This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] • • • • • • Table of Contents Index Reviews Reader Reviews Errata Academic Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 10g, 3rd Edition By Rick Greenwald, Robert Stackowiak, Jonathan Stern Publisher: O'Reilly Pub Date: February 2004 ISBN: 0-596-00585-7 Pages: 368 This new edition distills a vast amount of knowledge into an easy-to-read volume covering the full range of Oracle's features and technologies The book includes an overview of Oracle 10g, along with recent releases 9i and 8i Oracle Essentials 3rd Edition: Oracle Database 10g provides everything you'll need to install and run the Oracle databases If you're new to Oracle or upgrading to Oracle 10g, you'll find this comprehensive guide essential [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] • • • • • • Table of Contents Index Reviews Reader Reviews Errata Academic Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 10g, 3rd Edition By Rick Greenwald, Robert Stackowiak, Jonathan Stern Publisher: O'Reilly Pub Date: February 2004 ISBN: 0-596-00585-7 Pages: 368 Copyright Dedication Preface Goals of This Book Audience for This Book About the Third Edition (Oracle Database 10g) Structure of This Book Conventions Used in This Book How to Contact Us Acknowledgments Chapter Introducing Oracle Section 1.1 The Evolution of the Relational Database Section 1.2 The Oracle Family Section 1.3 Summary of Oracle Features Section 1.4 Database Application Development Features Section 1.5 Database Connection Features Section 1.6 Distributed Database Features Section 1.7 Data Movement Features Section 1.8 Performance Features Section 1.9 Database Management Features Section 1.10 Oracle Developer Suite Section 1.11 Oracle Lite Chapter Oracle Architecture Section 2.1 Instances and Databases This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Section 2.1 Instances and Databases Section 2.2 The Components of a Database Section 2.3 The Components of an Instance Section 2.4 The Data Dictionary Chapter Installing and Running Oracle Section 3.1 Installing Oracle Section 3.2 Creating a Database Section 3.3 Configuring Oracle Net Section 3.4 Starting Up the Database Section 3.5 Shutting Down the Database Section 3.6 Accessing a Database Section 3.7 Oracle at Work Chapter Data Structures Section 4.1 Datatypes Section 4.2 Basic Data Structures Section 4.3 Additional Data Structures Section 4.4 Data Design Section 4.5 Constraints Section 4.6 Triggers Section 4.7 Query Optimization Section 4.8 Understanding the Execution Plan Section 4.9 SQL Tuning Advisor Section 4.10 Data Dictionary Tables Chapter Managing Oracle Section 5.1 Management and Enterprise Manager Section 5.2 Oracle Database 10g Self-Tuning and Management Section 5.3 Implementing Security Section 5.4 Fragmentation and Reorganization Section 5.5 Backup and Recovery Section 5.6 Working with Oracle Support Chapter Oracle Performance Section 6.1 Performance Tuning Basics Section 6.2 Oracle and Disk I/O Resources Section 6.3 Oracle and Parallelism Section 6.4 Oracle and Memory Resources Section 6.5 Oracle and CPU Resources Section 6.6 Database Resource Manager Section 6.7 Monitoring Section 6.8 Real Application Clusters and Performance Chapter Multiuser Concurrency Section 7.1 Basics of Concurrent Access Section 7.2 Oracle and Concurrent User Access Section 7.3 Oracle's Isolation Levels Section 7.4 Oracle Concurrency Features Section 7.5 How Oracle Handles Locking Section 7.6 Concurrent Access and Performance Section 7.7 Workspaces Chapter Oracle and Transaction Processing Section 8.1 OLTP Basics Section 8.2 Oracle's OLTP Heritage Section 8.3 Architectures for OLTP Section 8.4 Oracle Features for OLTP Section 8.5 High Availability This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Section 8.6 Oracle Advanced Queuing and Streams Section 8.7 Object Technologies and Distributed Components Chapter Oracle and Data Warehousing Section 9.1 Business Intelligence Basics Section 9.2 Data Warehouse Design Section 9.3 Query Optimization Section 9.4 Analytics, OLAP, and Data Mining in the Database Section 9.5 Managing the Data Warehouse Section 9.6 Other Data Warehouse Software Section 9.7 The Metadata Challenge Section 9.8 Best Practices Chapter 10 Oracle and High Availability Section 10.1 What Is High Availability? Section 10.2 System Crashes Section 10.3 Protecting Against System Crashes Section 10.4 Recovering from Disasters Section 10.5 Complete Site Failure Section 10.6 Data Redundancy Solutions Chapter 11 Oracle and Hardware Architecture Section 11.1 System Basics Section 11.2 Uniprocessor Systems Section 11.3 Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems Section 11.4 Clusters Section 11.5 Massively Parallel Processing Systems Section 11.6 Non-Uniform Memory Access Systems Section 11.7 Grid Computing Section 11.8 Disk Technology Section 11.9 Which Platform Deployment Solution? Chapter 12 Distributed Databases and Distributed Data Section 12.1 Accessing Multiple Databases as a Single Entity Section 12.2 Two-Phase Commits Section 12.3 Moving Data Between Distributed Systems Section 12.4 Advanced Queuing Section 12.5 Oracle Streams Chapter 13 Extending Oracle Datatypes Section 13.1 Object-Oriented Development Section 13.2 Extensibility Features and Options Section 13.3 Using the Extensibility Framework in Oracle Chapter 14 Network Deployment Models Section 14.1 The Impact of the Internet Section 14.2 The Oracle Database and the Internet Section 14.3 Oracle Application Server Section 14.4 Grid Computing Appendix A What's New in This Book for Oracle Database10g Section A.1 Chapter 1, Introducing Oracle Section A.2 Chapter 2, Oracle Architecture Section A.3 Chapter 3, Installing and Running Oracle Section A.4 Chapter 4, Data Structures Section A.5 Chapter 5, Managing Oracle Section A.6 Chapter 6, Oracle Performance Section A.7 Chapter 7, Multiuser Concurrency Section A.8 Chapter 8, Oracle and Transaction Processing Section A.9 Chapter 9, Oracle and Data Warehousing This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Section A.9 Chapter 9, Oracle and Data Warehousing Section A.10 Chapter 10, Oracle and High Availability Section A.11 Chapter 11, Oracle and Hardware Architecture Section A.12 Chapter 12, Distributed Databases and Distributed Data Section A.13 Chapter 13, Extending Oracle Datatypes Section A.14 Chapter 14, Network Deployment Models Appendix B Additional Resources Section B.1 Web Sites Section B.2 Books and Oracle Documentation Colophon Index [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] Copyright Copyright © 2004, 2001, 1999 O'Reilly Media, Inc Printed in the United States of America Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472 O'Reilly & Associates books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safari.oreilly.com) For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 10g, the image of cicadas, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Oracle® and all Oracle-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation, Inc in the United States and other countries O'Reilly Media, Inc is independent of Oracle Corporation Java™ and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc in the United States and other countries O'Reilly Media, Inc is independent of Sun Microsystems Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] Dedication To the four most important people in my life: my wife, LuAnn, and my daughters, Elinor Vera YuXiu Greenwald, Josephine Shang Qiong Greenwald, and Robin Yang Ru Greenwald-you give me everything —Rick Greenwald For my wife, Jodie, and sons, Nick and Mike- thanks for providing the time, support, and understanding needed for projects such as this one My love to each of you —Robert Stackowiak To my wife, Heather, and my children, Zachary and Sarah -my life and joy grows as we all together —Jonathan Stern [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] Preface The Oracle database is a product that is both rich and deep To address the complexities and variations in this product, Oracle books and documentation tend to be long and somewhat intimidating Most of them either cover a broad scope of functionality in a fairly cursory way or delve deeply into complex and rather narrow topics, sometimes missing the forest for the trees by concentrating on the multitude of details of a particular subject This book aims to be different We want to give you an in-depth explanation of the forest itself—the concepts and features of the Oracle database With this information, you should be better prepared to tackle any particular tree in that forest, with any number of other books As Oracle professionals (all of whom have worked for Oracle Corporation), we've found that a lot of Oracle users need brief explanations of similar topics For some time, we'd wanted a book that describes all the underlying principles that shape the Oracle database, written concisely for an intelligent audience We found that the explanations were scattered among many manuals and books and were often too complex or too simplistic After a good deal of complaining, we finally decided to write the book ourselves As this is now the Third Edition of Oracle Essentials, we've concluded that a number of you were looking for the same thing! [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] Goals of This Book Our main goal is to give you a foundation for using the Oracle database effectively and efficiently Therefore, we wrote with these principles in mind: Focus We've tried to concentrate on the most important Oracle issues Every topic provides a comprehensive but concise discussion of how Oracle handles an issue, and the repercussions of that action Brevity One of the first decisions we made was to concentrate on principles rather than syntax There simply isn't room for myriad syntax diagrams and examples in this book Uniqueness We've tried to make this an ideal first Oracle book for a wide spectrum of Oracle users—but not the last! You will very likely have to refer to Oracle documentation or other, more specific books for more details about using Oracle However, we hope this book will act as an accelerator for you Using the foundation you get from this book, you can take detailed information from other sources and put it to the best use A companion book, Oracle in a Nutshell, by Rick Greenwald and David C Kreines (O'Reilly), contains extensive syntax for a wide range of Oracle products This book is the result of over 40 years of experience with Oracle and other databases We've tried to apply that experience as best we can here [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] Audience for This Book We wrote this book for people at all levels of Oracle expertise: database administrators (DBAs) who spend most of their workday interacting with Oracle; application developers who build their systems on the data available in an Oracle database; and system administrators who are concerned with how Oracle will affect their computing environments Of course, some users interact more peripherally with the actual Oracle product, from IT managers to business users On the one hand, anticipating the appropriate technical level of all our potential readers presented difficulties; on the other hand, we've tried to build a solid foundation from the ground up and believe that some introductory material benefits everyone We've also tried to ensure that every reader receives all the fundamental information necessary to truly understand the topics presented If you're an experienced Oracle user, you may be tempted to skip over material in this book with which you are already familiar But experience has shown that some of the most basic Oracle principles can be overlooked, even by experts We've also seen how the same small "gotchas" trip up even the most experienced Oracle practitioners and cause immense damage if they go unnoticed After all, an ounce of prevention provided by understanding is worth a pound of cure (especially when you're trying to get a system up and running) So we hope that even experienced Oracle users will find valuable information in every chapter of this book—information that will save them hours in their busy professional lives Our guiding principle has been to present this information compactly without making it overly tutorial We figure that the most important ratio in a book like this is the amount of useful information you get balanced against the time it takes you to get it We sincerely hope this volume provides a terrific bang for the buck [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] packs parallel bitmap star joins PARALLEL clause Parallel Fail Safe 2nd PARALLEL optimizer hint parallel processing block-range parallelism PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter PARALLEL_MIN_SERVERS parameter PARALLEL_THREADS_PER_CPU parameter parallelizable operations parameters, control files pareto analysis functions parity parse phase partial restore and rollforward recovery partition-based parallelism partitioned tables and block-range parallelism partitioning of data structures passwords files backup of PE (parallel execution) processes management sort areas performance application design, and evaluation machine resources, and memory, and monitoring, Unix and Windows potential bottlenecks RAID user satisfaction vs objective measurements performance tuning cache size, adjusting read operations, minimizing persistent beans persistent parameters Personal Oracle Personalization PGA (Program Global Area) 2nd 3rd private SQL area sort area, sizing sorting and memory usage phantom reads physical databases ping PITR (point-in-time recovery) PL/SQL 2nd triggers PMON (Process Monitor) process point-in-time recovery (PITR) This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com polymorphism Portal portlets 2nd primary keys 2nd 3rd private SQL areas initialization parameters private synonyms privileges processes and threads Program Global Area [See PGA] propagation provisioning pseudocolumns PUBLIC pseudorole public synonyms publish-and-subscribe functionality, Oracle8i AQ publishers publishing [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] queries accent-insensitive case-insensitive distributed queries Query Management Facility query optimization cost-based optimizers decision support queries execution path ORDER BY conditions rule-based optimizers query optimizer query processes, parallelizable operations [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] RAC RAC (Real Application Clusters) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th availability advantages availability, and Cache Fusion support hardware failover, compared to high availability support node failure management 2nd physical distancing of clusters scalability and RACGuard RAD (Rapid Application Development) RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) 2nd control files, need for backup levels 2nd selection RAID-S arrays range partitioning ranking functions Rapid Application Development (RAD) RAW datatype RDBMS (relational database management systems) Oracle products family READ COMMITTED isolation level read locks read operations, example read-only tablespaces backup and recovery Real Application Clusters [See RAC] records recovery 2nd [See also RMAN]3rd backups, using complete database recovery fault-tolerant disk arrays, and options PITR planning preparations RECO (Recover) process targeted and rollforward testing 2nd RECYCLE buffer pool redo log buffer size and performance redo logs archive logs, isolation from archives checkpoint records cold backups, and device assignment fast commits, and filenames mirroring to remote site multiplexing 2nd This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com naming conventions online sequence numbers suppression of logging threading REF datatype relational databases [See databases, relational] Relational Online Analytical Processing (ROLAP) Relational Software, Incorporated (RSI) relationships replication 2nd 3rd advanced bandwidth, and overhead Replication Manager reporting aggregate functions reporting tools Reports Server, AS 10g Enterprise Edition request queues resilience resumable space allocation RETENTION AREA parameter Reuter, Andreas reverse key indexes REVOKE statement RMAN (Recovery Manager) 2nd 3rd incremental backups ROLAP (Relational Online Analytical Processing) roles rollback 2nd rollback segments 2nd Flashback Query, and ROLLBACK statements rollforward rolling upgrades round-trip engineering ROWID pseudocolumn ROWIDs rows rule-based optimizers limitations of run queue runs [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] SANS (storage area networks) schemas 2nd SCN (System Change Number) 2nd security application roles and privileges encapsulation in stored procedures auditing distributed databases fine-grained access control, implementing Oracle Label Security Option privileges security policies Segment Advisor segments 2nd SELECT statement MODEL clause sequences SERIALIZABLE isolation level serialization server processes dedicated PGA, and service names Service Requests (SRs) SERVICE_NAMES parameter session beans session memory SET ROLE command SGA (System Global Area) 2nd 3rd automatic resizing in Oracle Database 10g components memory allocation, initialization parameters session data, for storage of shadow processes shared locks "shared nothing" architecture shared pool size and performance shared server model shared servers 2nd 3rd connection process initialization parameters shared SQL bind variables SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter single database block I/Os single source code model sizing the sort area SMON (System Monitor) process SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing) systems 2nd 3rd 4th advantages CPU quantity and system bus CPU requirements snowflake schemas This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com SORT_AREA_RETAINED SIZE parameter SORT_AREA_SIZE parameter spatial information systems and Oracle spatial object type Spatial option SPFILE 2nd backup spindles SQL command privileges SQL (Structured Query Language) 2nd DML statements parsing and optimizing table order and optimization tuning SQL Tuning Advisor 2nd SQL Tuning Optimizer SQL Workshop SQL*Loader, direct path load SQL*Net, configuration SQL*Plus, PL/SQL blocks, and SQL/XML SQLJ 2nd 3rd SQLNET.ORA stack stack space standby databases 2nd potential data losses with site failure star queries star schemas 2nd cost-based query optimization state statistical aggregate functions storage area networks (SANs) Storagetek dedicated storage subsystems stored outlines stored procedure-based systems 2nd stored procedures Streams 2nd 3rd striped disk arrays 2nd loss of disks Oracle I/O, interaction striping with parity subscribers summary tables support services available through Oracle Corporation surge protection (Web Cache) Symmetric Multiprocessing systems [See SMP] synchronous replication 2nd synonyms SYS and SYSTEM user accounts SYS user SYSDBA role and privileges SYSOPER role and privileges System Change Number (SCN) 2nd system crashes error messages This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com preparation for System Global Area [See SGA] system memory, types system monitoring CPU resources system resources, PGA SYSTEM user [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] table compression table reorganization performance, impact on tables 2nd data dictionary parallelization parameters, setting parent-child relationship, foreign keys tablespaces 2nd batch operations, and read-only TAF (Transparent Application Failover) 2nd failover-aware applications, for developing high availability benefits implementation JDBC support of ODBC support of Technical Assistance Requests (TARs) third normal form (3NF) third-generation languages (3GLs) threads processes, and redo log files three-state logic three-tier systems time series TKPROF utility TNS_ADMIN environment variable and Oracle Net TNSNAMES.ORA 2nd Top Sessions TopLink 2nd AS, inclusion in TP (transaction processing) monitors 2nd 3rd services TP (transaction processing)transaction processing [See TP] transaction isolation and data integrity transaction routing, three-tier systems transactions 2nd 3rd ACID properties commitment distributed transactions isolation levels step-by-step example transformation process Transparent Application Failover (TAF) Transparent Gateways 2nd 3rd 4th transportable tablespaces 2nd 3rd trickle feed triggers causative events INSTEAD OF procedural languages for writing row and statement level activation trigger restrictions This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com vs constraints two-phase commits two-tier client/server systems stored procedures, enhancement with type conversions [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] Unicode uniprocessor systems unique constraint UNIQUE constraint and IOTs Unix OFA, and Oracle databases, startup Oracle installer Oracle Net configuration files, default location ORACLE_HOME variables, and SMP user accounts, auditing USER_ views usernames [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] V$ views V$CIRCUIT view V$DISPATCHER view V$MTS view V$SESSION_WAIT view V$SHARED_SERVER view V$SYSSTAT view V$SYSTEM_EVENT view VARCHAR and VARCHAR2 datatypes Very Large Databases (VLDBs) and parallelism views access control, using for data dictionary materialized views MTS data performance evaluation, used in Virtual Private Databases (VPDs) 2nd 3rd virtualization VLDBs (Very Large Databases) and parallelism volume-management software VPDs (Virtual Private Databases) 2nd 3rd 4th [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] Warehouse Builder 2nd 3rd 4th warehouse servers web cache Web Cache surge protection web servers and application servers WebDB windowing aggregate functions Windows NT/2000 failover OFA, and Oracle databases, startup Oracle installer Oracle Net configuration files, default location ORACLE_HOME variables, and SMP systems Wireless 2nd workflow Workspace manager workspaces write locks write operations contention, example locks, example [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com [ Team LiB ] [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] XDK (XML development kit) XML (eXtensible Markup Language) AQ, and CWMI (Common Warehouse Metadata Interchange) iDAP (Internet Document Access Protocol) Oracle Wireless Edition, and Oracle9i AQ support Oracle9i, and XML datatype XML DB XML DB repository XML development kit (XDK) XML SQL utility XMLSchema XMLType datatype 2nd XSQL servlet [ Team LiB ] This document is created with a trial version of CHM2PDF Pilot http://www.colorpilot.com Brought to You by Like the book? Buy it! ... 2001 Oracle Database 10g was introduced in 2003; the g denotes Oracle' s focus on emerging grid deployment models The terms Oracle, Oracle8 , Oracle8 i, Oracle9 i and Oracle Database 10g (or Oracle1 0g)... 1.5.1.1 Oracle Net Oracle' s network interface, Oracle Net, was formerly known as Net8 when used in Oracle8 , and SQL*Net when used with Oracle7 and previous versions of Oracle You can use Oracle. .. trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Oracle Essentials: Oracle Database 10g, the image of cicadas, and related trade dress are trademarks of O'Reilly Media, Inc Oracle and all Oracle- based trademarks and