Inside Forensic Psychology Inside Forensic Psychology Tiffany R Masson, PsyD, Editor Copyright © 2016 by Tiffany R Masson All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Masson, Tiffany R., editor Title: Inside forensic psychology / Tiffany R Masson, editor Description: Santa Barbara, California : Praeger, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2015041770 | ISBN 9781440803031 (hardback) | ISBN 9781440803048 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Forensic psychology | BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY / Forensic Psychology Classification: LCC RA1148 I57 2016 | DDC 614/.15—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041770 ISBN:  978-1-4408-0303-1 EISBN: 978-1-4408-0304-8 20 19 18 17 16 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details Praeger An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Part I  Cases, Approaches, and Practices Ethical Considerations in Cross-Cultural Assessment Rebecca Weiss and Amanda Rosinski Competency to Stand Trial Michelle Hoy-Watkins and Megan E Shaal 18 Conducting Criminal Responsibility Evaluations Allison M Schenk, Emily D Gottfried, and Michael J Vitacco 36 Capital Case Sentencing Evaluations Samuel Witta Dworkin and Steve K D Eichel 55 Conducting Mental Health Diversion Evaluations Virginia Barber-Rioja, Merrill Rotter, and Faith Schombs 80 Sex Offender Risk Assessment Angel Daniels, Georgia M Winters, and Elizabeth L Jeglic 105 Civil Commitment: Examining Mental Illness, Differential Diagnosis, Attributes of Risk, and Application to Case Law Casey Sharpe and Anna Florek The Psychological Assessment of Personal Injury Claims Eric G Mart 144 173 vi  Contents Part II  Cases, Approaches, and Practices with Specialized Populations Psychological Evaluations to Determine Competency to Parent Anthony J Urquiza, Anna M L Westin, and Dawn M Blacker 195 10 Termination of Parental Rights Dawn M Blacker, Anthony J Urquiza, Lisa Kalich, and Blake D Carmichael 225 11 Child Custody and Parenting Plan Evaluations Robert L Kaufman and Daniel B Pickar 248 12 Overview of the Juvenile Justice System and Best Practices Jeannie S Brooks and Kendell L Coker 283 13 Sentencing Evaluations in Juvenile Court Michael P Brown 304 14 Juvenile Competence to Stand Trial Nancy Ryba Panza 322 15 Juvenile Miranda Waiver: A Naïve Teenager, Neurodevelopmental Disorder, and the “Interested Adult” Joseph J Begany 344 16 Transfer Evaluations in Juvenile Justice Alison R Flaum and Antoinette Kavanaugh 365 17 Introduction to School-Based Risk Assessments Jeff D Stein and Jill G Durand 385 Appendix 401 About the Editor and Contributors 403 Index 415 Preface Inside Forensic Psychology was written to provide readers with a broad and in-depth understanding of forensic psychology cases as presented by distinguished experts working throughout this multifaceted field This book is intended as a learning tool that professors can use to encourage critical thinking and facilitate understanding in students At present, many professors supplement their own experience by asking one another for redacted clinical cases or court reports that can bring to life the complex set of issues often found in forensic psychology cases and in conducting competent forensic evaluations Few books are currently available that balance an understanding of the literature with relevant case law, best practices, and clinical case vignettes By bringing together this assortment of theory, required background knowledge, and real-life experience across numerous areas of forensic psychology, we hope to help students share in the thinking and mindset of the clinician or evaluator grappling with the multidimensional aspects of a case, and to highlight best practices and case law that can be used when conducting evaluations or working with a particular population This book is also intended to underscore the complexity of the forensic psychology field Many case summaries available to students err on the side of simplicity, carrying with them the danger of infusing a false sense of black and white, precise formulas and easy answers This could not be further from reality Every case a student or clinician will encounter is unique; while there are basic tasks to perform and information to gather that are vital to every case (e.g., knowledge of relevant case law, review of case records, relevant background information, outcomes of psychological testing/assessment), the way this information is evaluated and used can depend on a great many factors For this reason, several chapters herein include a section on common pitfalls and considerations, including factors and possibilities we wish we had considered when starting out in this challenging but rewarding field I was motivated to compile this book after teaching for several years and reflecting on learning methodologies that had the greatest impact on my viii  Preface students As a professor, I found myself wanting to bring to life important concepts in ways that challenged students to think critically about complex human and ethical issues that they will face every day as forensic clinicians and evaluators The case vignettes, which highlight varying types of forensic evaluations, were created or adapted into case summaries based on the authors’ professional experience, and any likeness to an actual case is purely coincidental The case vignettes are not meant to serve as a comprehensive forensic report Rather, the emphasis is intended as a means of encouraging students to synthesize, evaluate, and apply information and concepts learned Forensic psychology is not an exact science This book is intended as a collection of case vignettes that provide students with multiple viewpoints into the work of a forensic evaluator and into a variety of professional approaches As a result, the reader may or may not agree with the opinions reached or the methodologies used in the cases described The goal is to encourage readers to think critically about the challenges posed in each specific case, articulate opposing positions, argue differing points of view, and evaluate all courses of potential action It is through this type of thoughtful discourse that students can be expected to grow into practices and confident professionals Acknowledgments The compilation of this book would not be possible without the support of family and friends, colleagues—Judy Beaupre, MS, and Alisha DeWalt, MA— and research assistant—Jenna Hedglen, MA Moreover, it is with great appreciation that I thank the authors who wrote tirelessly and remained committed to the vision of this book 420  Index competency to stand trial (CST), 18–35; behavioral observations, 27–28; best practices, 23–24; case law, 19–23; case vignette, 25–32, 29–32; certiorari, 19; clinical interview, 23–24; collateral sources, 24; common pitfalls and considerations, 32–34; confidentiality and, 25–26; diversion evaluation and, 88–89; evaluation procedures for, 26; factual knowledge of the charges, 21; factual understanding, 21; forensic assessment instruments, 24; legal standard of, 19; legal statute, 29; mental status examination, 27–28; overview, 18; process and procedures, 22–23; psycholegal abilities, 21; psychological measures and results, 28–29; rational knowledge and understanding, 21–22; reasonable ability to assist counsel, 22; reasoning and decision-making abilities, 22; referral, 25; relevant background information, 26–27; relevant notifications, 25–26; relevant records, 26; review of the literature, 19–23; roles of the legal players, 21 See also juvenile competence to stand trial comprehension of Miranda rights, recognition, 358 comprehension of Miranda vocabulary, 358 comprehensive system (CS), 260 Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI), 203 conduct disorder, 296, 298 confidentiality, 25–26; in civil commitment, 151–152 confirmatory bias, 189 Conners’s Ratings for Hyperactivity, 123 Consortium for State Court Interpreter Certification, Consult with Counsel (CWC), 24 continuity of care, 299–300 counsel: defendant’s reasonable ability to assist, 22 COVR (Classification of Violence Risk), 153 CPS (child protective services), 352 criminal justice system: serious mental illness and, 18 criminal responsibility evaluations: best practices for, 36–54; case vignette, 46–51; collateral information, 39–40; common pitfalls of, 51–53; defendant’s account of events related to alleged offense, 48–49; defendants who deny allegations, 42; examples of questions for defendant’s denying criminal allegations, 44 (table); examples of questions for interview, 43 (table); examples of questions when formulating an opinion, 51, 52 (table); history and relevant case law of, 36–39; information sources, 46; interviews, 41–42; “irresistible impulse test,” 37; mental status examination, 47–48; notification of rights, 46–47; overview, 36; “product test,” 37; psychological measures, 49–50; questions to consider when formulating an opinion, 51; referral, 46; relevant background information, 47; “right versus wrong” test, 37; testing, 42–44; writing the report, 45–46 CROPS (Child Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms), 297 cross-cultural assessment, 3–17; best practices, 8–9; biases of, 7–8; case vignette, 9–14; competency and, 5; false-positive classifications of, 6; interpretation of results, 7; language, 8; models of, 4–5; notifications for, 25; validity of, 6; variability of, See also forensic mental health assessment CS (comprehensive system), 260 CST See competency to stand trial CTONI (Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence), 203 culture: attitudes about, 205; biases of, 3–4; child welfare evaluations and, 204–205; description of, 7; of the family, 204–205 CWC (Consult with Counsel), 24 CWS (child welfare services), 232–233 Index 421 damages, 175 Daubert admissibility standards, 68 Daubert v Merrill-Dow Pharmaceuticals, 177 DBT (dialectical behavior therapy), 127 DCFS (Department of Children and Family Services), 311, 312 DCT See Dot Counting Test death penalty, 56–58, 306; Justice Douglas on, 56; mandatory, 57; as unconstitutional, 57–58 defendants: account of events related to alleged offense, 48–49; behavior of, 40–41; for capital case sentencing evaluations, 61–62; competency of, 87–89; examples of questions for defendant’s denying criminal allegations, 44 (table); GPS monitoring of, 107; impaired functioning of, 70; mental health records of, 40; mental health symptom exaggeration and, 86–87; monitoring of, 98; notification of rights in criminal responsibility evaluations, 46–47; personality assessment of, 44, 69; plea of guilty, 88, 89; rights of, 33, 176; statutory right to a forensic sentencing evaluator, 58; suicide attempts, 63, 65; supervision of, 98–99; treatment for substance abuse, 98; treatment in outpatient or residential setting, 88; violence risk of, 90; voluntariness of, 87–89; who deny allegations, 42 Delling v Idaho, 39 delusional disorder, 30 demographics, Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), 311, 312 Department of Justice, 18 dependent personality disorder, 216, 217 depression, 219, 307, 347; in juvenile offenders, 314, 315, 318 DES-II See Dissociative Experiences Scale Dia v Ashcroft, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 70, 77n6, 298; alcohol dependence, 171n5; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 170n1; autism spectrum disorder, 125; bipolar I disorder, 170n2; cocaine dependence, 170–171n4; dependent personality disorder, 216, 217; diagnosis in civil commitment, 152; persistent depressive disorder, 216; posttraumatic stress disorder, 216; psychotic order, not otherwise specified, 170n3; schizoaffective disorder, 171n6; symptom exaggeration factor in, 86 dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 127 Diaz v State of Delaware, disruptive behavior disorders, 347 Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), 71 diversion evaluations, 80–104; best practices, 84–93; case vignette, 93–101; clinical eligibility for, 85–86; clinical monitoring and supervision of participants in, 80–81; competency and, 87–89; criminogenic factors, 90–91; determination of level of risk, 100–101; eligibility for, 83; establishment of diversion programs, 82; focus of, 84; interview and, 91–92; legal context of diversion, 81–83; mental status examination, 95–96; mistakes made by evaluators, 99–101; nonspecific legal standards for, 84; overview, 80–81; presence of mental illness and, 85–86; psychological measures and, 96; public safety and, 100; referral, 91–92, 93; relevant background information, 94–95; relevant forensic issues, 84–93; relevant records and, 93; report writing, 92–93; review of the literature, 81–83; symptom exaggeration, 86–87; treatment/management planning and, 91; violence risk and, 90; voluntariness in, 87–89 diversity, 3; immigration and, divorce, 253 domestic violence, 207; in child custody evaluations, 273 422  Index Dot Counting Test (DCT), 12, 14, 356–357 Douglas, Justice: on death penalty, 56 DPICS See Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System Drope v Missouri, 22 DSM See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Due Process Clause, 19 Durham Rule, 38 Durham v U.S., 37 Dusky v United States, 4, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 323–324, 328–329 Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS), 214–215, 229, 239 ECST-R (Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial–Revised), 24, 28–29 emergency medical technician (EMT), 201 employment: restrictions of sex offenders, 107 EMT (emergency medical technician), 201 EPPCC (“Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct”), 378–379 Estelle v Smith, 25, 306 “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” (EPPCC), 378–379 ethics, 3–17; best practices, 8–9; case vignette, 9–14; for child custody evaluations, 254–257; of forensic evaluator, 138–139; race and, 3–5 ethnicity: case vignette, 9–14; sex offenders and, 112–113 Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial–Revised (ECST-R), 24, 28–29 FAC (Factual Understanding of the Courtroom Proceedings), 24 factitious disorder, 184 factual understanding: in competency to stand trial, 21 Factual Understanding of the Courtroom Proceedings (FAC), 24 FAI See forensic assessment instruments “false memory syndrome,” 75 family: background information for evaluation of competency to parent, 207–209; evaluation in child custody evaluations, 257; functional family therapy, 292; history of, 265 Family Court Review, 256 Family Court Services, 262 family courts, 253 family therapy: functional, 292; for juvenile offender, 317 FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), 65, 66 FE See forensic evaluator Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, 13 Federal Rules of Evidence, 45 fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 65, 66 fetus, 200 FFT See functional family therapy Finger v State, 38 fitness to stand trial See competency to stand trial FMHA See forensic mental health assessment FMHPs See forensic mental health professionals forensic assessment instruments (FAI): diversion evaluations, 80–104; in evaluation of competency to stand trial, 24 forensic evaluator (FE), 73; best practices in juvenile sentencing evaluations, 309–310; boundaries of, 137–138; in civil commitment, 147–148; common pitfalls of, 100; conflicting interests of, 309; diversion evaluations and, 89; emotional reactions of, 136–137; ethics of, 138–139; identification of, 65–66; mental status evaluation and, 66–67; mistakes made by, 99–101; overempathizing and under-empathizing of sex offenders, 137; in personal injury claims, 175; in transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 366–367 forensic mental health assessment (FMHA), 81 See also cross-cultural assessment; personality assessment Index 423 forensic mental health professionals (FMHPs): in child custody evaluations, 278–279; role in child custody evaluations, 248 forensic psychology: APA Ethical Code and, 11–13; assessment instruments used in competency to stand trial, 24; best practices, 8–9; capital case sentencing evaluations, 55–79; case vignette, 9–14; child custody evaluations, 248–282; civil commitment, 144–172; competency evaluation and, 4–5; competency to parent, 195–224; competency to stand trial, 18–35; cross-cultural assessment of, 3–17; demographics and, 3; ethical considerations, 3–17; goals of, 3; juvenile competence to stand trial, 322–343; juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 304–321; juvenile justice system, 283–303; juvenile Miranda waiver, 344–364; language used, 3–4; mental status examination, 11; models of, 4–5; organizations, 401; personal injury claims, psychological assessment of, 173–191; pitfalls and point of difference, 14; referrals, 9–10; relevant background information, 10–11; relevant case law, 3–5; review of the literature on, 5–8; school-based risk assessments, 386–399; standards of, 4; summary of relevant records, 10; termination of parental rights, 225–247; transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 365–384 foster placement, 233; for juvenile offenders, 289 Frye v United States, 177 FSIQ See Full Scale IQ Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), 96, 234–235, 315, 346 functional family therapy (FFT), 292; effectiveness of, 292 Furman v Georgia, 56 GAMA (General Ability Measure for Adults), 12 gangs, 313 See also peers GBMI (guilty but mentally ill), 38 GCS See Glasgow Coma Scale General Ability Measure for Adults (GAMA), 12 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 178 Global Assessment of Functioning-61, 188 Global HOPE Training Initiative, 403 Godinez v Moran, 88 Graham v Florida, 380n6 Green’s Word Memory Test, 362 Gregg v Georgia, 56 Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, 356 Guidance, Understanding, and Information in Drug Evaluation (GUIDE), 291 GUIDE (Guidance, Understanding, and Information in Drug Evaluation), 291 Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters, 227 guilty act (actus reus), 173 guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 38 guilty mind (mens rea), 173 guilty plea, 88, 89 Hagen, Margaret, 76 Haldol, 164 Halstead-Reitan battery, 183 Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNB), 69 HCR-20 V3 (Historic, Clinical, Risk Management) tool, 91, 96, 97, 153, 164, 386 Higgins v McGrath, 21 Hinckley, John, 38 HIPAA, 152 Historic, Clinical, Risk Management (HCR-20 V3) tool, 91, 96, 97, 153, 164, 386 home visits, 267 Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R), 12 424  Index HRNB (Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery), 69 HVLT-R (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised), 12 Iao v Gonzalez, ID (intellectual disabilities), 347 IDRA (Insanity Defense Reform Act), 38 IEP See individualized education plan Illinois Statute, 20 immigration: competency determinations and, 4–5; diversity and, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 11 In re Autumn H., 226 In re Casey D., 226 In re Gault, 286, 305, 323, 344 In re Smith, 225 In re Torski, 146 In re Winship, 286 incarceration: of juvenile offenders, 380n4; of sex offenders, 133 individualized education plan (IEP), 64, 77n5, 350, 352, 353–354 inpatient commitment, 150 insanity defense, 37–38; abolishment of, 38–39; concept of, 36; standards for, 38–39; test of, 36; “Wild Beast” test of, 36 Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA), 38 intellectual disabilities (ID), 347 intelligence, International Test Commission (ITC): Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests, 6–7 Internet: online forensic psychology resources, 401–402; sex offenders and, 116 interpersonal skills, 394 interviews: for child custody evaluations, 258; clinical, 23–24, 180, 181–182; for competency to parent, 209, 210–211; for competency to stand trial, 23–24, 26; for criminal responsibility evaluations, 41–42; for diversion evaluations, 91–92; examples of questions for, 43 (table), 44, 52; for juvenile competence to stand trial, 330–331; for juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 310; for juvenile Miranda waiver, 360–361; for psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 180; for school-based risk assessments, 393–394; for sex offenders, 117, 125; for termination of parental rights, 231; for transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 372; used in competency to stand trial, 23–24, 26 intimate partner violence (IPV), 252 IPV (intimate partner violence), 252 IQ, 187, 315; in capital case sentencing evaluations, 68; measurement of, 7; of juvenile offenders, 326, 335; testing, 182–183 ITC See International Test Commission JACI (Juvenile Adjudicative Competence Interview), 334 Jackson v Indiana, 23 Jacob Wetterling Act, 106 Jacobson v Massachusetts, 149 JCST See juvenile competence to stand trial Journal of Child Custody, 256 judge: criminal court, 380n3; in juvenile courts, 285; as trier of fact, 34, 261 judgment: bases for scientific and professional judgment, 176; in capital case sentencing evaluations, 75; in juvenile justice system, 301; of psychologists, 77n9; structured, 111–112; unstructured, 111 “just desserts,” 174 Juvenile Adjudicative Competence Interview (JACI), 334 juvenile competence to stand trial (JCST), 322–343; ability to assist attorney, 338–339; age of juvenile offenders and, 325; best practices in evaluation of, 327–332; case vignette, 333–340; clinical summary and opinion of, Index 425 338–340; cognitive function of juvenile offenders, 325–326; common pitfalls in, 340–341; competence abilities of juvenile offender, 336–338; developmental immaturity of juvenile offender, 326–327; evaluation conceptualization, 328–329; evaluation procedures, 329–331; forming and presenting opinion to the courts, 332; interviews for, 330–331; mental illness and, 326; mental status examination for, 336; method and process of evaluation for, 333; overview, 322; psychological measures for, 333–334; psychological testing in evaluation of, 331–332; referrals, 333; relevant background information, 334–336; relevant statutes and case law, 322–324; review of the literature on incompetence in young offenders, 325–327; understanding trial process, 339 See also adolescents; competency to stand trial juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 304–321; best practices, 308–310; case vignette, 310–318; common pitfalls of, 318–319; family therapy for family of juvenile offender, 317; individual therapy for juvenile offender, 316; interviews, 310; overview, 304–305; psychiatric care for juvenile offender, 318; referrals, 309; relevant background information, 312–314; relevant case law, 305–307; relevant records, 312–314; review of the literature, 307–308; sentence recommendations, 316; social skills training for juvenile offender, 317; special education services for juvenile offender, 317; substance abuse treatment for juvenile offender, 318; treatment recommendations for juvenile offender, 318 juvenile justice system, 283–303; best practices within, 285–288; continuity of care for juvenile offenders, 299–300; overview, 283–285; proceedings within, 285; psychological evaluations and, 293–294; review of the literature, 288–300; risk assessment and, 295; transfer evaluations in, 365–384 juvenile Miranda waiver, 344–364; best practices, 348–349; case vignette, 350–362; common pitfalls of, 362–363; comprehensibility of Miranda language, 346–347; comprehension of Miranda rights, 358; comprehension of Miranda vocabulary, 358; disposition of, 361–362; evaluator and, 349, 351–352; functions of rights in interrogation, 359; “interested adult” standard and, 345, 348; interviews, 360–361; mental health issues and, 347–348; mental status at time of evaluation, 354–355; Miranda comprehension, 347–348; neurodevelopmental disorders in juvenile offenders, 347–348; psychological measures, 355–357; question of developmental immaturity and, 346; referrals, 350–352; relevant background information, 352–354; relevant case law, 344–345; relevant records, 352; review of digital audio recording for, 361; review of the literature, 345–348; suggestibility during questioning and, 357–358; test performance credibility and, 359; test results bearing on, 357–359 See also adolescents juvenile sexual offenders, 292–293 Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2), 209, 211 KBIT-2 (Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition), 209, 211 Kendra’s Law, 145 Kennedy v Louisiana, 56–57 Kent v United States, 286, 323, 380n2 Knowledge of the Scientific Foundation for Opinions and Testimony, 59 426  Index Lake v Cameron, 147, 150 language, 8; in capital case sentencing evaluations, 59; in civil commitment, 146, 152; comprehensibility of Miranda language, 346–347; comprehensibility of Miranda vocabulary, 359; delays in, 353; fluency of, 25 learning disorders, 347 legal standards: best interests of the children, 249, 250, 255, 276–277; in child custody evaluations, 276–277 legal statutes See statutory law legal system: knowledge in psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 176 legislation: Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, 106; Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, 195–196; HIPAA, 152; Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, 11; Insanity Defense Reform Act, 38; Jacob Wetterling Act, 106; Kendra’s Law, 145; Megan’s Law, 106; Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 106–107; Sexually Violent Predator legislation, 108; Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1970, 249 Lessard v Schmidt, 147, 148 Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI), 96 literature review: on capital case sentencing evaluations, 58–59; on child custody evaluations, 250–254; on civil commitment, 148–151; on competency to parent, 195–196; on competency to stand trial, 19–23; on diversion evaluations, 81–83; on ethics in cross-cultural assessment, 5–8; on incompetence in young offenders, 325–327; on juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 307–309; on juvenile justice system, 285–288; on juvenile Miranda waiver, 345–348; on sex offenders, 108–118; on termination of parental rights, 227–228; on transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 368–371 Lockett v Ohio, 57 LS/CMI (Level of Service/Case Management Inventory), 96 Luria Nebraska battery, 183 MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA), 88 MacArthur Foundation, 287–288 MacCAT-CA (MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication), 88 MACI (Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory), 387, 394–395 major depressive disorder, 123 malingering, 184 Manhattan Bail Project, 82 Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument—Version (MAYSI-2), 386 masturbation: of sex offenders, 131 Matter of M-A-M, 4–5 Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4, 180, 185 MAYSI-2 (Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument—Version 2), 386 McKeiver v Pennsylvania, 286 MCMI-III See Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III MD-NOS See mood disorder, not otherwise specified Megan’s Law, 106 men: masturbation, 131; sexually abused as children, 293; strengths and weaknesses of, 270–271 mens rea (guilty mind), 173 mental health: in juvenile offenders, 347–348 mental health court (MHC), 80–81; criminogenic factors and, 90–91; versus diversion programs, 83; legal competencies of, 88 mental health expert (MHE), 66 mental health facilities: civil commitment of sexually violent predators to a state forensic psychiatric facility, 133; Index 427 privately funded inpatient/residential, 133; publicly funded inpatient/ residential, 133 mental health professionals: in child custody evaluations, 254; ethical guidelines for, 254–255 mental health records, 40 mental illness: in competency to parent, 216–217; definition used in civil commitment, 145, 166–167; diversion evaluations and, 85–86; establishment of, 153–154; exaggeration of symptoms, 86–87, 96; of juvenile offenders, 326; symptoms of, 161–162; therapy for, 218–219 mental status: of juvenile offender at time of evaluation, 354–355 mental status examination: areas covered, 181; for capital case sentencing evaluations, 66–67, 68; for child custody evaluations, 266; for civil commitment, 163–164; for competency to parent, 210–211; for competency to stand trial, 27–28; for criminal responsibility evaluations, 47–48; for diversion evaluations, 95–96; for ethics in cross-cultural assessment, 11; “false negative” errors, 66, 77n1; “false positive” errors, 66, 77n1; forensic evaluator and, 66–67; for juvenile competence to stand trial, 336; of parents, 266; for psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 180–182; for sex offenders, 128–131; for termination of parental rights, 234 methamphetamines, 200, 232 M-FAST (Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test), 44, 87 MHC See mental health court MHE (mental health expert), 66 MIDSA (Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression), 117 Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST), 44, 87 Miller v Alabama, 380n6 Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI), 387, 394–395 Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), 117, 121, 129, 259 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Adolescent (MMPI-A), 375 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), 259, 264, 268, 269 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF), 44, 51, 70, 72, 77n7, 77n8, 117, 124, 177, 186 Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-Revised (MnSOST-R), 114–115 Miranda: comprehension of rights of juvenile offender, 347–348, 358; comprehension of vocabulary of, 359; functions of rights in interrogation, 359 See also juvenile Miranda waiver Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments, 349 Miranda Rights Comprehension Inventory (MRCI), 355 Miranda v Arizona, 345 Mitchell v United States, 306 mixed expressive-receptive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 350 MMPI-2 See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 MMPI-2-RF See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Adolescent), 375 M’Naghten, Daniel, 37 M’Naghten standard, 37 MnSOST-R (Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-Revised), 114–115 Model Penal Code, 38 Model Programs Guide (MPG), 368 Model Standards of Practice for Child Custody Evaluation, 255 428  Index models: for child custody evaluations, 254–257; of cross-cultural barriers, 4–5; individualized assessment, 57; of juvenile justice, 286; Risk-NeedsResponsivity model, 90–91; for violence risk assessment, 252 “Models for Change: Systems Reform in Juvenile Justice,” 287 monitoring: of sex offenders, 107 mood disorder, not otherwise specified (MD-NOS), 240, 326, 395 Moran v Burbine, 345, 348 MPG (Model Programs Guide), 368 MRCI (Miranda Rights Comprehension Inventory), 355 MSI (Multiphasic Sex Inventory), 117 MST See Multi-Systemic Therapy MTFC (Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care), 289–290 Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA), 117 Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC), 289–290 Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI), 117 Multi-Systemic Therapy (MST), 290–291; effectiveness of, 292; for juvenile offenders, 298, 310 NAB (Neuropsychological Assessment Battery), 180, 183, 185 NAB-SM (Neuropsychological Assessment Battery-screening module), 183 National Coalition for Jail Reform, 82 neurodevelopmental disorders, 347; in juvenile offenders, 347–348 Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB), 180, 183, 185 Neuropsychological Assessment Batteryscreening module (NAB-SM), 183 NGRI See not guilty by reason of insanity not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), 38, 51; as affirmative defense, 41; seen as weakness by defendant, 71 notifications: community registration and notification of sex offenders, 106–107; for competency to stand trial, 25–26; of rights in criminal responsibility evaluations, 46–47 O’Connor v Donaldson, 146, 150 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), 368 OJJDP (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention), 368 opinions: examples of questions when formulating, 51, 52 (table); forming and presenting, in juvenile competence to stand trial, 332; knowledge of scientific foundation for, 176–177 oppositional defiant disorder, 307, 394 outpatient commitment, 150–151 Overall Rational Ability, 24 PAI See Personality Assessment Inventory PAI-2 See Personality Assessment Inventory, Second Edition PAI-A See Personality Assessment Inventory, Adolescent paranoia, 164, 268 parens patriae doctrine, 149, 283–284 Parent and Teacher Report, 123 parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), 219–220, 403; evaluation as parentchild dyad, 197–198 parent-child relationship: observation of, 202–203, 259; quality of, 201 (table) See also termination of parental rights Parenting Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF), 236 parents: divorce of, 253; in-home parental behavior management services, 245; observations of, 213–215; quality of relationship of, 243–244; report of, 213, 238, 260–261; shared parenting, 249; strengths and weaknesses of father, 270– 271; strengths and weaknesses of mother, 271–272; timeshare considerations in child custody evaluations, 274–276 See Index 429 also competency to parent; termination of parental rights Pate v Robinson, 22 PCIT See parent-child interaction therapy PCL: YV (Psychopathic Checklist: Youth Version), 296–297, 386 PCL-R (Psychopathy Checklist, Revised), 71, 115 PCL-SV (Psychopathy Checklist-Screening Version), 165 PDS (Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale), 180, 186–187 pedophilia, 124, 132 Peel, Robert (Prime Minister), 37 peers, 307, 312, 394 See also gangs Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), 234 persistent depressive disorder, 216 personal injury claims, psychological assessment of, 173–191; background information, 182; bases for scientific and professional judgments, 176; boundaries of competence and, 175; case vignette, 177–189; confirmatory bias and, 189; knowledge of the legal system and legal rights of individuals, 176; knowledge of the scientific foundation for opinions and testimony, 176–177; legal claims and, 189; mental status examination, 180–182; overview, 173; problems in assessments, 189–190; psychological measures for, 182–187; referrals, 177–178; relevant case law, 173–177; relevant records for, 178–180; scope of competence and, 176 personality assessment, 44, 69 See also forensic mental health assessment Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), 44, 50, 71, 117, 180, 186, 209, 212–213, 235, 259, 315; Adolescent, 372, 375– 376; Second Edition, 12–13 Personality Inventory for Children (PIC), 123 phallometric testing, 117–118 See also psychological testing PIC (Personality Inventory for Children), 123 plaintiff, 174 Portland Digital Recognition Test, 184 postconcussive syndrome, 179 “post-cult trauma syndrome,” 75 posttraumatic amnesia, 179 Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), 180, 186–187 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 64, 66, 71, 188, 200, 216, 237–238, 242, 307, 395; in juvenile offenders, 296 Pre-adjudication Psychosexual Evaluation, 124 PRI (Perceptual Reasoning Index), 234 PRIDE (praises, reflections, imitation, descriptions, enthusiasm) skills, 219 prisons: personality disorders among female population, 86 probation, 135–136 Problems Related to Interaction with the Legal System–Litigation, 188 Prochaska v Brinegar, 149 Projective Drawings, 123 proximate cause, 174–175 PSI/SF (Parenting Stress Index/Short Form), 236 psychasthenia, 268 psycholegal abilities, 21 psychological testing: for child custody evaluations, 259, 266–267; for civil commitment, 165–166; for competency to parent, 209, 211–213; for criminal responsibility evaluations, 42–44; for juvenile competence to stand trial, 331–332; of juvenile offenders, 293–294, 355–357; for psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 182–187; results from, 268–270; for schoolbased risk assessments, 394–395; for termination of parental rights, 234–239 See also phallometric testing psychologists: becoming “pigeonholed” in capital case sentencing evaluations, 76; judgment of, 77n9 430  Index Psychopathy Checklist, Revised (PCL-R), 71, 115 Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV), 296–297, 386 Psychopathy Checklist-Screening Version (PCL-SV), 165 psychophysiological assessment: of sex offenders, 117–118 psychosocial maturity, 369 psychotic order, not otherwise specified, 158; in DSM, 170n3 PTSD See posttraumatic stress disorder public safety, 100 Quick Neurological Screening Test, 68 RAC (Rational Understanding of the Courtroom Proceedings), 24 race: biracial, 163; ethics and, 3–5; sex offenders and, 112–113 Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism (RRASOR), 113–114, 115, 129 rational understanding, 21 Rational Understanding of the Courtroom Proceedings (RAC), 24 recidivism: prediction for sex offenders, 110–111; risk for, 101; sexual offense, 113–114, 115, 129; tools for assessment for risk of, 113–115 recordings: review of digital audio recordings for juvenile Miranda waiver, 361 records: for capital case sentencing evaluations, 64–66; for civil commitment, 156–159; for competency to parent, 207–209; for competency to stand trial, 26; for diversion evaluations, 93; for juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 311–313; for juvenile Miranda waiver, 352; for psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 178–180; for risk assessment of sex offenders, 116; for sex offenders, 122– 126; for termination of parental rights, 231–233, 232; for transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 372–373 “recovered memory syndrome,” 75 referrals, 9–10; for capital case sentencing evaluations, 61–62; for child custody evaluations, 262–263; for civil commitment, 155–156; for competency to parent, 206–207; for criminal responsibility evaluations, 46; for diversion evaluations, 91–92, 93; for juvenile competence to stand trial, 333; for juvenile court, sentencing evaluations, 310; for juvenile Miranda waiver, 350–352; for psychological assessment of personal injury claims, 177–178; reason for, 25; refusal of, 14; for school-based risk assessments, 391–392; for sex offenders, 120–121; for termination of parental rights, 231; timing of, 197; for transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 372 residence: of sex offenders, 107 resources: forensic psychology organizations, 401; online resources, 401–402 retribution, 174 retrograde amnesia, 179 reunification services, 218 Rex v Arnold, 36 Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS), 180, 182–183 RIAS (Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales), 180, 182–183 Riggins v Nevada, 23 RIM See Rorschach Inkblot Method Risk, Sophistication, and Treatment Inventory (RSTI), 371, 372, 375, 376 risk assessment: of civil commitment, 151– 155; definition of, 108; determination of level of risk, 100–101; of future violence, 388; general issues in, 386– 387; of juveniles, 295; recidivism and, 101; risk factors and, 109–111; schoolbased, 386–399; of sex offenders, 105– 143; of transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 369–370 Index 431 Risk Matrix 2000 (RM2000), 115 Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model, 90–91 Risperdal, 95 RM2000 (Risk Matrix 2000), 115 RNR (Risk-Needs-Responsivity) model, 90–91 Robert’s Apperception Test, 123 Robinson v California, 82 Rompilla v Beard, 58 Roper v Simmons, 56, 380n6 Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM), 259, 264, 268, 269–270, 354 Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS), 260 Rorschach test, 124 R-PAS (Rorschach Performance Assessment System), 260, 268 RRASOR See Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Recidivism RSTI See Risk, Sophistication, and Treatment Inventory Santosky v Kramer, 225 SASSI-3 (Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory, Third Edition), 236–237 SAVRY See Structured Assessment of Violence in Risk in Youth Schall v Martin, 286 schizoaffective disorder, 158; depressive type, 167; in DSM, 171n6 schizophrenia, 19, 93–101, 268 school-based risk assessments, 386–399; case vignette, 391–397; clinical summary and opinion of, 395–397; collateral contacts and, 394; common pitfalls and point of difference, 397; developmental pathways of aggression, 387–390; general issues in, 386–387; interviews, 393–394; psychological measures and, 394–395; referrals, 391–392; relevant background information, 392–393; relevant case law, 386–391 Selected Rules from the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 284 self-report measures: for sex offenders, 117, 129–130; for termination of parental rights, 237–238 Self-Report Profile—Adolescent (SRP-A), 297 sensation-seeking behaviors, 307 sentencing: deferral of, 83; goals of, 174 serious mental illness (SMI), 18, 83, 99 Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating (SONAR), 115 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 106–107 Sex Offender Registry Board, 360 Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG), 114 sex offenders: actual assessments for noncontact offenders, 116; actuarial measures for, 115; actuarial tools for, 129; approaches to assessment of, 111–113; best practices, 118–119; boundaries of forensic evaluator, 137–138; case vignette, 119–136; clinical interview of, 117; clinical summary and opinion of, 131–135; collateral contacts, 116–117; community registration and notification of, 106–107; court-ordered therapy for, 126–127; emotional reactions of forensic evaluator, 136–137; ethics of forensic evaluator, 138–139; female, 112; GPS monitoring of, 107; incarceration of, 133; Internet and, 116; juvenile, 112; measures of sexual preferences, 117; mental status examination, 128–131; overempathizing and under-empathizing of forensic evaluator, 137; overview, 105; phallometric testing of, 117–118; prediction of recidivism, 110–111; probation of, 135–136; psychological measures, 121; psychophysiological assessment of, 117–118; racially and ethnically diverse, 112–113; records 432  Index sex offenders: actual assessments (continued) for, 116; referrals, 120–121; relevant background information, 126–128; relevant case law, 105–108; relevant records of, 122–126; residence and employment restrictions of, 107; review of the literature, 108–118; rights of, 106; risk assessment of, 105–143; risk assessment tools for, 113–115; risk factors of, 109–111; self-report measures, 117, 129–130; sexual fantasy and masturbation log, 131; sexual history of, 130–131; sexually violent predator laws, 108; structured clinical decision tools for, 115 sexual abuse, 233, 351; allegations of, 253–254 sexual fantasy, 121; of sex offenders, 131 sexual offenders: juvenile, 292–293; male, 293 sexual preferences: of sex offenders, 117 sexual victimization, 217–218 Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20), 112, 115, 129 Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) legislation, 108 SIRS-2 (Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms, Second Edition), 44, 49–50 SMI (serious mental illness), 18, 83, 99 social skills training: for juvenile offender, 318 SONAR (Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating), 115 SORAG (Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide), 114 SORNA (Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act), 106–107 special education services: for juvenile offender, 317 SPI (Structured Professional Judgment), 90 SRP-A (Self-Report Profile—Adolescent), 297 standard of proof, 366 STAR Reading Test, 12, 13 State of Washington v Sisouvanh, Statement of Understanding, 26 Static-99, 114, 129 statutory laws: for civil commitment, 145– 148; for competency to stand trial, 29; for juvenile competence to stand trial, 322–324; Section 670.032(1)(c): Any Previous Abuse or Neglect History of the Minor, 376–377; Section 670.032(1) (d): The Seriousness of the Crime, 377; Section 670.032(a)(g): Is Transferring Jurisdiction Necessary to Deter This Minor or Other Juveniles from Committing the Crime for Which the Minor Is Charged?, 377–378; in transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 376–378 Stroop Color and Word Test, 12 Structured Assessment of Violence in Risk in Youth (SAVRY), 371, 375, 386, 390–391 Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms, Second Edition (SIRS-2), 44, 49–50 Structured Professional Judgment (SPI), 90 substance abuse, 200, 395; evaluation of, 220; treatment for juvenile offenders, 318; treatment of defendants, 98 Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory, Third Edition (SASSI-3), 236–237 substance use disorders, 241–242, 307, 326; in juveniles, 287, 307 suicide, 162; attempts by defendant, 63, 65 SVP See Sexually Violent Predator legislation SVR-20 See Sexual Violence Risk-20 TBI See traumatic brain injuries “tender years doctrine,” 249 termination of parental rights (TPR), 225–247; ability to benefit from services and, 242–243; best interest standard for, 226; best practices, 228–230; case vignette, 230–246; clinical summary and opinion in, 241; collateral information Index 433 in, 239–241; grounds for termination, 226; identifying functional capacities, 227; mental health functioning and, 241–242; mental status examination, 234; overview, 225; parent report in, 238; parenting/in-home behavior management services, 245; psychological testing in, 234–239; quality of parental relationship, 243–244; referrals, 231; relevant case law, 225–227; relevant records and background, 231–233; review of the literature, 227–228; reviewing new APA Guidelines, 227– 228; self-report in, 237–238; treatment recommendations and, 244–245 See also parent-child relationship Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), 12, 44, 96, 184, 356, 359, 362 testimony: expert, 188; knowledge of scientific foundation for, 176–177 TF-CBT (trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy), 245 Thematic Apperception Test, 354 therapy: for juvenile offenders, 317; for mental illness, 218–219 “thin-skull rule,” 175 third-party sources See collateral sources Thornton v Corcoran, 306 TOMM See Test of Memory Malingering torts: elements of, 174–175 TPR See termination of parental rights transfer evaluations in juvenile justice, 365–384; best practices, 370–371; case vignette, 372–378; clinical summary and opinion, 376–378; collateral contacts for, 374–375; evaluation techniques for, 372; incarceration and, 380n4; interviews and, 372; policy of, 368; potential pitfalls of, 378–379; psychological issues and, 369–370; psychological measures in, 375–376; psychopathology of the juvenile offender, 370; psychosocial maturity of the juvenile offender, 369; records and, 372–373; referrals, 372; relevant background information, 373; relevant case law, 365–368; relevant records and, 373; review of the literature, 368–371; risk assessment and, 369–370; transfer data and, 368; youth in adult criminal court system, 380n5 Trauma Symptom Index, Second Edition (TSI-2), 235 trauma training program, 403 trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), 245 traumatic brain injuries (TBI), 60, 66, 188, 288 TSI-2 (Trauma Symptom Index, Second Edition), 235 UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Index (UCLA PTSD Index), 234, 238 UCLA PTSD Index (UCLA Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Index), 234, 238 UMDA (Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1970), 249 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1970 (UMDA), 249 United States ex rel Negron v State of New York, 3–4 United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners (USMCFP), 19 U.S Code 4241, 29 U.S Constitution: Eighth Amendment, 56, 57; Fifth Amendment, 305, 306; Fourteenth Amendment, 19, 56, 57, 305, 345; Sixth Amendment, 305, 306–307 U.S Department of Justice, 366, 368 U.S Supreme Court, 19–20, 23; civil commitment, 146; death penalty and, 56; distinction between constitutional and unconstitutional death penalty, 56; due process, 344–345; juvenile delinquency proceedings, 305, 306; mandatory death penalty and, 57; on rehabilitation versus punishment of juvenile offenders, 322–323; ruling on denial of bail, 82; ruling on insanity defense, 38–39; test for Miranda, 345 434  Index U.S v Brawner, 37–38 USMCFP (United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners), 19 Validity Indicator Profile (VIP), 180, 184 VCI (Verbal Comprehension Index), 234 Vera Institute of Justice, 82 Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), 234 victims, 173; sexual victimization, 217–218 violence: attributable to mental illness, 146; domestic, 207, 273; of intimate partners, 252; rates of, 154; risk assessment of future, 388; risk in diversion evaluations, 90; sexually violent predator laws, 108 See also sex offenders Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG), 114, 386 VIP (Validity Indicator Profile), 180, 184 visitation: of parent-child, 220, 249, 274–276 volitional prong, 52 (table) VRAG (Violence Risk Appraisal Guide), 114, 386 WAIS-IV See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition WASI-2 See Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-2), 234–235, 315; IV (WISC-IV), 315, 341n1 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), 44, 68–69, 96, 177, 354 Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Third Edition, 356 Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R), 123 Wieter v Settle, 21 Wiggins v Smith, 58 WISC-IV, 203, 315 See Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, IV women: “battered woman syndrome,” 75; female sex offender, 112; juvenile female offenders, 288–289; personality disorders among female prison population, 86; strengths and weaknesses of, 271–272 Word Memory Test, 184 WRAT-R (Wide Range Achievement TestRevised), 123 Youtsey v United States, 19 Zhang v District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, .. .Inside Forensic Psychology Inside Forensic Psychology Tiffany R Masson, PsyD, Editor Copyright © 2016 by Tiffany R Masson All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced,... prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Masson, Tiffany R. , editor Title: Inside forensic psychology / Tiffany R Masson, editor... Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) would regularly provide all court interpreters with a mandatory orientation to cover the training of court interpreters, the role of the interpreter in