Rick Gallagher's MPLS Training Guide: Building Multi-Protocol Label Switching Networks ISBN:1932266003 by Rick Gallaher Syngress Publishing © 2003 (301 pages) This book introduces readers to MPLS concepts, installation, migration, operation, inspection, and troubleshooting, discusses specific router and switch platforms, cell mode MPLS, traffic engineering, and more Table of Contents Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide— Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks Acknowledgments Foreword The Fundamentals of Chapter 1 - MPLS Networks and Data Flow Chapter 2 - MPLS Label Distribution Chapter 3 - MPLS Signaling MPLS Network Reliance Chapter 4 and Recovery Chapter 5 - MPLS Traffic Engineering Introduction to MP S Chapter 6 and GMPLS Virtual Private Networks Chapter 7 and MPLS Quality of Service Meets Chapter 8 MPLS Chapter 9 - MPLS Marketing Answer Key for Chapter Appendix A Exercises Appendix B - Glossary A Brief History of Appendix C Ethereal Index List of Figures List of Tables List of Sidebars Back Cover Many large to mid-size enterprise and private networks are examining the benefits of MPLS The biggest benefit of migrating to MPLS is the savings that it promises through convergence and additional services MPLS offers the ability to construct a scalable network that can handle data, voice, and video conferencing The cry from CTOs around the world has been for converged networks: one infrastructure, one bill Rick Gallaher’s MPLS Training Guide will provide you with a broadly based, multi-vendor view of MPLS Learn the Fundamentals of MPLS Networks: Understand MPLS and MPLS network construction and learn about data flow in MPLS networks See How Circuit Switching By Label is Changing: Explore the methods of MPLS Label Distribution: static routing and dynamic signaling and label distribution Explore the Fundamentals of MPLS Signaling: Review the history of signaling, call setup procedures, traffic control measures, and the advantages and disadvantages of lading signaling and traffic control protocols Protect Your Network and Ensure Rapid Recovery: Get an introduction to MPLS Network Reliance and Recovery, including coverage of Cisco’s Tunnel Builder Vendor Solution Calculate How Much Bandwidth You Need: Understand the four aspects of traffic engineering and see how to use bandwidth provisioning and subscribing Review the Framework of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS): Prepare for the future of your network using GMPLS for centralized control, automatic provisioning, load balancing, bandwidth on demand, and more Prepare an MPLS VPN Solution: Use MPLS VPNs to provide a flexible VPN solution to service providers and ISPs Monitor and Police QoS Problems: Measure, mark, and police packets in a data network and measure QoS by monitoring latency, jitter, and dropped packets About the Author Rick Gallaher began his career in telecommunications as an international satellite communications engineer His extensive career experience spans the telecommunications gamut from field technician to consulting engineer Using his background in both voice and data communication, he has delivered training around the world for government agencies and Fortune 500 companies Rick has published several articles for a variety of technical journals and periodicals on MPLS, VoIP, WiFi, and QoS; these articles networking have been widely read and referenced by international scholars, industry white papers, and government publications As the Founder and CEO of Telecommunications Technical Services, Inc., he is a highly respected business strategist, technical consultant, and entrepreneur Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide—Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks Rick Gallaher Syngress Publishing, Inc., the author(s), and any person or firm involved in the writing, editing, or production (collectively “Makers”) of this book (“the Work”) do not guarantee or warrant the results to be obtained from the Work There is no guarantee of any kind, expressed or implied, regarding the Work or its contents The Work is sold AS IS and WITHOUT WARRANTY You may have other legal rights, which vary from state to state In no event will Makers be liable to you for damages, including any loss of profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages arising out from the Work or its contents Because some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you You should always use reasonable care, including backup and other appropriate precautions, when working with computers, networks, data, and files Syngress Media®, Syngress®, “Career Advancement Through Skill Enhancement®,” “Ask the Author UPDATE®,” and “Hack Proofing®,” are registered trademarks of Syngress Publishing, Inc “Syngress: The Definition of a Serious Security Library”™, “Mission Critical™,” and “The Only Way to Stop a Hacker is to Think Like One™” are trademarks of Syngress Publishing, Inc Brands and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of their respective companies KEY SERIAL NUMBER 001 PKMQNTYV43 002 Q2UNPYTHQN 003 FLYNG5TX3A 004 Z2BCRCUS9Y 005 U8GUMBY33S 006 X64NDC5BVF 007 PQ2AG8D4EK 008 9J6RDSW4K7 009 P7BKMUV6FH 010 74ES6UM39Z PUBLISHED BY Syngress Publishing, Inc 800 Hingham Street Rockland, MA 02370 Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks Copyright © 2003 by Syngress Publishing, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-932266-00-3 Acquisitions Editor: Jonathan E Babcock and Mike Rubin Indexer: Rich Carlson Cover Designer: Michael Kavish Page Layout and Art by: Patricia Lupien Copy Editor: Darlene Bordwell Distributed by Publishers Group West in the United States and Jaguar Book Group in Canada About the Author Rick Gallaher began his career in telecommunications as an international satellite communications engineer His extensive career experience spans the telecommunications gamut from field technician to consulting engineer Using his background in both voice and data communication, he has delivered training around the world for government agencies and Fortune 500 companies Rick has published several articles for a variety of technical journals and periodicals on MPLS, VoIP, WiFi, and QoS; these articles networking have been widely read and referenced by international scholars, industry white papers, and government publications As the Founder and CEO of Telecommunications Technical Services, Inc., he is a highly respected business strategist, technical consultant, and entrepreneur Rick proudly hales from the University of Alabama Author Acknowledgments I would like to thank my family and friends that made the production of the book possible I dedicate this book to my family – Susan, David, Drew, Benjamin, and Daniel - who contributed much to this book and to my other publications There have been many books written on the subject of MPLS This book is not intended as a substitute for the scholarly works written by many talented engineers It is offered as a supplement for those who need a more basic understanding of MPLS that allows them to see fundamental MPLS operations and configurations while offering practical applications of the technology I would like to thank all the vendors that assisted me in compiling a multivendor book including: The MPLS working groups and MPLS list server PG, Allot communications Andrew Walding, Cell Stream Cisco for its tunnel builder information Dr Yakov Rekhter Juniper Networks Dr Zarrabi Behrooz, Lucent MPLS Resource Center Susan Cole, OpNet for SPGuru Redback and Tom Arnold for assistance and case studies RiverStone and their entire technical writing staff Elizabeth Swanson, Vertical Systems Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the following people for their kindness and support in making this book possible Ralph Troupe, Rhonda St John, Emlyn Rhodes, and the team at Callisma for their invaluable insight into the challenges of designing, deploying and supporting world-class enterprise networks Karen Cross, Lance Tilford, Meaghan Cunningham, Kim Wylie, Harry Kirchner, Kevin Votel, Kent Anderson, Frida Yara, Jon Mayes, John Mesjak, Peg O’Donnell, Sandra Patterson, Betty Redmond, Roy Remer, Ron Shapiro, Patricia Kelly, Andrea Tetrick, Jennifer Pascal, Doug Reil, David Dahl, Janis Carpenter, and Susan Fryer of Publishers Group West for sharing their incredible marketing experience and expertise Duncan Enright, AnnHelen Lindeholm, David Burton, Febea Marinetti, and Rosie Moss of Elsevier Science for making certain that our vision remains worldwide in scope David Buckland, Wendi Wong, Daniel Loh, Marie Chieng, Lucy Chong, Leslie Lim, Audrey Gan, and Joseph Chan of Transquest Publishers for the enthusiasm with which they receive our books Kwon Sung June at Acorn Publishing for his support Jackie Gross, Gayle Voycey, Alexia Penny, Anik Robitaille, Craig Siddall, Darlene Morrow, Iolanda Miller, Jane Mackay, and Marie Skelly at Jackie Gross & Associates for all their help and enthusiasm representing our product in Canada Lois Fraser, Connie McMenemy, Shannon Russell, and the rest of the great folks at Jaguar Book Group for their help with distribution of Syngress books in Canada David Scott, Annette Scott, Delta Sams, Geoff Ebbs, Hedley Partis, and Tricia Herbert of Woodslane for distributing our books throughout Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji Tonga, Solomon Chapter 8: Quality of Service Meets MPLS Figure 8.1: MOS Scale Figure 8.2: Dropped Packets vs Network Utilization Figure 8.3: Latency Measurements Figure 8.4: Jitter Measurements Figure 8.5: Low Utilization with Low Errors Figure 8.6a: Network Under Test for Quality of Voice Calls Figure 8.6b: Percentage of Dropped Packets vs Percentage of Load Figure 8.6c: MOS Score Is Inversely Proportional to Load Figure 8.7: QoS Markings for 802.1Q/p Figure 8.8: QoS Marked on the Network Layer DiffServ Figure 8.9: QoS Marked on the MPLS Shim Header Figure 8.10: Packets Marked in Three Places Figure 8.11: End-to-End QoS Marking Figure 8.12: End-to-End QoS with RSVP Figure 8.13: Applications Policing Figure 8.14: QoS - CoS Figure 8.15: CoS - QoS Mapping Figure 8.16: E-LSP /L-LSP Figure 8.17: Too Many Packets Trying to Enter Router Figure 8.18: Basic RED Rules Figure 8.19: Simple RED Queuing Response Curve Figure 8.20: Traffic to Be Queued Figure 8.21: Dropped Packet Percentages after RED Shaping Figure 8.22: The Problem with RED Figure 8.23: WRED Theory Figure 8.24: Priority Bits in IP Header Figure 8.25: QoS without Marked Packets Figure 8.26: Precedence Bits Marked Figure 8.27: ToS and DiffServ bits relationship Figure 8.28: Precedence Bit Mapping Figure 8.29: ToS Bits Copied to Exp Bits Figure 8.30: Detailed DiffServ Code Point Format Figure 8.31: Details of Bit Pattern for AF 11 Figure 8.32: What Is Needed for End-to-End QoS? Figure 8.33: MPLS End-to-End QoS Process Figure 8.34: QoS per MPLS Elements Figure 8.35: Copy Bits Directly to and from Packets Traversing the LSP Figure 8.36: Setting the Exp Bits Using a Mapping Table Chapter 9: MPLS Marketing Figure 9.1: How to Go Broke Figure 9.2: Questions in Marketing Figure 9.3: Three Types of Audience Figure 9.4: End-User Concerns Figure 9.5: What Service Providers Want Figure 9.6: The Vendor's Goal Figure 9.7: State of Carrier Market Figure 9.8: Strategies for Growth and Marketing Figure 9.9: VPN Sales Figure 9.10: Carrier Revenue Figure 9.11: One-Stop Carrier Shop Figure 9.12: Marketing Areas Figure 9.13: Core Provider Marketing Areas Figure 9.14: The VPN Rainbow Figure 9.15: Customers Want Value Added Services Figure 9.16: Five Major Drivers Behind VPNs Figure 9.17: ATM Sales Projections Figure 9.18: Marketing Fronts Figure 9.19: Zone of Success Figure 9.20: Unofficial MPLS Carrier List Figure 9.21: Acme Networks: Total Customers and Total Locations Figure 9.22: Total Revenue by Firm Size ($Millions) Figure 9.23: Atlanta Area Network Architecture Figure 9.24: Total Capex - All Edge Pops ($M) Figure 9.25: Total Central Office COGS ($K) (Rack Space, Security, Power, HVAC) Figure 9.26: Total Outage Related COGS (Outage-related customer services and SLA violations) ($M) Figure 9.27: Total VPN Service COGS ($M) Figure 9.28: Summary Operational Costs Figure 9.29: Total Overhead Costs ($M) Figure 9.30: Total Net Income: 2002-2006 ($M) Figure 9.31: Total NPV ($M) Figure 9.32: ROIC Appendix A: Answer Key for Chapter Exercises Figure 1.12: Network Trace for HTTP Port Number 80 Figure 1.13: Network Trace for Port 25 E-Mail Figure 1.14: Network Trace for Port 20 FTP Figure 1.15: Frame 1 Figure 1.16: Frame 9 Figure 1.17: Open MPLS_basic File Figure 2.19: Hello Message for Exercise 2.2 Figure 3.25: RSVP Overview Figure 3.26: RSVP Detail Figure 3.28: Frame 4 Figure 3.29: RSVP Path Request Figure 7.39: Case Study 1 Figure 7.45: Case Study 2 List of Tables Chapter 1: The Fundamentals of MPLS Networks and Data Flow Table 1.1: MPLS LER Table Table 1.2: LER Instruction Set Table 1.3: Label Switch Router's Label Information Base (LIB) Table 1.4: Switching Table for Router 1 Table 1.5: Switching Table for Router 2 Table 1.6: Switching Table for Router 3 Table 1.7: Switching Table for Router 4 Table 1.8: Switching Table for Router 5 Chapter 2: MPLS Label Distribution Table 2.1: FEC Database Table 2.2: Free Label Table 2.3: FEC to NHLFE Table 2.4: NHLFE Table 2.5 Table 2.6: Possible Session States A reference sheet from RFC 3036 TLV Summary Chapter 3: MPLS Signaling Table 3.1: CR-LDP vs RSVP-TE Chapter 5: MPLS Traffic Engineering Table 5.1: Traffic Engineering Calculations for Example 1 Table 5.2: Traffic Engineering Calculations for Example 2 Table 5.3: Traffic Engineering Calculations for Example 3 Chapter 7: Virtual Private Networks and MPLS Table 7.1: Comparison of Tunnel Protocols Table 7.2: RFC 2547 Summary Table 7.3: Virtual Routing Summary Table 7.4: VPWS Summary Table 7.5: VPLS Summary Table 7.6: IPLS Summary Table 7.7: Martini Summary Table 7.8: Kompella Summary Table 7.9: AToM Summary Table 7.10: IP Addresses at Each Site Chapter 9: MPLS Marketing Table 9.1: Atlanta Area Market Segmentation (by Firm Size) Table 9.2: Acme Target Market Share Goals Table 9.3: Locations per Customer Segment Table 9.4: Key Service Characteristics Table 9.5: Per-PoP Architecture Table 9.6: VPN Capacity Assumptions Table 9.7: Chassis Needed per Edge PoP and Drivers for Additional Chassis Table 9.8: Summary Operational Cost Metrics Table 9.9: Financial and Capital Assumptions Appendix A: Answer Key for Chapter Exercises Table 1.4: Switching Table for Router 1 Table 1.5: Switching Table for Router 2 Table 1.6: Switching Table for Router 3 Table 1.7: Switching Table for Router 4 Table 1.8: Switching table for Router 5 A reference sheet from RFC 3036 TLV Summary List of Sidebars Chapter 2: MPLS Label Distribution Brief Review ... PUBLISHED BY Syngress Publishing, Inc 800 Hingham Street Rockland, MA 02370 Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks Copyright © 2003 by Syngress Publishing, Inc... highly respected business strategist, technical consultant, and entrepreneur Rick Gallaher's MPLS Training Guide Building Multi Protocol Label Switching Networks Rick Gallaher Syngress Publishing, Inc., the author(s), and any person or firm involved... converged networks: one infrastructure, one bill Rick Gallaher’s MPLS Training Guide will provide you with a broadly based, multi- vendor view of MPLS Learn the Fundamentals of MPLS Networks: