, 299, 304 activation, 305 adhesion, 305 aggregation, 305 count, 314 Platelet plug formation, 304–305, 306f Platelet release reaction, 305 Pleura, 420 Pleural cavity, 17, 420–421, 421f Pleural membrane, 87 Pleural pressure, 423 Pleurisy, 17, 87 Plexus, 210, 443 Pneumothorax, 425 Podocyte, 500 Poison, curare, 159 Polar body, 543 Polar covalent bond, 24, 25f, 25t Polar molecule, 24 Polarization, 153 Polarized cell membrane, 153, 197 Polycystic ovarian disease, 550 Polycythemia, 9, 312 Polygenic trait, 582, 582f Polypeptide, 468 Polypeptide chain, 61 Polysaccharide, 32, 465 Polyunsaturated fat, 33, 479 Pompe disease, 56 Pons, 212 Pontine respiratory group, 431 Popliteal artery, 361 Popliteal vein, 367 Porta, 458 Portal system, 365 Portal triad, 458 Positive feedback, 8–11, 11f, 269, 270f Post-absorption, 492f Postabsorptive state, 491 Posterior chamber, 249 Posterior horn, 206 Posterior intercostal artery, 359 Posterior intercostal vein, 362 Posterior interventricular artery, 327 Posterior intraventricular sulcus, 321 Posterior pituitary, 275–278, 278f, 280 Posterior position, 11 Posterior tibial artery, 361 Postganglionic neuron, 228 Postmenopause, 551t Index Postsynaptic membrane, 157, 203 Potassium ion, 520f, 521 Potential energy, 27–28 PQ interval, 332–333 PR (peripheral resistance), 373 Pre-Bötzinger complex, 431 Precapillary sphincter, 351 Prefrontal area, 218 Preganglionic neuron, 228 Pregnancy disease and disorder, 584 hormone concentration, 564f parturition (giving birth), 572–573, 573f, 574f prevention of, 552–553, 553f Preload, 338 Premolar, 445 Premotor area, 217 Prenatal development, 560–572 blastocyst, 562 blastocyst implantation and placental development, 562–563 early cell division, 561 fertilization, 561, 561f fetal growth, 570–572 formation of the general body structure, 566–568 germ layer formation, 563–565 maternal hormonal changes, 563 neural tube and neural crest formation, 566 newborn, 573–574 organ system development, 568–570, 568t summary and review, 584–586 Prenatal period, 560 Prepuce, 536, 537, 546 Presbycusis, 1–2, 261 Presbyopia, 261 Presynaptic terminal, 157, 203 Primary amenorrhea, 550 Primary erythrocytosis, 312 Primary follicle, 545 Primary oocyte, 543 Primary ossification center, 115–116 Primary response, 399 Primary sensory area, 216 Primary somatic sensory cortex, 216 Primary spermatocyte, 534 Primary tooth, 445 Prime mover muscle, 166 Primitive streak, 565, 565f Primordial follicle, 545 Procedural memory, 222 Process, 120, 566 Product of chemical reaction, 26 Proerythroblast, 302 Progesterone, 290 Programmed cell death, 66 Prolactin, 280 Prolapsed uterus, 546 Proliferative phase, 548 Pronation, 143, 177 Pronator, 177 Prone position, 11 Prophase, 63 Propionibacterium acnes, 100, 102 Proprioceptive neuron, 219 Prostaglandin, 34–35, 89 Prostate cancer, 536 Prostate gland, 536 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 536 Prostatic urethra, 536 Protection, integumentary system, 101 Protein, 36, 468–469 dietary, 480 digestion, 466f metabolism, 490 structure, 37f transport, 466f, 468–469 Protein kinase, 272 Proteoglycan, 78, 111 Prothrombin, 306, 314 Proton, 22 Protraction, 143 Provitamin, 481 Proximal convoluted tubule, 500 Proximal position, 11 PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 536 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, 72 Pseudo-unipolar neuron, 195 Psychological fatigue, 164 Pterygoid, 170 PTH (parathyroid hormone), 119, 282, 521 Puberty, 578 female, 548 males, 537–538 Pubic symphysis, 133 Pubis, 133 Pudendal cleft, 546 Pulmonary artery, 323 Pulmonary circulation, 318, 353–354 Pulmonary semilunar valve, 324 Pulmonary trunk, 321–323, 353 Pulmonary vein, 321, 354 Pulmonary vessel, 350 Pulp, 445 Pulse, 370, 370f Pulse pressure, 370 Pupil, 247 Purkinje fiber, 330 Purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic, 305 Pus, 89, 304, 392 Pyloric opening, 451 Pyloric region, 451 Pyloric sphincter, 451 I-15 Pyramid, 212 Pyrogen, 393 Pyruvic acid, 486 Q QRS complex, 332 QT interval, 333 Quadrant, abdominal, 13 Quadrate lobe, 458 Quadriceps femoris, 184 R Radial artery, 358 Radial nerve damage, 210 Radial tuberosity, 130 Radiation, 28, 494 Radius, 130, 133f Raynaud disease, 231 RDA (recommended dietary allowance), 481 RDI (reference daily intake), 483 Reactant, 26, 29 Receptor, hormone, 269–274 olfactory, 243 Receptor molecule, 44 Receptor site, 269 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 52, 52f Recessive gene, 580–581, 581f Recipient, blood, 308 Recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 481 Recruitment, 161 Rectum, 463 Rectus abdominis, 173 Rectus muscle, 245 Red blood cell, 299–303, 302f production, 303f Red blood count, 312 Red marrow, 113 Red pulp, 388 Reference daily intake (RDI), 483 Referred pain, 241, 242f Reflex, 204, 205f baroreceptor, 373–374, 374f, 375f chemoreceptor, 374, 377f cough, 417 defecation, 463 Hering-Breuer, 431 micturition, 516–517, 517f sneeze, 413 spinal cord, 207–208 Reflex arc, 204 Reflexive memory, 222 Refraction, light, 249–250 Regeneration, tissue, 89 Regional anatomy, Regulation acid-base balance, 30–31, 31f, 521–522, 523f I-16 Index arterial pressure, 373–376, 374f, 375f, 377f blood flow in tissues, 371–373, 372f, 372t, 373f, 380f blood pressure, 374–376, 380f breathing, rhythmic, 431–432, 433f control center, extracellular fluid composition, 519–521 heart function, 338–339, 339–346, 343f hormone secretion, 267–269, 268f, 269f lactation, 577f pregnancy, 552–553, 553f thirst regulation, 519, 519f urine concentration and volume, 510–514 Relative erythrocytosis, 312 Relaxation phase, 158 Releasing hormone, 268 Remodeling, bone, 116–117 Renal artery, 360, 505 Renal calculus, 517–518 Renal capsule, 500 Renal corpuscle, 500, 504f Renal pelvis, 500 Renal pyramid, 500 Renal sinus, 500 Renal vein, 366–367 Renin, 285, 374–376, 512 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, 374–376, 378f, 512–513 Repolarization phase, 156, 329 Reposition, 143 Reproductive system, 529–559 aging, 555–556 anatomy, 530f disease and disorder, 556 female physiology, 548–554 female sexual behavior and the female sex act, 551 menopause, 549–551 menstrual cycle, 548–549, 549f, 550t puberty in females, 548 female reproductive system, 541–547, 542f external genitalia, 546, 546f mammary glands, 546–547 oogenesis and fertilization, 543–545 ovaries, 541–543, 543f uterine tubes, 545 uterus, 545–546 vagina, 546 function, 529 gamete formation, 530 hormones, 539t male physiology, 537–541 male infertility, 541 male sexual behavior and the male sex act, 538–541 puberty in males, 537–538 reproductive hormone secretion regulation, 537, 538f testosterone effects, 538 male reproductive system, 532–537, 532f, 535f ducts, 534–536 glands, 536–537 penis, 536 scrotum, 532 secretions, 537 spermatogenesis, 533–534, 533f, 534f testes, 532–533, 533f summary and review, 553–559 Residual volume, 425 Resolution, 540, 551 Respiration, 162, 412 aerobic, 487–489, 488f anaerobic, 486–487, 487f, 488–489 newborn, 573–574 Respiratory acidosis, 522 Respiratory alkalosis, 522 Respiratory bronchiole, 418 Respiratory capacity, 425–426, 426f Respiratory distress syndrome, infant, 423 Respiratory membrane, 418, 420f, 427 Respiratory rate, 425 Respiratory system, 412–441; see also Systems Pathology acid-base balance regulation, 522 adaptations to exercise, 438 aging effects, 438 anatomy, 413–421, 413f bronchi, 417, 419f larynx, 414, 416f lungs, 417–420, 418f, 419f lymphatic supply, 421 nose, 413 pharynx, 414, 415f pleural cavity, 420–421, 421f trachea, 415–417, 418f disease and disorder, 435 function, 412 gas exchange, 427–429 partial pressure, 427–429, 427t respiratory membrane thickness, 427 surface area, 427 gas transport in the blood, 429 rhythmic breathing, 429–438 chemical control, 432, 433f exercise effects, 432–438 generation of rhythmic breathing, 431 nervous control, 431–432, 433f respiratory areas in the brainstem, 429–431 summary and review, 439–441 ventilation and respiratory volumes, 421–426 alveolar volume, changing, 425 lung recoil, 423–425 pressure changes and airflow, 422–423 respiratory volumes and capacities, 425–426, 426f thoracic volume, changing, 421–422 Respiratory volume, 421–426, 426f alveolar volume, changing, 425 capacities, 425–426 thoracic volume, changing, 421–422 Responsiveness, Rest-and-digest system, 230 Resting membrane potential, 153, 197–201, 199f Rete testis, 534 Reticular activating system, 213 Reticular fiber, 78 Reticular formation, 213 Reticular tissue, 79 Retina, 247, 248f, 250–251, 250f Retinal detachment, 247 Retraction, 143 Retroperitoneal organ, 443, 500 Retroperitoneal position, 18 Reversible reaction, 27 Rh blood group, 310 Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM), 310 Rhodopsin, 247, 249f RhoGAM (rho(D) immune globulin), 310 Rhomboid, 176 Rhythmic breathing, 429–438 exercise effects, 432–438 generation of rhythmic breathing, 431 respiratory areas in the brainstem, 429–431 Rib cage, 128–129, 129f fracture, 128 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 36; see also gene expression messenger; see messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) ribosomal; see ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) transfer; see transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), 54, 61 Ribosome, 54, 55f Right atrium, 323 Right brachiocephalic vein, 362 Right bundle branch, 330 Right common carotid artery, 354 Right coronary artery, 327 Right heart failure, 339 Right lobe, 458 Right lymphatic duct, 387 Right marginal artery, 327 Right pulmonary artery, 353 Right subclavian artery, 354 Right ventricle, 323 Rigor mortis, 157 RNA; see ribonucleic acid Rod, 247 Root hair, 99 nail, 100 tooth, 445 Rotation, 143 Rotator cuff muscle, 177 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 54 Round ligament, 545 Round window, 253 RU486, 552–553 Ruffini corpuscle, 240 Ruga, 451 Ruptured intervertebral disk, 147 Ruptured spleen, 389 S Saccule, 256 Sacral bone, 125 Sacral hiatus, 128 Sacral promontory, 128 Sacroiliac joint, 133 Sacrum, 128, 128f, 133 Saddle joint, 139 Sagittal plane, 16 Saliva, 448 Salivary amylase, 448, 465 Salivary gland, 447–448, 447f Salt, 30 Saltatory conduction, 201–203, 202f Saphenous vein, 367 Sarcolemma, 151 Sarcomere, 153 shortening, 158f Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 153 Sartorius, 184 Satellite cell, 164 Satiety, 288 Saturated fat, 33, 465, 479 Scab, 89 Scala tympani, 254 Scala vestibuli, 254 Scapula, 129, 131f, 176, 178t Schwann cell, 196 Sciatic nerve, 210 Sclera, 246 Scoliosis, 126 Scrotum, 532 Index Seasickness, 258, 259 Sebaceous gland, 100 Sebum, 100 Second messenger, 272 Second stage of labor, 572 Secondary active transport, 51, 51f Secondary amenorrhea, 550 Secondary erythrocytosis, 312 Secondary follicle, 545 Secondary oocyte, 543, 561 Secondary ossification, 116 Secondary response, 399 Secondary sexual characteristic, 538 Secondary spermatocyte, 534 Second-degree burn, 103 Secretin, 453 Secretion, 264 Secretory phase, 548 Secretory vesicle, 52, 54, 75 Segmental bronchus, 417 Segmental contraction, 458 Selective permeability, 44 Self-antigen, 395 Sella turcica, 124 Semen, 537 Semicircular canal, 256–258, 259f Seminal vesicle, 536 Seminiferous tubule, 532–533 Sensation, 239 integumentary system, 101 Senses, 239–263 aging effects, 260–261 classification, 240f general senses, 240–241 hearing and balance, 253–260 balance, 256–257, 258f disease and disorder, 260 ear anatomy and function, 253–254, 253f, 255f, 256f hearing, 254–256 neuronal pathway for balance, 258–259 neuronal pathway for hearing, 256, 257f olfaction, 242–243, 242f neuronal pathways, 243 sensation, 239 sensory receptors, 239–240, 241f special senses, 242 summary and review, 261–263 taste, 243–244 neuronal pathways, 244, 244f vision, 244–251 accessory structures of the eye, 245, 245f eye anatomy, 245–249, 246f, 247f, 248f eye function, 249–251, 250f neuronal pathways, 251, 252f Sensorineural hearing loss, 254–256 Sensory division, 194 Sensory functions, nervous system ascending tracts, 215–216, 216f, 216t cerebral cortex, sensory areas, 216–217, 217f Sensory neuron, 194, 204 Sensory receptor, 204, 239–240, 241f Sensory retina, 247 Sensory speech area, 221 Septic shock, 350, 376, 381 Septum, nasal, 122 Serosa, 443 Serous fluid, 447 Serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, 18f, 87, 87f Serous pericardium, 320 Serratus anterior, 176 Sertoli cell, 533 Serum, 299 Serum reference laboratory values, A–2 to A–3 Set point, Sex chromosome, 62–63, 579 Sex inheritance, 580f Sex-linked trait, 581 Sexual behavior female, 551 male, 538–541 Shaft, hair, 99 Shock, 376 Short bone, 111 Short-term memory, 222 Shoulder dislocation, 143 muscles, 178f Shoulder blade, 129 Shoulder girdle, 129 Sickle-cell anemia, 313, 582 Sickle-cell trait, 582 Sigmoid colon, 463 Simple columnar epithelium, 72 Simple cuboidal epithelium, 72 Simple epithelium, 72, 73t–74t Simple exocrine gland, 77 Simple squamous epithelium, 72 Single covalent bond, 24 Sinoatrial node, 329 Sinus, paranasal, 122, 124f Sinusitis, 414 Sinusoid, 540 Sjogren syndrome, 403 Skeletal muscle, 83, 84 aging, 185–187 anatomy, 166–185, 167f–168f, 169t, 170f, 187t characteristics, 151–165 Skeletal system, 110–149, 121f; see also Systems Pathology aging effects, 143–146 appendicular skeleton, 129–137 lower limb, 134–137 pectoral girdle, 129 pelvic girdle, 133–134 upper limb, 130–133 axial skeleton, 120–129 rib cage, 128–129 skull, 120–124 vertebral column, 125–128 bone anatomy, 111f, 119–120 bone and calcium homeostasis, 117–119, 118f bone features, 111–117, 120t growth, 116, 116f histology, 113–114 long bone structure, 112–113, 112f ossification, 114–116 remodeling, 116–117 repair, 117 disorder, 146 extracellular matrix, 111 function, 110–111 joints, 137–143 cartilaginous joints, 138 fibrous joints, 138 movement, 141–143 synovial joints, 138–139 summary and review, 147–149 Skeleton; see skeletal system Skin, 86, 95–98, 95f; see also integumentary system accessory skin structures glands, 100 hair, 99 nails, 100–101, 100f dermis, 96, 96f disease, 107t; see also specific skin disease epidermis, 95–96, 96f Skin cancer, 106, 106f Skin color, 97–98, 107 adaptive advantages, 98 genetics, 582f Skull, 120–124, 122f, 123f, 125f fetal, 138f SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), 406–407, 406f Sliding filament model, 157 Slow-twitch muscle fiber, 161, 162t Small intestine, 455–458, 456f, 458f absorption, 458 anatomy, 455–457 movement in the small intestine, 458, 458f secretions, 457–458 Small saphenous vein, 367 Small vein, 353 I-17 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 54 Smooth muscle, 84, 165–166 Sneeze reflex, 413 Sodium ion, 519–521 Sodium ion reabsorption inhibitors, 513 Sodium-potassium pump, 50, 50f, 201 Soft palate, 124, 414, 447 Solute, 45 Solution, 45 hypertonic, 47–48 hypotonic, 47 isotonic, 47 Solution concentrations, Appendix C at A–7 Solvent, 45 Somatic cell, 579 Somatic nervous system, 194 Somatic sense, 239 Somatostatin, 290 Sound wave, 256f Spastic paralysis, 159 Spatial summation, 206 Specificity, 49, 390 hormone, 269, 270f Speech, 221 Sperm cell, 533f, 534 Spermatic cord, 534 Spermatid, 534 Spermatogenesis, 533–534, 533f, 534f Spermatogonia, 534 Spermatozoon, 534 Spermicidal agent, 552 Sphenoid bone, 120 Sphincter anal, 463 esophageal, 449 ileocecal, 457 precapillary, 351 pyloric, 451 urinary, 514 Sphygmomanometer, 367 Spina bifida, 566 Spinal block, 223 Spinal cord, 206–208, 206f, 207f circuits, 208f injury, 209, 218 reflexes, 207–208, 208f, 209f Spinal nerve, 206f, 208–210, 211f, 211t Spinal tap, 223 Spine, scapular, 129 Spinocerebellar tract, 216 Spinothalamic tract, 216 Spinous process, 126 Spiral fracture, 118 Spiral ganglion, 254 Spiral lamina, 254 Spiral organ, 254 Spirometry, 425 I-18 Index Splanchic nerve, 228 Spleen, 389, 389f Splenectomy, 389 Splenic vein, 365 Spongy bone, 82, 113, 114, 114f Spongy urethra, 536 Sprain, 143 Squamous cell carcinoma, 106 Squamous epithelium, 72 Squamous suture, 120 Stapes, 253 Starling’s law of the heart, 338 Starvation, 493 Static equilibrium, 256 Stem cell, 89, 299, 395, 562 cancer therapy, 300 Stenosis, valvular, 338 Stent, 328 Stereocilium, 254 Sternal angle, 129 Sternocleidomastoid, 173 Sternum, 128–129 Steroid, 35, 35f anabolic, 540 reference laboratory values, Appendix B at A–6 Stethoscope, 337, 367 Stimulus, Stomach, 451–455, 452f anatomy, 451, 452f movement in the stomach, 455, 456f secretions, 451–455, 454f Stratified columnar epithelium, 75 Stratified cuboidal epithelium, 75 Stratified epithelium, 72, 76t Stratified squamous epithelium, 72 Stratum, 96 Stratum basale, 96 Stratum corneum, 96 Stress, 286 Stretch mark, 96 Stretch reflex, 207 Striated muscle; see skeletal muscle Stroke, 232–233, 232f, 233 Stroke volume, 338, 373 Styloid process, 124, 130 Subarachnoid space, 223 Subclavian vein, 362 Subcutaneous injection, 96 Subcutaneous tissue, 95, 95f, 98–99 Subdural hematoma, 223 Subdural space, 223 Sublingual gland, 448 Submandibular gland, 447 Submucosa, 443 Substantia nigra, 212, 218 Sulcus, 214 Sulfate ion, 521 Summation, 161, 205 Sunburn, 94, 107 Superficial lymphatic vessel, 421 Superficial position, 11 Superior mesenteric artery, 359 Superior mesenteric vein, 365 Superior orbital fissure, 122 Superior phrenic artery, 359 Superior position, 11 Superior vena cava, 321 Supination, 143, 177 Supinator, 177 Supine position, 11 Supporting connective tissue, 82, 82t–83t, 84t Suprarenal artery, 360 Suprarenal vein, 367 Surface anatomy, Surface mucous cell, 451 Surface tension, 423 Surfactant, 423, 573 Surgical contraception, 553 Suspensory ligament, 247, 541 Sustentacular cell, 533 Suture, 138, 138f Swallowing, 449, 450f muscles, 172f, 173t Sweat, 519 Sweat gland, 100 Sweating, 21, 39 Sympathetic chain ganglion, 228 Sympathetic nervous system, 228, 228t Synapse, 156, 203–204, 203f Synapsis, 530 Synaptic cleft, 157, 203 Synaptic vesicle, 157, 203 Synarthrosis, 138 Syndesmosis, 138 Synergist muscle, 166 Synovial fluid, 88, 139 Synovial joint, 139f, 140f Synovial membrane, 88, 139 Synthesis reaction, 27 Systemic anatomy, Systemic circulation, 318, 355f arteries, 354–362, 356f Systemic inflammation, 393 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 406–407, 406f Systemic physiology, Systemic vessel, 350 Systems Pathology acute renal failure, 524–525 asthma, 436–437 benign uterine tumors (fibroids), 554–555 burns, 104–105 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 188–189 myocardial infarction (heart attack), 314–315 osteoporosis, 144–145 stroke, 232–233 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 406–407 Graves Disease, 292–293 hyperthyroidism, 292–293 Systolic pressure, 367 Systems Pathology diarrhea, 470–471 T T cell, 395, 396f, 397f proliferation, 402f stimulation and effects, 403f T wave, 332 T3 (triiodothyronine), 282f T4 (thyroxine), 282f Table of Measurements, Appendix A at A–1 Tachycardia, paroxysmal atrial, 338 Tail, pancreatic, 461 Talus bone, 136 Target tissue, 266 Tarsal bone, 136 Taste, 243–244 loss of, 244 neuronal pathways for, 244, 244f Taste bud, 243 Taste cell, 243 Taste hair, 243 Taste pore, 243 Tay-Sachs disease, 56, 486 T-cell receptor, 395 Tectorial membrane, 254 Teeth, 445–447, 446f, 447f Telophase, 63 Temperature, 29 Temperature regulation, body, 494–496, 495f integumentary system, 101, 102f negative feedback, 10f water, 31 Temperature scales, comparative, Appendix A at A–2 Temporal bone, 120 Temporal lobe, 214 Temporal summation, 206 Temporalis masseter, 170 Tendinous intersection, 173 Tendon, 111, 166 calcaneal, 185 Tendon sheath, 139 Tenia coli, 463 Tension line, 96 Tensor fasciae latae, 182 Terminal bronchiole, 418 Terminal ganglion, 228 Terminology and body plan body cavities, 16–17 body parts and regions, 13, 13f body positions, 11 directional terminology, 11, 12f, 12t planes, 16 serous membranes, 17–18 Testicular artery, 360 Testicular vein, 367 Testis, 290, 532–533, 533f Testosterone, 290, 538, 540t Tetanus, 161 Thalamus, 213 Thalassemia, 313 Theca, 545 Thermoreceptor, 240 Theta wave, 221 Thigh, 13, 134, 136f muscles, 182, 183f, 184t Third stage of labor, 572 Third ventricle, 223 Third-degree burn, 103 Thirst, 519, 519f Thirst center, 519 Thoracic aorta, 354, 359 Thoracic cage, 132f Thoracic cavity, 16 Thoracic duct, 387 Thoracic vertebra, 125, 127 Thoracic volume, 421–422, 422f Thorax, 13 arteries, 354, 359, 359f muscles, 173, 175f, 175t veins, 362, 364f Thrombin, 306 Thrombocyte; see platelet Thrombocytopenia, 314 Thromboplastin, 306 Thrombosis, 354, 578 Thromboxane, 304, 305 Thrombus, 307, 328 Thymosin, 291 Thymus, 291, 390f Thyroid cartilage, 414 Thyroid follicle, 280 Thyroid gland, 280–281, 281f Thyroid hormone, 280, 282f Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 279, 280 Thyroxine (T4), 282f Tibia, 136 Tibial nerve, 210 Tibial tuberosity, 136 Tidal volume, 425 Tight junction, 76 Tissue, 2, 70–93 aging effects, 91 connective, 77–83 classification, 79–83, 79t function, 78–79 damage and inflammation, 88–89 chronic, 89 defined, 2, 70 epithelial, 70–77 characteristics, 71f classification, 72–75, 72t function, 71–72 glands, 77 structural and functional relationships, 75–77 muscle, 83–84, 85t–86t nervous, 86, 87t repair, 89–91, 90f summary and review, 91–93 tissue and histology, 70 tissue membrane, 86–88, 87f mucous membrane, 86–87 serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, 18f, 87, 87f synovial membrane, 88 Tissue gases diffusion, 429 Tissue membrane, 86–88 mucous membrane, 86–87 serous membrane, 17–18, 17f, 18f, 87, 87f synovial membrane, 88 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), 307, 328 Tissue regeneration, 89 Tissue repair, 89–91, 90f Toe, 185 Tongue, 172f, 173t 243f, 445 Tonsil, 447 Tonsillectomy, 388 Torticollis, 173 Total lung capacity, 426 Touch receptor, 240 T-PA (tissue plasminogen activator), 307, 328 Trabecula, 114, 328, 388, 389 Trace element, 476 Trachea, 415–417, 418f Tracheobronchial tree, 417 Tracheostomy, 417 Tracheotomy, 417 Trans fat, 33, 479 Transcription, 59–61, 61f Transcription factor, 272 Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), 59 Transfusion, blood, 308 Transfusion reaction, 308 Transitional epithelium, 75 Translation, 59, 61, 62f Transplantation fecal matter, 468 kidney, 525 Transport, 465 carbohydrates, 465, 466f lipids, 465–468, 466f, 467f proteins, 466f, 468–469 water and minerals, 469–470, 469f Transverse colon, 463 Transverse fracture, 118 Transverse plane, 16 Transverse process, 126 Transverse section, 16 Transverse tubule, 151 Transversus abdominis, 173 Index Trapezius, 176 Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 487 Triceps brachii, 177 Tricuspid valve, 323 Triglyceride, 33, 34f, 465, 479 Trigone, 514 Triiodothyronine (T3), 282f tRNA; see transfer ribonucleic acid Trochanter, 134–136 Trochlear notch, 130 Trophoblast, 562 Tropic hormone, 268 Tropomyosin, 153 Troponin, 153 True rib, 128 Trunk, 13 muscles, 173–175, 174f, 174t, 175f, 175t, 176f, 176t, 177f, 177t Trunk cavity, 16f Trypsin, 462, 468 Tryptophan, 481 TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 279 Tubal ligation, 553 Tubercle, 120 Tubular exocrine gland, 77 Tubular reabsorption, 506, 508, 510f, 511f, 512f Tubular secretion, 506 Tumor, 65 benign uterine (fibroids), 554–555 Tunic, 245, 246f, 351 Tunica adventitia, 351 Tunica intima, 351 Tunica media, 351 Turner syndrome, 580 Twin birth, 561 Tympanic membrane, 253 Type diabetes mellitus, 290 Type diabetes mellitus, 290 U Ulcer, peptic, 455 Ulna, 130, 133f Ulnar artery, 358 Ulnar nerve, 210 Ultraviolet light exposure, 98, 106 Umbilical artery, 574 Umbilical cord, 563 Umbilical vein, 574 Universal donor, 309–310 Unsaturated fat, 33, 465, 479 Upper limb arteries, 358, 360f bones, 130–133, 130f, 133f muscles, 176–180, 178f, 178t, 179f, 180t, 181f, 181t, 182f veins, 362, 364f Upper motor neuron, 217 Upper respiratory tract, 413 Ureter, 500, 514, 516f Urethra, 514, 536 Urinary bladder, 514, 516f Urinary system, 499–528, 500f, 501f; see also Systems Pathology acid-base balance regulation, 521–522, 523f acidosis and alkalosis, 522 buffer, 521–522 respiratory system, 522 body fluid compartments, 518– 519, 518t body fluid composition, 518 exchange between compartments, 518–519 development, 570f disease and disorder, 526 kidney anatomy, 500–505, 502f, 503f, 504f arteries and veins, 505, 505f regulation of extracellular fluid composition, 519–521 ion concentration regulation, 519–521 thirst regulation, 519, 519f regulation of urine concentration and volume, 510–514 hormonal mechanisms, 510–514 summary and review, 526–528 urinary system functions, 499–500 urine movement, 514–518 anatomy and histology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, 514 micturition reflex, 516–517, 517f urine production, 505–510, 506f, 509f filtration, 506–508 tubular reabsorption, 508, 510f, 511f, 512f Urine concentration, 509f, 510–514, 515f movement, 514–518 anatomy and histology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, 514 micturition reflex, 516–517, 517f production, 505–510 filtration, 506–508 tubular reabsorption, 508, 510f, 511f, 512f reference laboratory values, A–5 substances, 506t volume, 510–514, 515f U.S measurements, Appendix A at A–1 I-19 Uterine cavity, 545 Uterine tube, 545 Uterus, 545–546 benign uterine tumors (fibroids), 554–555 prolapsed, 546 Utricle, 256 Uvula, 414, 447 V Vaccination, 403 Vaccine, 403 booster, 386, 409 Vagina, 546 Vaginal condom, 552 Vaginal contraceptive, 552 Vagus nerve, 228 Valve blood vessel, 353f heart, 323–325, 324f, 325f, 337f Variable, Variable region, 397 Varicose vein, 354 Vas deferens, 534–536 Vasa recta, 505 Vascular spasm, 304 Vascular tunic, 245, 246–247 Vasectomy, 553 Vasoconstriction, 351 Vasodilation, 351 Vasomotor center, 372 Vasomotor tone, 372 Vasopressin, 280 Vegan diet, 484 Vegetarian diet, 484 Vein, 351–353, 353f, 362–367, 363f; see also specific vein name abdomen and pelvis, 362–367, 365f head and neck, 362, 364f kidney, 505 lower limb, 367, 367f structure, 351–353, 353f thorax, 362, 364f upper limb, 362, 364f varicose, 354 Venous return, 338 Venous thrombosis, 105 Ventilation, 421–426 alveolar volume, changing, 425 lung recoil, 423–425 pressure changes and airflow, 422–423 respiratory volumes and capacities, 425–426, 426f thoracic volume, changing, 421–422 Ventral column, 206 Ventral position, 11 Ventral respiratory group, 431 Ventral root, 206 I-20 Index Ventricle brain, 223, 225f heart, 320, 323 Ventricular diastole, 333, 334 Ventricular systole, 333, 334 Venule, 351 Vernix caseosa, 569 Vertebra, 125–128, 126f, 127f Vertebral arch, 126 Vertebral artery, 358 Vertebral body, 126 Vertebral canal, 126 Vertebral column, 125–128, 126f injury, 110 muscles, 173 Vertebral foramen, 126 Vesicle, 52 ovarian, 545 synaptic, 157, 203 Vestibular fold, 414, 416f Vestibular membrane, 254 Vestibule, 256, 258f, 546 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 254 Villus, 455 Viral infection, 393 Visceral artery, 359 Visceral pericardium, 320, 327–328 Visceral peritoneum, 443 Visceral pleura, 420 Visceral sense, 239 Visceral serous membrane, 17 Vision, 244–251 accessory structures of the eye, 245, 245f disease and disorder, 260 eye anatomy, 245–249, 246f, 247f, 248f eye function, 249–251, 250f neuronal pathways for, 251, 252f Visual cortex, 251 Visual field, 251 Vital capacity, 426 Vitamin, 481, 482t Vitamin D production, 98, 101 Vitreous chamber, 249 Vitreous humor, 249 Vocal fold, 414, 416f Voltage-gated channel, 200, 200f Volume, 254 Voluntary movement, 217 Voluntary phase, 449 Vomer, 122 Von Willebrand factor, 305 Vulva, 546 W Warm receptor, 240 Water digestive system, 469–470, 469f molecular structure, 31 Water-soluble hormone, 267, 270 Water-soluble vitamin, 481 Weight, 21–22 Weight, measures of, Appendix A at A–1 Wernicke area, 221 White blood cell, 299, 302f, 303–304 count, 313–314 as formed elements, 302f, 303–304, 305f identification, 305f innate immunity, 392 White matter, 196 White pulp, 388 Whole-cell activity apoptosis, 66 cell life cycle, 61–63 differentiation, 63–66 gene expression, 59–61, 60f Windpipe, 415 Wisdom tooth, 445 Withdrawal method, 552 Withdrawal reflex, 208, 209f, 235 Work, 27 Working memory, 222 Wound contracture, 91 Wrist bones, 130, 133f muscles, 177–180 X X chromosome, 62, 579 Xiphoid process, 128 X-linked trait, 581, 581f Y Y chromosome, 62–63, 579 Yellow marrow, 113 Y-linked trait, 581 Yolk sac, 563 Young adult, 577 Z Z disk, 153 Zona pellucida, 545 Zygomatic arch, 120 Zygomatic bone, 120 Zygomaticus, 170 Zygote, 545, 561 ... Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilage (c) The glomerulus is composed of fenestrated capillaries The visceral layer of the Bowman capsule consists of Trachea specialized cells called podocytes Spaces... Parietal layer Visceral layer (podocyte) Bowman capsule Renal corpuscle Glomerular capillary (covered by visceral layer) Juxtaglomerular apparatus Renal corpuscle Bowman capsule Proximal convoluted... Alliance for Graduate Education in Mississippi and Increasing Minority Access to Graduate Education Jennifer has dedicated much of her career to improving lecture and laboratory instruction at