Employment Law for Human Resource Practice This page intentionally left blank Employment Law for Human Resource Practice THIRD EDITION DAVID J WALSH Miami University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Employment Law for Human Resource Practice, Third Edition David J Walsh Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W Calhoun Publisher: Rob Dewey © 2010, 2007 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—except as may be permitted by the license terms herein Acquisitions Editor: Vicky True Developmental Editor: Krista Walsh Marketing Manager: Jennifer Garamy Marketing Coordinator: Heather McAuliffe Content Project Manager: Darrell E Frye For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Media Editor: Kristin Meere Frontlist Buyer, Manufacturing: Kevin Kluck Library of Congress Control Number: 2009923851 Editorial Assistant: Krista Kellman ISBN-10: 0-324-59485-2 Production Service: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Senior Art Director: Michelle Kunkler Internal Designer: Juli Cook Cover Designer Tin Box Studio, Inc ISBN-13: 978-0-324-59485-0 South-Western Cengage Learning 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH 45040 USA Cover Image: © Olaf Noose/iStockphoto Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 13 12 11 10 09 Brief Contents Preface xvi Acknowledgments PART xxiv Introduction to Employment Law CHAPTER Overview of Employment Law CHAPTER The Employment Relationship 31 CHAPTER Overview of Employment Discrimination PART The Hiring Process 59 99 CHAPTER Recruitment, Applications, and Interviews CHAPTER Background Checks, References, and Verifying Employment Eligibility 131 CHAPTER Employment Testing 161 CHAPTER Hiring and Promotion Decisions PART 101 193 Managing a Diverse Workforce 225 CHAPTER Affirmative Action CHAPTER Harassment CHAPTER 10 Reasonably Accommodating Disability and Religion CHAPTER 11 Work-Life Conflicts and Other Diversity Issues PART 227 255 293 329 Pay, Benefits, Terms and Conditions of Employment CHAPTER 12 Wages, Hours, and Pay Equity 367 CHAPTER 13 Benefits CHAPTER 14 Unions and Collective Bargaining CHAPTER 15 Occupational Safety and Health 365 401 437 479 v vi Brief Contents PART Managing Performance 513 CHAPTER 16 Performance Appraisals, Training, and Development CHAPTER 17 Privacy on the Job: Information, Monitoring, and Investigations PART Terminating Employment 581 CHAPTER 18 Terminating Individual Employees CHAPTER 19 Downsizing and Post-Termination Issues Glossary 665 Case Index 687 Subject Index 695 583 629 515 545 Contents Preface xvi Acknowledgments xxiv PART Introduction to Employment Law CHAPTER Overview of Employment Law Heard at the Staff Meeting 3 U.S Employment Law Is a Fragmented Work in Progress Sources of Employment Law Constitutions Statutes Executive Orders Regulations, Guidelines, and Administrative Decisions Common Law 5 Substantive Rights Under Employment Laws Nondiscrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity Freedom to Engage in Concerted Activity and Collective Bargaining Terms and Conditions of Employment That Meet Minimum Standards Protection of Fundamental Rights Compensation for Certain Types of Harm Shero v Grand Savings Bank Determining Which Employment Laws Apply Public or Private Sector Employment Unionized or Nonunion Workplace Employer Size Geographic Location 11 Government Contracts 11 Industry and Occupation 11 Historical Development of U.S Employment Law 11 Procedures for Enforcing Employment Laws 13 What Does an Employee Decide to Do When She Believes That Her Rights Were Violated? 13 How Long Does the Employee Have to Bring a Case? 14 Can a Lawsuit Be Brought? By Whom? 14 Is There an Administrative Prerequisite to a Lawsuit? 16 Must the Employee Exhaust Internal Dispute Resolution Mechanisms Before Proceeding? 17 Enforceability of Mandatory Arbitration Agreements Davis v O’Melveny & Meyers 24 Remedies for Violations of Employment Laws EEOC v Federal Express 17 19 24 The Role of Managers in Legal Compliance 27 vii viii Contents CHAPTER The Employment Relationship 31 The Importance of Determining Whether an Employment Relationship Exists Who Is an Employee? 33 Independent Contractors 32 34 Baker v Flint Engineering & Construction Salamon v Our Lady of Victory Hospital 34 38 Temporary Workers 41 Students 43 Volunteers 44 Partners 45 Other Issues Concerning Employee Status Who Is the Employer? 48 Agency 48 Single, Integrated Enterprise Joint Employers 50 Zheng v Liberty Apparel Co 47 49 50 CHAPTER Overview of Employment Discrimination 59 The Continuing Reality of Employment Discrimination The Concept of Employment Discrimination Protected Classes 63 62 64 Types of Discrimination Disparate Treatment—A Closer Look Types of Disparate Treatment Cases Analyzing Pretext Cases 69 67 67 72 Vincent v Brewer Co Laxton v GAP Inc 59 78 Adverse Impact—A Closer Look 81 Analyzing Adverse Impact Cases 83 Retaliation—A Closer Look 85 Analyzing Retaliation Cases 85 Moore v City of Philadelphia PART 86 The Hiring Process CHAPTER Recruitment, Applications, and Interviews 101 Recruitment 101 Discrimination in Recruitment Recruitment Methods 102 Applications and Interviews Application Process 110 EEOC v Target Corp 110 111 Preemployment Inquiries 115 101 Contents Griffin v Steeltek ix 118 Statements by Employers 120 Stewart v Jackson & Nash 121 False Statements by Employees 123 CHAPTER Background Checks, References, and Verifying Employment Eligibility 131 Background Checks 131 Employer Responsibility for Employee Wrongdoing Negligent Hiring 132 133 Ponticas v K.M.S Investments Criminal Records 131 139 Credit Reports 141 Fair Credit Reporting Act 141 References 144 Defamation 144 146 Sigal Construction v Stanbury Negligent Referral 148 148 Davis v The Board of County Commissioners of Doña Ana County Verifying Employment Eligibility 151 The Immigration Reform and Control Act 153 CHAPTER Employment Testing 161 Drug Tests 161 Lanier v City of Woodburn Drug-Testing Procedures Use of Drug Test Results 163 166 167 Medical Examinations 168 Medical Examinations and the ADA Polygraphs and Honesty Tests 169 173 Scored Tests of Ability 174 Examining Test Items 174 Examining Test Results 175 Establishing That Tests Are Job-Related and Consistent with Business Necessity EEOC v Dial Corp Determining Appropriate Cutoff Levels for Test Scores Lanning v SEPTA 176 177 181 182 Accommodating Disabled Persons in Testing 186 CHAPTER Hiring and Promotion Decisions 193 Criteria for Hiring and Promotion Decisions 193 Facially Discriminatory Policies/Practices—BFOQ Defense Everson v Michigan Department of Corrections “Sex-Plus” Cases 199 Weight and Appearance 200 196 193 x Contents Sex-Stereotyping 202 Back v Hasting on Hudson Union Free School District Subjective Criteria 203 206 209 Dunlap v Tennessee Valley Authority Offering and Accepting Employment 212 Obstacles to Advancement on the Job 214 Promotions 214 Glass Ceilings 217 Seniority and the BFSS Defense 218 PART Managing a Diverse Workforce CHAPTER Affirmative Action 227 When Is Affirmative Action Required? Government Contractors 228 Settlements and Court Orders 229 228 Distinguishing Legal Affirmative Action from Reverse Discrimination The Legality of Affirmative Action Under Title VII 231 Johnson v Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County 231 The Legality of Affirmative Action Under the U.S Constitution Petit v City of Chicago 230 235 236 Dean v City of Shreveport 239 Ingredients of Affirmative Action Plans 242 Reasonable Self-Analysis 243 Reasonable Basis for Affirmative Action 243 Reasonable Affirmative Actions 244 Effects of Affirmative Action 247 Diversity and Affirmative Action 247 CHAPTER Harassment 255 Harassment as a Form of Discrimination “Because of Sex” 255 255 Recognizing Harassment 260 What Behaviors Constitute Harassment? 260 Harassment That Results in Tangible Employment Actions Hostile Environment Harassment 262 Reeves v C.H Robinson Worldwide 264 When Are Harassing Behaviors Unwelcome? 268 Liability for Harassment 269 Harassment by Top Officials, Managers, and Supervisors Hardage v CBS 272 Harassment by Coworkers or Third Parties Engel v Rapid City School District 260 277 275 270 692 Case Index NLRB v J Weingarten, Inc., 573 NLRB v Kentucky River Community Care, 439 NLRB v Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 469 NLRB v Main Street Terrace Care Center, 395 NLRB v Taylor Machine Products, Inc., 631 NLRB v Transportation Management Corp., 447 NLRB v Truit Manufacturing, 462 NLRB v Western Temporary Services and the Classic Company, 54 NLRB v Wooster Division of Borg-Warner Corp., 467 NLRB v Yeshiva University, 440 Noesen v Medical Staffing Network, 314 Norman-Bloodsaw v Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 173 Northwest Airlines v International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 2000, 557 Norwood v Dale Maintenance Systems, 196 Notari v Denver Water Department, 72 Nuzum v Ozark Automotive Distributors, 326 O Obabueki v IBM and Choicepoint, Inc., 143 Obi v Anne Arundel County, Maryland, 223 O’Connor v Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp., 71 O’Connor v Ortega, 545 O’Donnell v Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse, 202 Officers for Justice v City and County of San Francisco, 186 Oliva v Heath, 506 Olsen v Marshall & Ilsley Corp., 520 Omega Optical v Chroma Technology Corp., 658 Oncale v Sundowner Offshore Services, 256, 259 Orlando v Alarm One, 289 Orr v Wal-Mart, 294 Ortega v O’Connor, 546 Oubre v Entergy Operations, Inc., 623 Overnite Transportation Co v NLRB, 455 P Pabst v Oklahoma Gas & Electric, 398 Padula v Webster, 356 Pahl-Jones v ASI Sign Systems, 650 Palmer & Cay of Georgia v Lockton Companies, 658 Pantoja v American NTN Bearing Manufacturing Corp., 92 Pappas v Giuliani, 618 Parents Involved in Community Schools v Seattle School District No 1, 235 Parker v General Extrusions, 283 Parrish v Sollecito, 289 Patel v Quality Inn South, 47 Patrick v Ridge, 76 Patterson v Blair, 132 Patterson v Johnson, 63 Patterson v J.P Morgan Chase & Co., 406 Peary v Goss, 62 Pedroza v Cintas Corp., 289 Pegram v Herdrich, 421 Pena v American Meat Packing Corp., 662 Pennsylvania State Police v Suders, 261 Perales v American Retirement Corp., 389 Perez v Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division, 608 Pesce v Board of Review, 663 Petermann v International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 396, 599 Peters v Pikes Peak Musicians Association, 649 Peterson v Hewlett-Packard, 320 Petit v City of Chicago, 236–238 Petrosino v Bell Atlantic, 258 Petty v Metropolitan Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County, 347–351 Phason v Meridian Rail Corp., 662 Phelan v Cook County, 584 Phillips v Martin Marietta Corp., 199 Phillips v Quebecor World RAI Inc., 361 Phipps v Clark Oil & Refining Corp., 599 Pipkins v City of Temple Terrace, Florida, 258 Pippin v Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Co., 663 Pirlott v NLRB, 462 Platero v Baumer, 519 Pleasantview Nursing Home v NLRB, 463–466 Plegue v Clear Channel Broadcasting, 95 Plumb v Potter, 254 Poe v Domino’s Pizza, 137 Polkey v Transtecs Corp., 580 Ponticas v K.M.S Investments, 132, 133–135 Porterfield v Mascari II, Inc., 627 Powerhouse Productions v Scott, 656 Powers v Polygram Holding, Inc., 309 Prebilich-Holland v Gaylord Entertainment Company, 72 Price v Lockheed Space Operations, 390 Price Waterhouse v Hopkins, 68n, 202 Prill v NLRB, 443 Prindle v TNT Logistics, 282 Prudential Ins Co of America v Lai, 23 Pugh v See’s Candies, Inc., 626 Q Quon v Arch Wireless Operating Co and City of Ontario, 558–563 R R Williams Construction Co v OSHRC, 481, 482–483 Ragsdale v Wolverine Worldwide, Inc., 344 Rankin v McPherson, 618 Rankin v Rots, 415 Raymond v Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 647 Raytheon Technical Services v Hyland, 522–525 Reed v County of Casey, 222 Reeves v C.H Robinson Worldwide, 264–267 Reeves v Sanderson Plumbing, 77 Reeves v Swift Transportation, 346 Regel v K-Mart Corp., 638 Reich v Dep’t of Conservation, 373 Reich v Hoy Shoe Co., 490 Reid v Google, 643 Reid v Sears, Roebuck & Co., 592 Reilly v TXU Corp., 250 Reimer v Champion Healthcare, 375 Rene v MGM Grand Hotel, 257 Retail Industry Leaders Association v Fielder, 402 Reyes v Remington Hybrid Seed Company, 53 Reynolds v City of Chicago, 253 Ricci v DeStefano, 253 Richland School District v Mabton School District, 160 Ripley v Montgomery, 572 Riverdale Mills v OSHRC, 494 Rizzo v Sheahan, 257 Roberts v United States Jaycees, 619 Robinson v Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 276 Robinson v Shell Oil Co., 151 Rodgers v U.S Bank, 609 Rodriguez v FedEx Freight East, 353 Rodriguez v Windermere Real Estate/Wall Street, Inc., 22 Roe v Cheyenne Mountain Conf Resort, Inc., 118 Rogerscasey, Inc v Nankof, 657 Roh v Lakeshore Estates, Inc., 540 Rohaly v Rainbow Playground Depot, 222 Romano v U-Haul International, U-Haul Co of Maine, Inc., 49 Romer v Evans, 358 Roquet v Arthur Andersen, 634–637 Ross v RagingWire Telecommunications, 599 Rowan v Tractor Supply Co., 600 Rowe v Guardian Automotive Products, 579 Rucker v Lee Holding Co., 332 RUI One Corp v City of Berkeley, 386 Ruiz et al v Hull, Governor of Arizona, 355 Rush Prudential HMO v Moran, 422 Case Index S Sabine Pilot Service v Hauck, 599 Safeway v OSHRC, 486 Sakaguchi v Legacy Health System, 542 Salamon v Our Lady of Victory Hospital, 38–40 Saleh v Upadhyay, 353 Salley v E.I DuPont de Nemours & Co., 404 Samson v Apollo Resources, 369 Sanchez v Azteca Restaurant Enterprises, 202 Santana v City and County of Denver, 209 Saroka v Dayton Hudson Corp., 174 Sartin v Mazur, 213 Satterfield v Wal-Mart, 335 Saville v IBM, 585 Schecter v Merchants Home Delivery, 159 Scheidemantle v Slippery Rock University, 71 Schism and Reinlie v United States, 129 Schmidgall v FilmTec Corp., 650 Schmidt v Ameritech, 578 Scott v FirstMerit Corp., 628 Scurto v Commonwealth Edison Co., 539 Seaman v Arvida Realty Sales, 410 Seattle Opera v National Labor Relations Board, 44 Secretary of Labor v Beverly Enterprises, 488 Shahar v Bowers, 356, 619 Shawgo v Spradlin, 619 Sheehan v Donlen Corp., 125 Shelton v University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, 313 Sherman v AI/FOCS, Inc., 342 Shero v Grand Savings Bank, 6–8 Shtab v Greate Bay Hotel and Casino, 344 Sigal Construction v Stanbury, 146–147 Singh v Jutla, 48 Singleton v Department of Correctional Education, 290 Skinner v Railway Labor Executives Ass’n, 162 Slagle v White Castle System, Inc., 501 Smiarowski v Philip Morris USA, 128 Smithfield Packing v NLRB, 476 Smithson v Nordstrom, Inc., 578 Smith v Bell Atlantic, 309 Smith v Castaways Family Diner, 45 Smith v City of Jackson, 83 Smith v City of Salem, Ohio, 202, 359 Smith v Devers Insurance Agency, 558 Smith v First Union National Bank, 271 Smith v Henderson, 306 Smith v K&F Industries, Inc and Loral Space & Communications, 50 Smyth v The Pillsbury Co., 564 Snelling v Clarian Health Partners, 604 Snetsinger v Montana University System, 429 Socorro v IMI Data Search and Hilton Hotels, 159 Solon v Kaplan, 47 Sonners, Inc v Department of Labor & Industries, 54 Speedway America v Dupont, 290 Spencer v AT&T Network Systems, 539 Springer v Convergys Customer Management, 217 Sprint/United Management Co v Mendelsohn, 77 St Luke’s Episcopal-Presbyterian Hospitals v NLRB, 444 St Margaret Mercy Healthcare Centers v NLRB, 455 Stalbosky v Three Rivers Trucking Company, 137 Stanford Hospital and Clinics v NLRB, 477 Stanley v University of Southern California, 400 State Ex Rel Gross v Industrial Commission of Ohio, 502–506 Static Control Components v Future Graphics, 656 Steelman v Hirsch, 47 Steiner v Showboat Operating Co., 257 Stemple v Nicholson, 584 Stevens v Coach U.S.A., 335 Stevenson v Hyre Electric Co., 335–339 Stewart v Jackson & Nash, 121–123 Stone v West, 315 Stovall v General Electric Co., 525 Stringer v Wal-Mart Stores, 574 Sturgill v United Parcel Service, 316 Sullivan v United States Postal Service, 551 Swanson v University of Cincinnati, 294 Sweeney v MARC Global, 124 Sweetwater Hospital Association v Carpenter, 532 Swenson v Potter, 283 Syncom Industries v Wood, 653–656 T Tallahassee Furniture Company v Harrison, 136 Tardie v Rehabilitation Hospital of Rhode Island, 326 Taxman v Board of Education of the Township of Piscataway, 235 TBG Insurance Services v Zieminski, 564 Tecumseh Products Co v Rigdon, 138 Tellis v Alaska Airlines, 334 Textile Workers Union v Darlington Mfg Co., 631 Thatcher v Brennan, 138 The Providence Journal Co v Providence Newspaper Guild, 471 The Timken Co v NLRB, 453, 554 Thomas v Eastman Kodak, 516 693 Thomas v Speedway SuperAmerica, 378 Thomas v Washington County School Board, 105 Thomforde v IBM, 648 Thompson v North American Stainless, 97 Throneberry v McGehee Desha County Hospital, 604 Thurman v Pfizer, 433 Tiano v Dillard Department Stores, 327 Timpe v WATG Holdings, 223 Tinker v Sears, Roebuck & Co., 638 Titan Tire Corp v Employment Appeal Board, 650 Tony and Susan Alamo Foundation v Secretary of Labor, 44 Torres-Lopez v May, 53 Townley Engineering & Manufacturing Co., 320 TruServ Corp v NLRB, 467 Tubergen v St Vincent Hospital & Health Care Center, 644 Tucker v California Department of Education, 321 Tum v Barber Foods, 376 Turnbull v Topeka State Hospital, 257 Turner v Hershey Chocolate USA, 298 Twardy v Northwest Airlines, 158 TWA v Hardison, 315 Tyndall v National Education Centers, 309 U UAW, Local 1600 v Winters, 165 UAW v Fink, 165 Union Carbide v NLRB, 444 United Food and Commercial Workers, Local 1036 v NLRB, 462 United Food and Commercial Workers Union, Local 204 v NLRB, 449–453 United Mine Workers of America, International Union v Eighty-Four Mining Co., 637 United Parcel Service v NLRB, 476 United Services Automobile Association v NLRB, 443 United States of America v City of Erie, Pennsylvania, 185 United States of America v City of New York, 57 United States of America v Ziegler, 546 United States v Paradise, 236 United States v Whiting, 413 United Steelworkers v Enterprise Wheel & Car Co., 471 United Steelworkers v NLRB, 469 University of Alabama v Garrett, Urban v Dolgencorp of Texas, Inc., 334 U.S Airways v Barnett, 307 Usery v Tamiami Trail Tours, 195 694 Case Index V Vallone v CNA Financial, 424–427 Vande Zande v State of Wisconsin Department of Administration, 309 Varity Corp v Howe, 406 Varner v National Super Markets, 291 Varnum v Nu-Car Carriers, 128 Vasquez v Northern Illinois Hospital Services, 343 Vaughn v Edel, 527 Vega-Rodriguez v Puerto Rico Telephone Co., 554 Vehar v Cole National Group, 391–394 Veronia School District 47J v Acton, 165 Victoria’s Secret Stores v May Department Stores, 656 Victory v Hewlett-Packard Co., 519 Vincent v Brewer Co., 72–75 Vizcaino v Microsoft, 42 W Wait v Travelers Idemnity Co., 498–501 Waldrep v Texas, 43 Walker v Elmore County Board of Education, 331 Wallace v DTG Operations, 97 Wal-Mart Stores v Lee, 549 Wal-Mart Stores v NLRB, 477 Walters v Metropolitan Educational Enterprises, Inc., 10 Walton v Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., 271 Ware v Stahl Specialty Co., 335 Warnock v Archer, 327 Warren v Solo Cup Co., 400 Warriner v North American Security Solutions, 566–569 Waters v Churchill, 618 Watson v Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 208, 519 Weicherding v Riegel, 618 Welch v Chao, 601 Wells v Doland, 614 Wernsing v Department of Human Services, State of Illinois, 390 W.G Fairfield Co v OSHRC, 533 Whirlpool Corp v Marshall, 491 White v BFI Waste Services, 264 White v Roche Biomedical Laboratories, 213 White v Sears, Roebuck & Co., 598 Whitman v American Trucking Ass’ns, 485 Whitney v Greenberg, Rosenblatt, Kull & Bitsoli, 296 Williams v Martin-Baker Aircraft, 602 Willams v Philadelphia Housing Authority, 296 Williams v United Parcel Service, 166 Willingham v Macon Telegraph Publishing Co., 201 Wilson v B/E Aerospace, 95 Wilson v Monarch Paper Co., 585 Wilson v Southwest Airlines, 68, 195 Wilson v Tulsa Junior College, 281 Wilson v U.S West Communications, 312 Winarto v Toshiba, 543 Witt v Department of the Air Force, 357 Witt v Forest Hospital, 601 Wittenburg v American Express, 640–643 Wojewski v Rapid City Regional Hospital, 58 Woodell v United Way of Dutchess County, 143 Woodman v Haemonetics Corp., 520 Woodman v WWOR-TV, 72 Woodson v Scott Paper Co., 521 Woolley v Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., 592 Wright v Beverly Fabrics, 511 Wright v Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, 601 Wright v Universal Maritime Service Corp., 19 Wygant v Jackson Board of Education, 236 X Xieng v Peoples National Bank, 353 Y York v Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 57 York v General Electric Co., 555 Young v Jackson, 553 Z Zervos v Verizon, 404 Zheng v Liberty Apparel Co., 50–52 Subject Index A Abatement, 489 Abuse of discretion, 404–405 Acceptance, of job offer, 212–213 Access-and-legitimacy approach, diversity at workplace, 248 ADA See Americans with Disabilities Act Addiction Equity Act, 428 ADEA See Age Discrimination in Employment Act Administrative decisions, source of employment laws, Administrative employees, 378–385 Administrative prerequisite, to lawsuits, 16–17 ADR See Alternative dispute resolution Ads and job announcements, for recruitment, 102–103 Adverse action, 62 credit reports, 142 materially adverse employment action, 91, 539 performance appraisals and, 516 training and, 539 Adverse impact, 65, 81–85 case analysis, 83–85 downsizing and, 644 elements of a claim, 83 employment tests and, 175–176 job-related and consistent with business necessity, 85 natural requirement and, 84–85 performance appraisals and, 519 reasonable factor other than age, 85 Affected employees, downsizing, 632 Affirmative action, 227–250 compelling governmental interest, 235 consent decree, 229–230 defined, 227 distinction from reverse discrimination, 230–231 diversity and, 247–250 DOL regulations for, 242, 243, 245 effects of, 247 E.O 11246 requirements for, 228–229, 242 good faith effort, 245 government contractors and, 228–229 plans, 242–250 quotas systems and, 231, 234, 245 reasonable, 244–246 reasonable basis for, 243–244 reasonable self-analysis, 243 remedial nature of, 234 remedies for, 229–230 settlements and court orders, 229–230 strict scrutiny, 235 as temporary measure, 234 under Title VII, 231–235 under U.S Constitution, 235–242 underutilization and, 243 vs reverse discrimination, 230–242 when required, 228–230 Affirmative action plans, 242–250 basic elements of, 242–250 diversity and, 247–250 effects of affirmative action, 247 goals of, 244–245 good faith effort, 245 identification of problem areas, 243 job group analysis, 243 legal challenges to, 231–236 narrowly tailored, 235–236 organizational display, 243 organizational profile, 243 reasonable, 244–246 reasonable basis for, 243–244 reasonable self-analysis, 243 required contents under E.O 11246, 242 timetables for, 244 workforce analysis, 243 Affirmative defense harassment, 170 After-acquired evidence, 124–125 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 46 Agency, employers, 48–49 Agents, 48–49 Agriculture industry, 53 Alcohol tests, 506 Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 18 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 293, 428 EAP and, 168 medical examinations and, 169–173 medical inquiries and, 117–120 performance appraisals and, 517 privacy protection, 550, 552 Antidiscrimination statutes, 62–64 Appeals court lawsuits, 15 Appeals procedures, 405–406 Appearance, discrimination based on, 200–201 Applicant, 111 flow data, 175 Applications, 110–125 after-acquired evidence, 124–125 and applicant, 111 codes on, 110 false statements by employees, 123–125 medical inquiries, 117–120 preemployment inquiries, 115–120 process for, 110–115 statements by employers, 120–123 Appraisals, performance See Performance appraisals Apprenticeship programs, 539 Appropriate bargaining unit, 457 Appropriation of a name or likeness, 549 Arbitration ADR, 18 binding past practice, 471 in discipline and discharge decisions, 609–612 695 696 Subject Index Arbitration (continued) Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 17, 18 grievance arbitration, 470–471 mandatory arbitration agreements, 17–23 Arising out of employment, 498–502 Arrests vs convictions, 140 Asbestos hazards, 480, 498 Assumption of risk, 496 Authenticity, BFOQ, 195 Authorization cards, 458 Availability for work, post-termination issue, 651 B Background checks, 131–139 credit reports, 141–144 criminal records, 139–141 employer responsibility for employee wrongdoing, 131–132 foreseeability, 136–139 general advice for conduction of, 139 negligence, 132 negligent hiring, 132–139 proximity, 138–139 public policy and, 135 respondeat superior, 131 scope of employment, 131 Bankruptcy Code, 649 Bankruptcy effects, on employee rights, 649 Bargaining See Collective bargaining Base period, 651 Benefits, 401–430 abuse of discretion, 404–405 appeals procedures, 405–406 claims for, 405–406 delivering on promised, 404–405 discrimination and, 427–430 domestic partner, 429–430 ERISA preemption of state laws, 402 ERISA requirements for, 401–410 fiduciary duties for, 406–409 health insurance, 421–427 informing employees about, 403–404 interference or retaliation concerning, 409–410 participation, 411 pension plans, 402, 410–421 retiree health, 424–427 shifting of risk to employees, 412 Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs), 403–404 vesting, 410–411 welfare plans, 402 See also Health insurance; Pension plans BFOQ See Bona fide occupational qualification BFSS See Bona fide seniority system Binding past practice, 471 Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ), 68, 193–199 arguments for, 194 authenticity, 195 customer privacy, 195–196 defense, 193–199 defined, 193 gender, 196–198 grounds for recognizing, 195–199 public safety, 195 Bona fide seniority system (BFSS), 219 Boycott, secondary, 446, 469 Breach of contract, 123 Burden of proof, lawsuits, 15 Business decisions, downsizing, 630–632 Business necessity See Job-related and consistent with business necessity C California Basic Education Skills Test (CBEST), 179 Card-check procedure, 459 Caregivers, discrimination against, 203–206 Cash-balance pension plans, 420–421 CBEST See California Basic Education Skills Test Certificate of creditable coverage, 424 Certiorari, lawsuits, 16 CFR See Code of Federal Regulations Chain of custody, 166 Changing workplace alternative dispute resolution, 18 contingent and alternative work arrangements, 31 defined contribution plans and shifting risk to employees, 412–413 diversity and affirmative action, 248–249 electronic workplace and employee privacy, 555–557 ergonomic hazards, 487–488 genetic testing, 172–173 harassment and workplace bullying, 258–259 immigration and U.S workforce, 152 subjective criteria and organization fit for hiring, 207 telework as a reasonable accommodation, 308–309 training and the new psychological contract, 531–532 workforce diversity, 329–332 Chemical hazards, right to know about, 533–534 Child labor, oppressive, 387 Childcare workers, background checks for, 135 Civic duty laws, 603 Civil Right Act of 1964, 12, 13 adverse impact cases, 81 affirmative action cases, 230–234 antiretaliation provision, 587 employer size and, harassment cases, 264–267 pay discrimination cases, 395 protected classes under, 63–64, 194 punitive damages under, 535 reasonable accommodation of religion, 312–313 Civil service laws, 612–613 Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA), 439 Claims procedures, 405–406 Class-action lawsuits, 16 COBRA See Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 484 Collective bargaining, 438–439, 462–470 agencies governing, 439 appropriate bargaining unit, 457 arbitrators and, 468, 471–472 employee rights, by federal employees, 439 good faith bargaining, 462–467 impasse in, 467–470 labor union role in, 438 mandatory topics in, 467 mediators and, 468 NLRA, 439–448 permissive topics in, 467 third-party intervention, 468 ULPs, 438, 445–448 Common law privacy protection, 547–550 source of employment laws, Common law test, 37 Comparable worth, 394–395 Comparators, 389 Compelling governmental interest, 235 Compensable time, 371–376 Compensation for harm, 6–8 Complaint procedure for harassment, 271, 280–282 Compliance with wages/hour standard, 370–376 Concerted activity, 440–445 freedom to engage, employee rights, Conciliation, lawsuits, 17 Conditional offer of employment medical examinations, 169–171 medical inquiries prior to, 117–120 Confidentiality of drug tests, 168 of medical records, 552 Confirmatory tests, for drug, 166 Consent, 145 Consent decree, 229–230 Consideration, 212 Consistent with business necessity, 85 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), 422–423 qualifying events, 422–423 Constitutions, source of employment laws, Constructive discharge, 583–585 and harassment, 261 Consumer credit report, 142–143 Consumer reporting agency, 142 Subject Index Content validation, 179 Contingent, 31 Contract breach of, 587–591 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 593 disclaimers, 591–593 intentional interference with a contractual relationship, 594 promissory estoppel, 594 unconscionable, 19 Contributory negligence, 496 Convictions vs arrests, 140 Cooperative Compliance Program, 494 Correlation coefficient, ability tests, 180 Cost-benefit analysis, 485 Covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 593 Credit reports, 141–144 adverse action, 142 consumer credit report, 142–143 consumer reporting agency, 142 investigative report, 142 Criminal records, 139–141 arrests vs convictions, 140 Criterion validation, 179–180 CSRA See Civil Service Reform Act Customer privacy, BFOQ, 195–196 Cutoff scores, 181–186 banding of, 186 race norming, 181 D Davis-Bacon Act, 385 Day labors, recruitment, 109–110 Decertification elections, 458 Defamation, 144–148 claims, 525 consent, 145 defenses to, 145–148 elements of claim, 145 malice, 146, 147 overly broad publication, 146 qualified privilege, 145–148 reckless disregard for truth, 146 Defined benefit pension plans, 411–412 Defined contribution pension plans, 411–413 Deliberate indifference, 535 Department of Labor (DOL), 107–108, 333 personnel records and, 551 regulations for affirmative action, 242, 243, 245 White-collar exemptions, 378 Development programs See Training and development DFWA See Drug-Free Workplace Act Direct evidence, 67 Direct threat, 299–300 Disabilities current, 294–296 defined under ADA, 293 direct threat/risk of harm and, 299–300 essentials job functions, 297–300 job-related qualification standard, 298–299 major life activities, 295 perceived, 296–297 physical and mental impairments, 294 qualified individual with, 297–300 reasonable accommodation of, 304–307 record of, 296 regarded as being disabled, 296–297 substantially limited, 295 undue hardship in accommodation of, 307 Disclaimers, 591–593 Discrimination adverse employment action, 516 benefits, 427–430 against caregivers, 203–206 facially discriminatory policies/practices, 193–199 harassment as, 255–259 under NLRA, 448 reverse, 230–242 vicarious liability, 270 Discrimination, 59–94 adverse impact, 65, 81–85 contemporary, 59–60 defined, 62–64 disparate treatment, 67–81 protected classes, 63–64 retaliation, 65, 85–93 types, 64–67 Discrimination-and-fairness approach, diversity at workplace, 248 Discriminatory discharge, in RIF, 639 Discriminatory effects, 65 Discriminatory intent, 64 Discriminatory motive evidence, 76–78 Discriminatory termination, 604–609 Disparate treatment, employment discrimination, 64, 67–81 BFOQ, 68 direct evidence, 67 facially discriminatory policy or practice, 67–68 harassment, 69 mixed motives, 68–69 pattern or practice, 69 pretext, 68, 69–70 prima facie case, 70–72 reverse discrimination, 68 Disparate treatment, performance appraisals and, 520 Dispute resolution, 17 alternative dispute resolution, 18 prerequisites for, 17, 23 written assent and, 23 District court lawsuits, 15 Diversity access-and-legitimacy approach, 248 697 affirmative action and, 247–250 discrimination-and-fairness approach, 248 English fluency and accents, 352–353 English-only rules, 353–355 language requirements/national origin discrimination, 352–355 learning-and-effectiveness approach, 248 leave policies and, 329–346 work life conflicts and, 329–346 Docking rule See Pay docking rule DOL See Department of Labor Domestic partner benefits, 429–430 “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, 356 Downsizing, 629–649 age discrimination in, 640–643 bankruptcy effects, on employee rights, 649 decision to, 630–632 defined, 629 early retirement offers, 647–648 employee selection, 637–647 labor laws and, 631–632 mass layoff, 632–634 waivers of ADEA rights/claims, 626 WARN Act, 632–637 See also Post-termination issues; Termination Drug-free workplace, 534–536 Drug-Free Workplace Act (DFWA), 167, 534–536 Drug tests, 161–168 chain of custody, 166 confidentiality of, 168 confirmatory tests, 166 false positives, 168 Fourth Amendment of U.S Constitution and, 162 legal requirements for, 166 limitations on, 162–163, 167–168 medical review officer, 166, 167, 168 Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act, 166 procedures for, 166–167 random, 161, 162, 165 reasonable suspicion, 161 unreasonable search/seizure and, 162 use of results of, 167–168 Due process, 611–612 See also Just cause Duties test, 378–383 E EAP See Employee assistance programs Early retirement incentive plans, 648 Early retirement offers, 647–648 Economic realities test, 34 Economic strikes, 468 ECPA See Electronic Communications Privacy Act 698 Subject Index EEOC See Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EFCA See Employee Free Choice Act Effort, defined, 389 Electronic communications, 555–564 blogging, 556 e-mail, 555–557, 563–564 See also Privacy Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), 557–564 exceptions to, 558 in the ordinary course of business, 558 E-mail privacy, 555–557, 563–564 Emotional distress claims, 549–550 Employee assistance programs (EAP), 168 Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), 460 Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA), 174, 573 Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 401, 648 abuse of discretion, 404–405 delivering on promised benefits, 404–405 informing employees about benefits, 403–404 participation, 411 pension plans, 402, 410–421 preemption of state laws, 402 providing claims and appeals procedures, 405–406 refraining from interference or retaliation, 409–410 requirements for benefits, 401–410 Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs), 403–404 vesting, 410–411 welfare plans, 402 Employee rights, and bankruptcy effects, 649 Employee selection, 637–647 Employee status, 32 common law test, 37 definition of employee, 33 economic realities test, 34, 37–38 independent contractors, 34–41 partners, 45–47 students, 43 temporary workers, 41–42 volunteers, 44–45 Employee status, issues, 47–48 Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 412 Employees common law test, 37 defined, 31, 33–48 economic realities test, 34 employer responsibility for wrongdoing of, 131–132 false statements by, 123–125 harassment by, 270–280 independent contractors, 34–41 issues concerning employee status, 47–48 lockout, 469–470 monitoring and surveillance of, 553–564 partners, 45–47 right-of-control, 38 students, 43 temporary workers, 41–42 volunteers, 44–45 wrongdoing of, 124–125 Employer leave policies See Leave policies Employer size, employment laws application, 9–10 Employer status agents/agency, 48–49 joint, 50–55 single, integrated enterprise, 49–50 temporary staffing firms, 53–55 Employers, 31 agency, 48–49 argument against unwelcome harassment, 268–269 identity, 48 integrated enterprise, 49–50 joint, 50–55 liability, harassment, 270 responses to union organizing, 453–457 responsibility for employee wrongdoing, 131–132 special relationship of, 137 statements by, 120–123 Employment agencies, 103–104 arising out of, 498–502 in the course of, 498–502 Employment at will, 5, 584 breach of implied contract, 587–591 disclaimers, 591–593 discriminatory termination exception, 604–609 public policy exception, 594–601 Employment discrimination See Discrimination Employment eligibility, verifying, 151–155 Employment law application, 8–13 enforcement procedures, 13–17 legal compliance strategy, 27 mandatory arbitration agreements enforceability, 17–23 overview, 3–28 remedies for violations, 24–27 sources, 4–5 substantive rights, 5–8 Employment loss, downsizing, 632 Employment relationship, 31–56 employee status, 33–48 employer status, 48–55 existence determination, 32–33 Employment testers, 61 Enforcement employee role in, 490–491 of OSH Act, 488–490 procedures, employment laws, 13–17 English fluency and accents, 352–353 English-only rules, 353–355 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 485 E.O.11246 See Executive Order (E.O.) 11246 EPA See Environmental Protection Agency EPPA See Employee Polygraph Protection Act Equal employment opportunity, employee rights, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 177–178 four-fifths rule of, 175–176 guidelines for employee/applicant arrest, 141 harassment defined by, 258–259 See also Harassment Equal Pay Act, 388–395 compensable factors, 389 equal work, 389–390 factors other than sex, 390 job evaluation, 389 working conditions, 389 ERISA See Employee Retirement Income Security Act Escalator principle, 351 ESOPs See Employee stock ownership plans Establishment clause, 321 Exclusive remedy, 496–498 Exclusive representative, 459 Executive Order (E.O.) 11246, 228–229, 242 Executive orders, source of employment laws, 4–5 Experience rating, 496 F FAA See Federal Arbitration Act Facially discriminatory policy or practice, 67–68, 193–199 Failure to reasonably accommodate, employment discrimination, 65 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, 565 Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 141–143, 565 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 367 compensable time, 371–376 compensation received, 370–371 duties test, 378–383 exemptions from, 377–378 minimum wage, 367–368 opportunity wage, 367–368 oppressive child labor, 387 overtime pay, 369–370 pay docking rule, 384 salary basis test, 383–385 tipped employees, 367–368 wages, pay equity, 367–395 False Claims Act, 602 False imprisonment, 571 Subject Index False light See Placement in a false light False statements by employees, 123–125 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 329–345, 401 continuous leave, 342 employer requirements, 339–344 employer response to requests for, 344–345 entitlement to FMLA leave, 331–332 intermittent leave, 342 key employees, 344 period of incapacity, 332 qualifying events, 332–335 reduced leave schedule, 342 restoration requirement, 343–344 serious health conditions, 332 Farm labor contracts (FLCs), 53, 387 Farmworkers, 386–387 FCRA See Fair Credit Reporting Act Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 17–18 Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), 439 Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), 468 Federal register, 484 Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 650 Fellow servant rule, 496 Felonies, 140 Fiduciary duties, 406–409 First amendment, 614 FLRA See Federal Labor Relations Authority FLSA See Fair Labor Standards Act FMCS See Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service FMLA See Family and Medical Leave Act Forced distribution method, 525–526 Foreign national recruitment for U.S employment, 106–110 H-1B visas for, 107–108 H-2 visas for, 108 L-1 visas for, 108–109 Foreseeability, negligent hiring, 136–139 Former employer, 144 Four-fifths rule, of EEOC, 175–176 Fourth Amendment, 545–547, 554, 565 of U.S Constitution, 162 Fraud, recruitment, 120–123 elements of claim, 120 Free exercise clause, 321 Fundamental rights protection, FUTA See Federal Unemployment Tax Act G Gays and lesbians See Sexual orientation Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, 173, 428 Genetic monitoring, 172 Genetic screening, 172 Genetic testing, 172–173 Geographic location, employment laws application, 11 Glass ceilings, 59, 217–218 Good faith bargaining, 462–467 Good faith effort affirmative action, 245 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 593 Government contracts and affirmative action, 228–229 Davis-Bacon Act, 385 employment laws application, 11 McNamara-O’Hara Service Contract Act, 385 nondiscrimination clause, 228 prevailing wage, 385 Grievance arbitration, 470–471 Guidelines, source of employment laws, H H-1B visas, 107–108 H-2 visas, 108 Harassment, 255–286 affirmative defense, 170 behaviors constituting, 260 complaint procedure and, 271, 280–282 constructive discharge, 261, 584 by coworkers/third parties, 275–280 as discrimination, 255–259 disparate treatment, 69 EEOC definition, 258–259 elements of claim, 255 elimination, 280–286 employer liability, 270 hostile environment, 262–267 investigating reports of, 283–285 investigation of sexual, 283–285 liability for, 269–280 negligence standard, 276 policies, 271, 280–282 preventing, 271 racial, 255, 267–268 reasonable person and, 268 recognizing, 260–269 remedies for, 285–286 responding to reports of, 282–286 retaliation for reporting, 273–274, 282 same-sex, 256 severe/pervasive, 263–267 sex-stereotyping and, 256–257 tangible employment action and, 260–261 by top officials/manager/supervisors, 270–275 unwelcome, 268–269 vicarious liability, 270 workplace bullying and, 258–259 Hatch Act, Hazards ergonomic, 486 hazard communication standard, 533–534 699 MSDS, 533 recognition of, 486 right to know about, 533–534 training and, 532–536 HDCT See High-dosage chemotherapy Health insurance, 402, 403, 421–427 certificate of creditable coverage, 424 COBRA, 422–423 HIPAA, 424 managed care, 421–422 Medicare, 424 preexisting condition exclusion, 423 retiree health benefits, 424–427 sex-based disability and health-care needs, 428–429 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 422, 424, 553 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 421 High-dosage chemotherapy (HDCT), 404 HIPAA See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Hiring and promotion decisions, 193–219 BFOQ defense, 193–199 criteria for, 193–212 discrimination against caregivers, 203–206 facially discriminatory policies/practices, 193–199 glass ceilings, 217–218 medical inquiries and, 117–120 obstacles to advancement on job, 214–219 offering and accepting employment, 212–213 organization fit, 207 promissory estoppel, 213 promotions and, 214–217 segregation, 214 seniority and BFSS defense, 218–219 “sex-plus” cases, 199 sex-stereotyping, 202–206 soft skills, 207 subjective criteria, 206–212 weight and appearance, 200–201 HIV status, privacy and, 553 tests, 171 HMOs See Health maintenance organizations Honesty tests, 173–174 Hostile environment harassment, 262–267 racially hostile environments, 267–268 severe/pervasive harassment, 263–267 Hours See Wages, hours, and pay equity Human immunodeficiency virus See HIV, status, privacy and I ICE See Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency Illegal aliens, 152 700 Subject Index Immigration illegal aliens, 152 legal aliens, 152 recruitment of foreign nationals, 106–110 U.S workforce and, 152 visa classification, 106–109 Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE), 154 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 153–155 Impasse, in collective bargaining, 467–470 Implied contract, breach of, 587–591 See also Contract In the course of employment, 498–502 In the ordinary course of business, 558 Independent contractors agreements, usefulness, 40–41 workers’ compensation and, 495–496 Industry, and employment laws application, 11 Injuries employee misconduct and, 506–507 prevention of occupational, 493–495 responding to, 507–508 workers’ compensation and, 495–507 See also Occupational safety and health Insurance claims, post-termination issue, 652 Integrated enterprise, 49–50 Intentional infliction, of emotional distress See Emotional distress claims Internal dispute resolution mechanisms, 17 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 31 Internet applicant, 111 Interrogations interviews and, 569–573 Interviews, 110–125, 569–573 after-acquired evidence, 124–125 false statements by employees, 123–125 interrogations and, 569–573 medical inquiries, 117–120 preemployment inquiries, 115–120 statements by employers, 120–123 Intrusion upon seclusion, 547–548 Investigating reports, of harassment, 283–285 Investigation of employee conduct, 564–575 acting on result of, 574–575 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act and, 565 false imprisonment, 571 FCRA and, 565 interviews and interrogations, 569–573 malicious prosecution, 575 polygraphs, 573–574 searches, 565–566 Weingarten rights, 573 Investigation of harassment, 283–285 Investigative report, 142 Involuntary unemployment, 650 IRCA See Immigration Reform and Control Act IRS See Internal Revenue Service J Job analysis, 181 Job evaluation, 389 Job group analysis, 243 Job-related and consistent with business necessity score tests of ability, 176–181 Job-related business necessity, 85 Joint employers, 50–55 Jury System Improvements Act, 346 Just cause/due process, 609–622 civil service and tenure laws, 612–613 constitutional protections, 613–619 public employees, 612 unionized employees and, 609–612 K Key employees, 344 Knowledge, 535 negligent hiring, 137–138, 139 L L-1 visas, 108–109 Labor agreements, 438, 470–472 See also Unions Labor Condition Application (LCA), 107–108 Labor-Management Relations Act, 12 Labor union/organizations See Unions Language requirements, 352–355 LAST See Liberal Arts and Sciences Test Lawful motive articulation, 75–76 Lawsuits administrative prerequisite, 16–17 appeals court, 15 burden of proof, 15 certiorari, 16 class-action, 16 conciliation, 17 district court, 15 plaintiff, 15 right to sue letter, 17 summary judgment, 15 Supreme court, 15 LCA See Labor Condition Application Learning-and-effectiveness approach, diversity at workplace, 248 Leave policies escalator principle, 351 Family and Medical Leave Act, 329–345 leave to perform civic duties, 346 Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), 345–346 Legal aliens, 152 Legal compliance strategy, 27 Liability, for harassment, 269–280 Liberal Arts and Sciences Test (LAST), 179 Liberty interest, 613–614 Limitations period, employment laws enforcement, 14 Living wage, 386 Lockout, 469–470 M Malice, 146, 147 Malicious prosecution, 575 Managed care, 421–427 legal challenges to, 421–422 Managed care organizations (MCOs), 421 Managers harassment by, 270–275 legal compliance, employment laws, 27 Mandatory arbitration agreements enforceability, employment laws, 17–23 Mandatory topics, collective bargaining, 467 Mass layoff, downsizing, 633 Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 533 Materially adverse action, 91 Materially adverse employment actions, 516, 539 McNamara-O’Hara Service Contract Act, 385 MCOs See Managed care organizations Mediation, ADR, 18 Mediators, 468 collective bargaining, 468 Medical examinations, 168–173 ADA and, 169–173 conditional offer of employment, 169–171 defined, 168 examples of, 169 genetic tests, 172–173 HIV tests, 171 information on medical condition, 170–171 requirements for, 169 Medical inquiries prior to conditional offer of employment, 117–120 Medical monitoring, 552 Medical records, privacy of, 551–553 Mental Health Parity Act, 428 Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), 612 Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA), 387 Military service “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, 356 escalator principle for employees returning from, 351 Mine Safety and Health Act (MSH Act), 492–493 Minimum standards, of employment, Minimum wage, 367–368 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 168 Misdemeanors, 140 Mixed motives, 68–69 Subject Index MMPI See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Monitoring and surveillance, 553–564 electronic communications, 555–564 GPS tracking, 555–557 medical monitoring (for OSHA), 552 video surveillance, 554–555 See also Privacy Montana Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act (WDEA), 619–622 MSDS See Material safety data sheet MSDs See Musculoskeletal disorders MSH Act See Mine Safety and Health Act MSPA See Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), 487 N Narrowly tailored racial preferences, 235–236 National Foundation for American Policy, 107 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 479 National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 438, 439–448, 491, 630 concerted activity and, 440–445 decertification elections, 458 discrimination under, 448 employee involvement and, 446–447 employee rights under, 440–445 nonunion employee rights under, 440–445 pay secrecy policies, 395 privacy protection, 550, 554 representation election procedures, 457–462 ULPs and, 445–448 union organizing campaigns and, 448–453 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 395, 438, 554, 631 National Mediation Board (NMB), 438, 468 National origin discrimination, 352–355 National Police Officer Selection Test (POST), 182 Negligence, 132 contributory, 496 defenses to, 496 foreseeability and, 139 standard, harassment, 276 Negligent hiring, 132–139 elements of claim, 135 foreseeability, 136–139 knowledge, 137–138, 139 proximity, 138–139 public policy and, 135 Negligent misrepresentation, 121 Negligent referral, 148–151 Negligent training, 534 Nepotism, 104–105 Nerve conduction tests, 170 Neutral message, for recruitment, 103 Neutral requirement, 84 Neutrality agreements, 459 NIOSH See National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NLRA See National Labor Relations Act NLRB See National Labor Relations Board NMB See National Mediation Board No FEAR Act See Notification and Federal Employees Anti-Discrimination and Retaliation Act Noise exposure, 480, 481 Noncompetition agreements, 653 Nondiscrimination, employee rights, Nondiscrimination clause, government contractors/contracts, 228 Nondisparagement clause, 658 Nonsolicitation agreements, 657 Nonunion workplace, Notification and Federal Employees Anti-Discrimination and Retaliation (No FEAR) Act, 536 O Occupation, and employment laws application, 11 Occupational safety and health, 479–508 abatement, 489 agencies, 479 arising out of employment, 498–502 citations, 489 controls, 493–494 Cooperative Compliance Program, 494 cost-benefit analysis, 485 in the course of employment, 498–502 elements of a claim, 481, 486 ergonomic hazards, 486 fellow servant rule, 496 general duty clause, 485–488 hazard evaluation, 479 hierarchy of controls, 493–494 inspections, 488 MSH Act, 492–493 noise exposure, 480, 481 PEL, 481, 485 prevention of occupational injuries/illness, 493–495 recording and reporting, 490–491 responding to workplace injuries, 507–508 safety standards, 480–485 significant risk, 485 variance, 480 VPP, 494 workers’ compensation, 495–507 workplace safety programs, 494–495 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 479–492 enforcement of, 488–490 general duty clause, 485–488 701 privacy protection, 550 training and, 533–534 See also Occupational safety and health Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 479 appeals of enforcement actions, 479 employee role in enforcement, 490–491 enforcement procedures, 488–490 jurisdiction, 479 medical monitoring, 552 safety standard violations, elements of a claim, 481 See also Occupational safety and health Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), 479, 490, 533 OFCCP See Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Off-duty conduct laws, 604 Offer of job/employment, 212–213 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP), 228–229 Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, 427 Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act, 166 On-the-job training, 539 Opportunity wage, 367–368 Opposition, 85 Oppressive, child labor, 387 Organization fit, 207 Organizational display, affirmative action plans, 243 Organizational profile, affirmative action plans, 243 OSH Act See Occupational Safety and Health Act OSHA See Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHRC See Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission Overly broad publication, 146 Overtime pay, 369–370 P Participation, 85 pension requirements for, 411 Partners, 45–47 Pattern or practice cases, 69 Pay discrimination comparable worth, 394–395 comparators, 389 compensable factors, 389 effort, 389 Equal Pay Act, 388–395 equal work, 389–390 factors other than sex, 390 job evaluation, 389 pay secrecy policies, 395 responsibility, 389 skills, 389 working conditions, 389 Pay docking rule, 384 702 Subject Index Pay equity See Wages Pay secrecy policies, 395 Payroll method, 10 PBGC See Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation PDA See Pregnancy Discrimination Act PEL See Permissible exposure limit Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), 411 Pension plans, 402, 410–421 cash-balance plans, 420–421 defined benefit plans, 411–412 defined contribution plans, 411–413 employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), 412 401(k) plans, 412, 413 participation requirements, 411 Sarbanes-Oxley Act and, 413 shifting risk to employees, 412–413 types of, 411–421 vesting, 410–411 See also Employee Retirement Income Security Act Pension Protection Act of 2006, 411 Performance appraisals, 515–530 ADA and, 517 adverse employment actions and, 516 adverse impact claims, 519 apprenticeship programs, 539 contents of, 522 disparate treatment claims, 520 documentation of, 516, 519 feedback on performance, 527 forced distribution method, 525–526 materially adverse employment action, 539 performance criteria and standards, 517–519 performance improvement programs and, 527 process of, 519–526 Rehabilitation Act and, 517 selection of trainees, 538–540 who can conduct, 520–522 Performance criteria, 517–519 Performance improvement programs, 527 Performance management, 515–540, 545–576 Performance standards, 517–519 Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 481, 485 Permissive topics, collective bargaining, 467 Personnel records, 550–551 Pervasive harassment, 263–267 Placement in a false light, 549 Plaintiff, 545 lawsuits, 15 Plant closing, 633 Point of service plans (POSs), 421 Polygraphs, 173–174, 573–574 POSs See Point of service plans POST See National Police Officer Selection Test Post-termination issues, 649–659 restrictive covenants, 652–659 unemployment insurance, 650–652 PPOs See Preferred provider organizations Preemployment inquiries, 115–120 inadvisable, 116 medical inquiries, 117–120 protected class characteristics, 115–117 Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 421 Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), 345–346, 428 Pretext case analysis, 69–81 discriminatory motive evidence, 76–78 lawful motive articulation, 75–76 pretext motive evidence, 76–78 prima facie case, 70–72 Pretext cases, 68, 69–70 Pretext motive evidence, 76–78 Prevailing wage, 385 Prima facie case disparate treatment, 70–72 public policy exception to employment at will, 586, 595 Privacy, 545–575 appropriation of a name or likeness, 549 common law protection, 547–550 constitutional protection of, 545–547 customer, BFOQ, 195–196 electronic communications and, 555–564 of e-mail, 555–557, 563–564 emotional distress claims, 549–550 GPS tracking and, 555–557 HIV status and, 553 interviews and interrogations, 569–573 intrusion upon seclusion, 547–548 investigation of employee conduct, 564–575 of medical information, 551–553 monitoring and surveillance and, 553–564 in the ordinary course of business, 558 overview of, 545–550 of personnel records, 550–551 placement in a false light, 549 polygraphs and, 573–574 public disclosure of private facts, 548–549, 553 reasonable expectation of, 546 of records and employee information, 550–553 searches and, 565–566 statutory protection of, 550 tort claims, 547–550 video surveillance and, 554–555 Wiretap Act, 557 Privacy Act, 548 Private sector, employment, 8–9 Progressive discipline, 611 Promissory estoppel, 594 elements of claim, 213 hiring and promotion decisions, 213 Promotions, 214–217 employees, 55 glass ceilings, 217–218 practical implications for, 216–217 seniority and BFSS defense, 218–219 Property interest, 613–614 Protected activity, 85 Protected classes, 63–64 Proximity, 138–139 Psychological conditions, 507 Public disclosure of private facts, 548–549, 553 Public employees civil service and tenure laws, 612–613 constitutional protections, 613–619 liberty interest, 613–614 matter of public concern, 617 property interest, 613–614 speech and association rights, 614–619 Public employers accommodation of religion by, 321 affirmative action and, 235, 238 drug testing and, 165–166 Public policy and negligent hiring, 135 retaliation for an act supporting, 594–601 Public policy exception, 594–601 civic duty laws, 603 exercising legal rights, 599 performing a public duty, 600 refusal to commit an illegal act, 599 whistleblowing, 600–601 Public safety, BFOQ, 195 Public sector, employment, 8–9 Punitive damages, 24, 535–536 Q Qualified privilege, 145–148 Qualifying events, COBRA, 422–423 Quotas systems, and affirmative action, 231, 234, 245 R Race norming, 181 Racial harassment, 255, 267–268 Racially hostile environments, 267–268 Railway Labor Act (RLA), 438, 468 Random drug testing, 161, 162, 165 Reasonable accommodation, 304–314 of disabilities, 305–307 interactive process, 305–307 of religion, 312–319 undue hardship and, 307, 311–312 Reasonable expectation of privacy, 546 Reasonable factor other than age (RFOA), 645 adverse impact, 85 Subject Index Reasonable person, 268 Reasonable self-analysis, 243 Reckless disregard for truth, 146 Records, 550–553 defined under privacy act, 550–551 medical, 551–553 OSH Act requirements, 491–492 personnel, 550–551 privacy of, 550–553 Recruitment after-acquired evidence, 124–125 breach of contract and, 123 coding system to convey information, 104 of day laborers, 109–110 discrimination in, 101–102 false statements by employees, 123–125 foreign nationals for U.S employment, 106–110 fraud, 120–123 medical inquiries, 117–120 methods for, 102–110 negligent misrepresentation, 121 nepotism, 104–105 neutral message for, 103 preemployment inquiries, 115–120 relevant labor market, 102 statements by employers, 120–123 want ads and job announcements, 102–103 word-of-mouth recruitment, 105–106 Reduction in force (RIF) See Downsizing References, 144–151 contacting during background checks, 142 defamation, 144–148 former employer and, 144–151 negligent referral, 148–151 retaliation, 150–151 service letters, 151, 154–155 substantive, provided by employers, 151 Regulations, source of employment laws, Rehabilitation, for substance abuse, 168 Rehabilitation Act, 293 affirmative action, 229 performance appraisals and, 517 Relevant labor market, 102 Religion establishment clause, 321 free exercise clause, 321 reasonable accommodation of, 312–319 religious advocacy and harassment, 319–321 religious organization exemption, 322 Religious advocacy, 319–321 Religious harassment, 319–321 Religious organization exemption, 322 Remedial nature, of affirmative action, 234 Remedies for affirmative action, 229–230 for harassment, 285–286 settlements and court orders, 229–230 violations of employment laws, 24–27 Representation elections, 457–462 Respondeat superior, 131 Responsibility, 389 Restrictive covenants, 652–659 noncompetition agreements, 652–658 nondisparagement clauses, 658 nonsolicitation agreements, 657–659 trade secrets, 658 Retaliation benefits and, 409–410 employment discrimination, 65, 85–93 performance appraisals and, 516 references and, 150–151 for reporting harassment, 273–274, 282 Retirement retiree health benefits, 424–427 See also Employee Retirement Income Security Act Reverse discrimination cases, 68 defined, 231 preference in hiring, 230 vs affirmative action, 230–242 RFOA See Reasonable factor other than age RIF See Downsizing Right-of-control, 38 Right to know, 533–534 Right to sue letter, lawsuits, 17 Right-to-work laws, 462 Risk assessment, OSHA, 485 shifting risk to employees, 412–413 significant, 485 See also Occupational safety and health RLA See Railway Labor Act S Safety See Occupational safety and health Safety and health training, 533–536 Safety standards, 480–485 Salary, 383 pay docking rule, 384 salary basis test, 383–385 Salary basis test, 383–385 Same-sex harassment, 256 Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 413, 601 Scope of employment, 48, 131 Scored tests of ability, 174–186 accommodating disabled persons, 186 applicant flow data, 175 banding of, 186 content validation, 179 correlation coefficient, 180 criterion validation, 179–180 cutoff scores, 181–186 examining test items, 174–175 examining test results, 175–176 four-fifths rule of, 175–176 job analysis, 181 job-related and consistent with business necessity, 176–181 703 race norming, 181 selection rate, 175 validation study, 180–181 validity of, 178–181 SDS See Security Data Sheet Searches, investigations, 565–566 Security Data Sheet (SDS), 143 Segregation, 214 Selection rate, 175 of trainees, 538–540 Self-analysis, reasonable, 243 Seniority, promotion, 218–219 SEPTA, 182–185 Serious consideration, early retirement incentive plans, 648 Service letters, 151, 154–155 Settlements and court orders, 229–230 Severe harassment, 263–267 “Sex-plus” cases, 199 Sex-stereotyping, 202–206 harassment and, 256–257 Sexual harassment, 255–258 investigation of, 283–285 same-sex harassment, 256 severe/pervasive harassment, 263–267 tangible employment action and, 260–261 unwelcome, 268–269 Sexual orientation, 355–359 “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, 356 protection under federal law, 355–356 protection under state and local laws, 358 rational relationship standard, 355–356 transgender and transsexual persons, 358–359 Sick leave, 345 Skills, 389 Smoking, 583 Social movements, and employment laws, 12 Soft skills, 207 SPDs See Summary Plan Descriptions Special relationship, of employer, 137 Standards hour, 370–376 minimum, of employment, Stare decisis, State laws safety and health standards, 479 State wage laws, 385 Statutes, source of employment laws, Strict scrutiny, 235 Strikes, 468–470 economic, 468 ULP, 468–469 Students, 43 Subjective criteria, hiring, 206–212 Substance abuse DFWA and, 167 EAP and, 168 Suitable employment, post-termination issue, 651 704 Subject Index Summary judgment, lawsuits, 15 Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs), 403–404 Supervisors definition under NLRA, 439 harassment by, 270–275 Supreme court lawsuits, 15 Sweatshops, 387 T Tangible employment action, harassment, 260–261 Temporary workers, 41–42 Tenure, 612–613 Termination, 583–623 civic duty laws, 603 civil service laws, 612 constitutional protections, 613–619 constructive discharge, 583–585 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 593 disclaimers, 591–593 discriminatory, 604–609 employment at will, 586 False Claims Act, 602 first amendment, 614 handling, 622–623 impermissible grounds for, 586–609 implied contract breach of, 587–591 intentional interference with a contractual relationship, 594 just cause/due process in, 609–622 liberty interest, 613–614 matter of public concern, 617 off-duty conduct laws, 604 performing a public duty, 600 progressive discipline, 611 promissory estoppel, 594 property interest, 613–614 public employees, 612 public policy exception, 594–601 refusal to commit an illegal act, 599 Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 601 similarly situated, 608–609 tenure, 612–613 unionized employees, 609–612 Whistleblower Protection Act, 601 whistleblowing and, 600–604 Terms and conditions of employment, employee rights, Testing, 161–186 drug tests, 161–168 genetic testing, 172–173 medical examination, 168–173 nerve conduction tests, 170 Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act, 166 polygraphs and honesty tests, 173–174 scored tests of ability, 174–186 validation study, 180–181 validity of, 178–181 Texas Health Care Liability Act, 422 Third-party intervention, 468 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act affirmative action under, 231–235 BFSS defense, 219 sexual harassment, 255–258 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 religious organization exemption, 322 Tort, claims, privacy protection, 547–550 Trade secret, 658 Training and development, 530–540 drug-free workplace and, 534–536 hazard communication standard, 533–534 MSDS, 533 negligent training, 534 on-the-job training, 539 requirement for, 532–536 right to know, 533–534 safety and health training, 533–536 Transgender person, 358–359 Transition exercising legal rights, 599 Transsexual person, 358–359 U ULP See Unfair labor practices Unconscionable contracts, 19 Underutilization, affirmative action, 243 Undue hardship in accommodation of disabilities, 307 Unemployment insurance, 650–652 benefits, 650–652 eligibility criteria, 650–652 insurance claims, 652 Unfair labor practices (ULP), 438, 445–448, 631 strikes, 468–469 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA), 346–352, 603 Unionized workplace, Unions, 437–472 card-check procedure, 459 decertification elections, 458 exclusive representative, 459 just cause/due process, 609–622 labor agreements, 438, 470–472 labor organization, 446 lockout, 469–470 neutrality agreements, 459 organizing campaigns, 448–453 representation elections, 457–462 right-to-work laws, 462 role in collective bargaining, 438 strikes and other economic weapons, 468–470 ULPs, 438, 445–448 union security, 461–462 Unreasonable search and seizure, 162 Unwelcome harassment, 268–269 U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services, 108 U.S Constitution affirmative action under, 235–242 first amendment, 614 Fourth Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure), 162 just cause/due process protections, 613–619 privacy protection, 545–547 U.S employment laws historical development, 11–13 USERRA See Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act V VA See Veteran’s Administration Validation study, 180–181 key aspects of, 181 Validity of employment tests, 178–181 content validation, 179 criterion validation, 179–180 job analysis, 181 Variance, safety standards, 480 Verifying employment eligibility, 151–155 Vesting, 410–411 Veteran’s Administration (VA), 527 VEVRAA See Vietnam Era Veteran’s Readjustment Assistance Act Vicarious liability, 270 Video surveillance, 554–555 Vietnam Era Veteran’s Readjustment Assistance Act (VEVRAA), 229 Visa, for foreign nationals for U.S employment, 106 classification of, 106–109 H-1B visas, 107–108 H-2 visas, 108 L-1 visas, 108–109 Voluntary Protection Program (VPP), 494 Volunteers, employees, 44–45 VPP See Voluntary Protection Program W Wages, hours, and pay equity, 367–395 comparable worth, 394–395 compensable factors, 389 compensable time, 371–376 compensation received, 370–371 compliance with, 370–376 Davis-Bacon Act, 385 duties test, 378–383 Equal Pay Act, 388–395 exemptions from FLSA, 377–378 farmworkers and, 386–387 living wage, 386 McNamara-O’Hara Service Contract Act, 385 Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act, 387 minimum wage, 367–368 Subject Index opportunity wage, 367–368 oppressive child labor, 387 overtime pay, 369–370 pay docking rule, 384 pay secrecy policies, 395 prevailing wage, 385 salary basis test, 383–385 state wage laws, 385 tipped employees, 367–368 white-collar exemptions, 378 working conditions, 389 WARN Act See Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act WDEA See Montana Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act Weight and appearance, hiring, 200–201 Weingarten rights, 573 Welfare plans, 402 Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA), 601 Whistleblowing, 600–604 White-collar exemptions, 378 Wiretap Act, 557 Word-of-mouth recruitment, 105–106 Work-life conflicts, 329–346 employer leave policies, 329–346 English-only rules, 353–355 language requirements/national origin discrimination, 352–355 sexual orientation discrimination, 355–359 Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, 632–637 Workers’ compensation, 495–507 arising out of employment, 498–502 705 in the course of employment, 498–502 coverage of injuries and illnesses, 502 employee misconduct and, 506–507 exclusive remedy, 496–498 experience rating, 496 fellow servant rule, 496 Workforce analysis, 243 Working conditions, 389 Workplace bullying, 258–259 privacy protection, 545–575 safety, 479–508 Workplace privacy law reasonable expectation of privacy, 546 WPA See Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA) Notes ... agreement) Instructor Resources Instructor’s Manual www.cengage.com/blaw/walsh The Instructor’s Manual for this edition of Employment Law for Human Resource Practice provides a succinct chapter outline,... possible, including our “Great Ideas in Teaching Business Law section Our Community Web site offers teaching tips and ideas for making the subject interesting and appealing to your students Ideas include... Job: Information, Monitoring, and Investigations PART Terminating Employment 581 CHAPTER 18 Terminating Individual Employees CHAPTER 19 Downsizing and Post-Termination Issues Glossary 665 Case Index