www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info DATA CENTER HANDBOOK www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info DATA CENTER HANDBOOK Hwaiyu Geng, P.E Amica Association Palo Alto, CA, USA www.it-ebooks.info Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Data center handbook / edited by Hwaiyu Geng   pages cm   Includes bibliographical references and index   ISBN 978-1-118-43663-9 (cloth) 1.  Electronic data processing departments–Design and construction–Handbooks, manuals, etc.  2.  Electronic data processing departments–Security measures–Handbooks, manuals, etc.  I.  Geng, Hwaiyu   TH4311.D368 2015  004.068′4–dc23 2014013900 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.it-ebooks.info To “Our Mothers Who Cradle the World,” and To “Our Earth Who Gives Us Life.” www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Brief Contents CONTRIBUTORS xxi PREFACE xxiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv TECHNICAL ADVISORY BOARD xxvii CHAPTER ORGANIZATION xxix PART I  Data CENTER Overview and Strategic Planning 1 Data Centers—Strategic Planning, Design, Construction, and Operations Hwaiyu Geng 2 Energy and Sustainability in Data Centers 15 William J Kosik Hosting or Colocation Data Centers 47 Chris Crosby and Chris Curtis Modular Data Centers: Design, Deployment, and Other Considerations 59 Wade Vinson, Matt Slaby, and Ian Levine Data Center Site Search and Selection 89 Ken Baudry Data Center Financial Analysis, ROI and TCO 103 Liam Newcombe 7 Overview of Data Centers in China 139 Zhe Liu, Jingyi Hu, Hongru Song, Yutao Yang, and Haibo Li 8 Overview of Data Centers in Korea 153 Minseok Kwon, Mingoo Kim, and Hanwook Bae vii www.it-ebooks.info viii Brief Contents PART II  Data Center Design and Construction Architecture Design: Data Center Rack Floor Plan and Facility Layout Design 161 163 Phil Isaak 10 Mechanical Design in Data Centers 183 John Weale 11 Electrical Design in Data Centers 217 Jay S Park and Sarah Hanna 12 Fire Protection and Life Safety Design in Data Centers 229 Sean S Donohue 13 Structural Design in Data Centers: Natural Disaster Resilience 245 David Bonneville and Robert Pekelnicky 14 Data Center Telecommunications Cabling 257 Alexander Jew 15 Dependability Engineering for Data Center Infrastructures 275 Malik Megdiche 16 Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Data Centers 307 Taewon Han 17 Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Data Centers 313 Mark Seymour 18 Environmental Control of Data Centers 343 Veerendra Mulay 19 Data Center Project Management and Commissioning 359 Lynn Brown PART III  Data Center Technology 389 20 Virtualization, Cloud, SDN, and SDDC in Data Centers 391 Omar Cherkaoui and Ramesh Menon 21 Green Microprocessor and Server Design 401 Guy AlLee 22 Energy Efficiency Requirements in Information Technology Equipment Design Joe Prisco and Jay Dietrich www.it-ebooks.info 419 Index ability to influence energy use, 17 above finish floor (AFF), 197 absorbed glass mat (AGM), 498 acceptance tests deferred testing, 381 duct pressure testing, 378 opposed seasonal testing, 381 pipe pressure testing, 378 testing and balancing (airside waterside systems), 378–9 acid rain, 560 nitrogen oxide, 560 sulfur dioxide, 560 acoustical concerns, 193 acquisition strategy, data center, Active directory®, 534, 545, 548, 552 active ducted return system, 450 active power, active, 513–17, 534, 544, 546, 553 Activity-Based Costing (ABC), 104, 132, 135 additional income, 109 address IP, 392 MAC, 392 adiabatic, 66 cooler, 72 direct or indirect cooling, 67 humidifier, 206 advanced computer power interface (ACPI), 407, 414 affinity law, 458 agility, AHRI Standard 1060 (I-P)-2013, 44 air cooled air cooled chillers, 21 dry coolers, 21 DX condensing units, 21 air delivery path (underfloor, overhead), 209 air discharge temperature, 44 air distribution, 194, 196, 209 air flow (airflow), 40, 185, 485 distribution, 327–8 dynamics, 430 front to back, 164 impede, 166 management (AFM), 23, 30–31, 105, 119–20, 126–30, 154, 164, 189–90, 193–4, 198, 200, 210–211, 213, 430–432, 434–8, 582, 584 bypass, 211, 332, 430–432, 436 rack cooling index (RCI), 339 recirculation, 211, 332, 430–433 return heat index, 338 return temperature index (RTI), 339 supply heat index, 338 obstructions by pipes and cables 328–30 path, 82 rate per kW, 331 side to side, 164 upgrade project, 126 VSD upgrade ROI, 127 air handling unit (AHU), 107 air inlet temperature, 345, 485–6, 544 air management, 10, 30, 41, 212 see also air flow management air side economizer see Economization Air Tightness Testing and Measurement Association (ATTMA), 29 air to air heat exchanger, 466 aisle containment, 173 see also hot aisle cold aisle containment alternate energy sources, 512 diesel generator, 512 fuel cell, 512 solar, 512 wind, 512 American Institute of Architects (AIA), 367 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 579 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 659 American wire gauge (AWG), 536, 542 ANSI/AHRI 365 (I-P)-2009, 44 ANSI/AHRI 540–2004, 44 ANSI/AHRI 1360 (I-P)-2013, 44 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1–2010, ANSI/BICSI 002–2011, 9, 164, 169 ANSI/BICSI Class F2-F4, 172 see also the Uptime Institute ANSI/IEEE Std 81, 164 ANSI/NFPA 70, 539 ANSI/TIA 568-C.0,-C2~C.4, 259 ANSI/TIA 569-C, 259 ANSI/TIA 606-B, 259 ANSI/TIA 607-B, 259 ANSI/TIA 758-B, 259 ANSI/TIA 862-A, 259 ANSI/TIA-942-A, 9, 73, 158, 232, 259 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568, Data Center Handbook, First Edition Hwaiyu Geng © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Companion website: http://www.wiley.com/go/datacenterhandbook 669 www.it-ebooks.info 670 Index apparent power, 226, 257, 534, 539–40, 544, 546, 552–3 architecture design, 67, 163–81 internal, 326 ARI standards, 39 Art of war, the, ASHRAE, 9, 42, 44, 156, 544 Datacom Series, 43 design consideration for Datacom equipment, 44 energy standard 90.1, 29, 39, 44 fundamentals, 29 green tips for data center, 43 2012 Handbook, 469, 477 humidity control design guide, 29 measurement of energy and demand saving, 39 measuring and reporting overall data center efficiency, 39 procedures for commercial building energy audits, 39 real time energy consumption measurements, 39 temperature and humidity guidelines, 36, 431 thermal guideline for data processing environment, 44, 339, 430, 481 2011 thermal guidelines, 29 ASHRAE TC9.9 2011, 9, 26, 186, 189, 214, 262, 270, 308, 430, 450, 457, 485 asset management, 11 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), 78, 86, 173, 229–30 automatic electric arc extinguisher, 525 automation of airflow management, 436 Availability, 222 calculation, 226 scenario, 223 backplanes, internal and external, 48 BACnet, 580 balanced distribution, 210–211 bandwidth miles, 97 Baseboard management controller (BMC), 409–11 Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), 34, 413 basis of design, 366, 372–5 design assumptions, 374 narrative description, 374 stands and guidelines, 374 bath, 491 benchmarking, 39 benchmark metrics, 595–700 see also Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Carbon Usage Effectiveness (CUE), 559, 597, 605 cold aisle capture index (CACI), 340 energy reuse effectiveness (ERE), 597 family metrics xUE, 597 Green500 (Mflops/W), 598 hot aisle capture index (HACI), 340 metrics used in data center, 597 Rack cooling index (RCI), 598 Return heat index (RHI), 338–9 see also airflow management Server utilization effectiveness (SUE), 411–12, 417 Standard performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC), 598 Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE), 597, 605 bend radius, 542 benefits, key best practices, 10, 211 BICSI pathways Class 1, 169 Class 2, 169 Class and 4, 169 bid package, 201 big data, 56 analytics Bilevel and dimmable lighting control, 582 BIN weather condition, 349 biomass, fuel, gas biofuel, 565 biodiesel, 565 ethanol, 565 biogas, 565 biomass, 564–5 boundary conditions (CFD), 334 Boussinesq approximation, 317 branch circuit, 534–6 branch circuit protection hydraulic-magnetic, 541–2 magnetic, 541–2 thermal, 541–2 thermal-magnetic, 541–2 Branch Current Monitor (BCM), 227 breakeven analysis, the options, 126 point, 130 time, 112 brown field, 89 build to order (BTO), 533 to suit, 54 build vs buy, 54–6 building design consideration, 246 code based design, 246 maximum considered earthquake, 247 performance based design, 247 2% probability of being exceed in 50 years, 247 building envelope effects 29 www.it-ebooks.info building leakage impacts relative humidity 30 building management system (BMS), 9, 63, 83, 347 building performance simulation for estimating energy use, 30 building performance states, 250 see also risk level category business continuity plan, 12, 98, 409, 495, 520, 643–6, 656–57, 659, 664 business risk, 642 cabinets and rack, 272 cable management, 11, 166 pathway, 271 penetration, 333 cabling infrastructure, 163 cabling reliability level, 272 cabling type balanced twisted pair, 267 TIA category 3, 5e, 6, 6A, 7A, 267–8 coaxial, 267 optical fiber cabling, 268 see also optical fiber cabling unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 267 calibration, 325 calibration indices coefficient of variation, 42 mean bias error, 42 root mean square error, 42 California Building Code, 659 California Energy Commission (CEC), 428 California Public Utility Commission (CPUC), 589 call center, 90 capacity cloud, 137 colocation, 136 data center, 62 Expansion, 86 lease data center, 136 management, 604 MDC, 62 network, 178 owned data center, 136 refresh, 167, 174 capacity planning, 7, 50, 166–9, 324, 340–341, 533, 546, 548, 553–4, 556–7, 601–4, 606, 615, 633, 648–9 capacity optimization method (COM), 425–6 Capex, 148 capital cost data center, 8, 127 project option, 128 Index Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), 17 Carbon Usage Efficiency(CUE), 42 Cartesian grid, structured, 317 cash flows, 118 CAT5 Ethernet, 75 catcher system, 218 ceiling height, 345 CENELEC EN 50173–5, 259 central air handling, 346 CFM/perforated tile, 436 chain of command, 662 change order, 369 chargeback models and cross subsidies, 133 Chartered Institution of Building Services (CIBSE), 29 Chiller cooling load, 40 Chiller elimination, 122 Chill water return temperature, 40 Chill water supply temperature, 121 chimney duct, passive, 448 fan powered, 31, 441 rack ducts, 464 China Academy of Building Research (CABR), 142 China cloud industry park, 144 China cloud valley, 144 China Communications Standards Institute (CCSA), 142 China Computer Industry Association (CCIA), 142 China Computer User Association (CCUA), 142 China data center overview, 139–51 laws and regulations, 143–5 market, policy and standards trends, 147–51 organizations, 141–2 policies, 142–3 standards on MDC, servers, UPS, 145–7 China Electronics Standardization Institute (CESI), 141 China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), 141 chipset, 410 CHP system layout, 11 CIBSE Guide A, 29 CIBSE TM-23, 29 circuit T-1/E-1, 177 T-3/E-3, 177 circuit breaker metering, 542 circuit breakers double pole, 542 single pole, 542 triple pole, 542 Circum Pacific earthquake belt zone, 662 cleanliness classification, 308 clearance and interference issues, 196 Client and Logic with Integrated Relay (CLIR), 585–6 climate change, data sources, 119–20 ASHRAE, 120 ISHRAE, 120 NREL, 120 see also TMY Weather Underground, 120 Climate Change, International Panel on, climate impacts on energy use, 24 clock frequency, 402 cloud, 605–6 China national project, 144 community, hybrid, 5, 393 private, 5, 393, 643 public, 5, 393 the threat of, 130 clouding computing, 5, 56, 391 Construction plans around China, 143 code evaluation investigation, 191, 195 Code for Design of Electronic Information System Room, 140 Code of conduct, EU Joint Research Center data centers, 9, 19, 42 codes and Standards, 230 see also guidelines ASCE 41–13, 251 ASCE/SEI 7–10, 245, 247, 249 –ASTM E-119, 233 FM Global 230 International Building Code (IBC), 230 International fire Code (IFC), 230 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 230 see also NFPA Statutory code, 230 Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA), 230 CO2 emissions, 17, 21 Cogeneration, 69, 206, 212 cold aisle containment, 173 EC fan upgrade ROI, 127 cold plate cooling, 486–92 fundamentals, 486–8 conduction, 487 forced convection, 488 natural convection, 487 radiation, 487 colocation, 47, 48, 90, 104, 176–7 capacity, 136 combined heat and power (CHP), 10, 575 command line interface (CLI), 534, 541 commissioning, 197, 202 approach, 87 www.it-ebooks.info 671 authorities, certified (CxA), 366 level 3, 84 level 4, 84 level 5, 49, 84 near warranty/occupancy review, 381 plan, 196, 361 processes, 44 roles and responsibilities, 384–6 selecting firm, 370 specifications, 375 system, 371–2 building, 372 electrical, 372 life safety, 372 mechanical, 371 plumbing, 372 tasks, 372–82 acceptance phase, 378–9, 382 construction phase, 372–6, 382 design phase, 373–7, 382 occupancy phase, 379–80, 382 timeline process, 372 viability, 368 common mode failure (CMF), 282, 303 communication channels, 662 line, 362 community cloud, community development zones, 97 comparison of sites, 100 selection criteria, 100 Weighted score, 100 complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 429 Complex instruction set computing (CISC), 404 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), 9, 178, 313–41, 343, 435, 438–9, 446, 459 applications, 316–25 architecture, 325 benefits of CFD, 340–341 conceptual design, 322–33 detailed design, 323–33 fundamental, 313–14 modeling data center, 325–40 architectural, 325–7 CRAC/CRAH and cooling infrastructure, 327–34 dependent simulation and failure scenarios, 336–40 low energy design, 334–6 principles, 314–16 use for assessment, trouble shooting and upgrade, 323–4 use for data center design, 322–3 use for operational management, 324 virtual facility model, 340–341 672 Index Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), 11, 619–38 architecture, 621 asset management, 620–625, 632 document control, 630 failure probability and statistical analysis, 631 inventory management, 632 life cycle management, 624–5, 632 location, 620 maintenance, 623–4, 632 predictive maintenance, 620, 626 preventive maintenance, 620, 626 reporting, 629 sensitivity study on design parameter, 331 spare part management, 630 training, 633 unplanned services, 627 vendor selection, 631 web-based software (SaaS), 619 work order management, 627, 632 computer room air handling unit, 27, 170–171, 174, 178, 322, 325, 327, 429, 434, 480, 482, 486 air conditioning unit, 27, 170–171, 178, 322, 325, 327, 429, 434, 480, 482, 486 CRAC-DX, 429 CRAC location, 345 CRAH-chilled water coil, 429 pathway, 169 space, 178 Computer server specification, Energy Star, 422 computing capacity, 48 conceptual design, 322–33 see also CFD concurrent maintainability, 55 condensation, 486 conduction, 487 confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, 91 conjugate heat transfer, 316 connectivity communication, 545 physical topology, 545 construction administration, 367 construction costs, 98 container data center, 18, 102 JDS1000, 148 containment cold aisle, 31 hot aisle, 31 containment strategies, 31 continuous improvement process, 417 continuous quality improvement, 401 convection, 487 forced, 488 air, 488–9 oil, 491 water, 489–91 nature, 487 air, 487 liquid, 487 conventional cooling equipment, 481 conventional room cooling, 481 conversion double, 501 single, 500 converter dc to ac, 524 dc to dc, 497, 524 cooling analysis, 492 distribution unit, 482 a flexible facility, 20 fundamentals, 486 infrastructure, 178 load, 40, 189 use of, 328 cooling dehumidification, simultaneous, 22 cooling plant components, 16 cooling sensor location, 327–8 cooling system concept, 26 cooling system equipment types Air cool plant equipment, 27 Central cooling plant equipment, 27 DX expansion equipment, 27 Direct economization, 28 Evaporative cooling systems, 28, 195 indirect economization, 28 Water cooled plant, 27 Water economizer, 28 cooling tower, 21, 72, 193, 208 see also adiabatic cooling cooling types free, 72 Immersion cooling, 32 In-row cooling, 31 medium, 206 takes into account extremes, 71–72 cooling unit zone of influence, 340 copper circuits, 97 corn field, 89 corporate real estate (CRE), 105 corporate social responsibility (CSR), 559, 602 corrosion classification coupon (CCC), 309–11 cost attempt to quantify, 124 brand value, 109 change over time, 117 converting other factors, 123 end of life, 109 environmental, 109 www.it-ebooks.info parameterized model, 124 of power outage, 496 reputational, 109 Cost of Capital, 107 Weighted Average, 107 cost of money, 55 cost of return, 109 cost reduction, 605 crisis management, 12 CSA (civil/structural/architectural), C-states, 407, 414 cylindrical obstructions see also airflow obstructions staggered array, 329 dashboard, DCiM, 609 data recorded, 120 data center asset management, 606, 620–625 bonding point, 163 China, 144 commoditization, 131 consolidation, 605 container, 18, 50, 51 definition, driving down cost, 131 grounding system, 163 industrialized, 18 Korea, characteristics and market, 153 lease capacity, 136 like a factory, 104 maintenance, 628, 630 maintenance management software, 619–38 modular, 48 multistory, 172, 347 no chiller, 121 selecting key components, 203 service charge back, 132 stand alone, 53 testing strategy, 363 traditional, 19, 48 uptime, 227 data center efficiency, 40 Data Center Energy Practitioner (DCEP) program, 12 Data Center Energy Profile (DC Pro) software, 12 Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCiM), 9, 42, 63, 73, 163, 324, 556, 601–18 architect, 611 asset location, 617 building management system (BMS), 613 capacity planning, analytics and forecasting, 606 Index capacity planning: space, power, cooling, 604 the cloud, 605 common goals for DCIM, 603 consolidation projects, 605 costs, 615 DCIM limitations, 324 DCIM modules, 606 environment instrumentation, 612 airflow, 612 humidity, 612 temperature, 612 floor space planning, 609 lifecycle and change management, 606 process improvement, 605 rack planning and design, 609 remote access, 613 reporting, 609 selection DCIM vendor and costs, 615 what is DCIM, 601 data center upgrade options AFM, EC fan, and sensor network, 130 air flow management, 127–30 cold aisle containment, 127–30 EC fan upgrade, 127–30 in-row cooling, 127–30 VFD fan, 127–30 data collection and analysis, 38 data halls, 49 envelope, 326 data import and export, 608 data recovery, 662 DCIE-inverse PUE see PUE 3D computer model, 190, 197 decision tree, dehumidification, 206–7 delay curve, 540–542 deliverables, 191, 195 Delta T, 193 demand response automated, 577, 585 Automation Server (DRAS), 585–6 challenges to data center, 587 implementation challenges, 583 manual, 585 performance measurement, 587 semi-auto, 585 strategies, 587 Demand Response Research Center (DRRC), 577 demarcation pane, 75 point, 262 room, 63, 67 see also MPE dependability engineering, 275–306 see also reliability engineering and availability application to data center dependability, 297–305 TIA level classification, 304 definition of dependability indexes availability, 275–6 maintainability, 275–6 reliability, 275–6 system function, 275–6 dependability data Failure mode, 279, 289 Failure rate, 277–8 preventive maintenance, 280–281, 283 dependability modeling, 281–2 active redundancy, 281 hidden failure, 282 partial redundancy, 282 passive redundancy, 282 dysfunctional analysis, 283–8 advantages and drawbacks, 297 dependability analysis methodology, 283–8 dysfunctional analysis methods, 288 Failure Mode and Effective Analysis (FMEA), 289 failure mode indicator detection index, 289–90 gravity index, 289–90 FMECA, 289–92 derated current, 536 design assessment see CFD change, postbid, 196 conceptual, 322–3 data center, 347 detailed design, 323–3 guaranteed performance and cost, 132 guidelines, interpretation, 201 low energy, 334 monolithic, 19 modular, 19 modular vs monolithic, 20 strategy, 28 design for reliability (DFR), 507 design phase commissioning, 373–7, 382 design scheme, criterion influence, 23 Device states (D-States), 414 Dielectric constant, 404 Direct adiabatic evaporative cooler, 468 direct cooling process, 468 direct current efficiency, 526–7 energy storage flywheels, 513 fuel cells, 513 lithium ion batteries, 513 nickel sodium batteries, 513 ultracapacitors, 513 www.it-ebooks.info 673 power distribution, 10 rack level or facility level conversion, 526 reliability and safety, 526 direct current network, 523–32 cost justifications, 529–30 data center power design, 525 data center powered with ac, 525 data center powered with dc, 525 dc for long distance distribution lines, 524 dc in building, 524 why use dc in data center, 526 efficiency, 526 environmental impacts, 529 fault and leakage, 529 harmonics, 528 redundancy, 528 reliability, 528 safety, 529 scalability, 529 standards, 529 direct digital control (DDC), 195, 197 direct expansion (DX), 472 air conditioner, 70 coil, 73 cooling module, 71 refrigeration, 471 directly access cache (DCA), 410 directly access memory (DMA), 410 disaster management, 10 disaster recovery, 12, 53, 641, 659 chiller power consumption, 20 electrical system losses, 20 emergency power, 665 Information technology, 666 logistics, 665 planning, 642, 664 after the even study, 666 communication, 665 human resources, 665 logistics, 665 preventive maintenance, 665 training drill, 665 survivability, 652 disaster recovery (DR) and high availability, 641–57 cost of IT downtime, 645 data center design and redundancy, 649 data center risk, 642 DR and cloud, 656 DR and HA strategy, 645 high availability (HA), 641 the Uptime Institute Tiers, 651 virtualization and DR survivability, 652 discount rate, 112, 113 inflation, 117 real and nominal, 117 674 Index distributed data center under desk (DDuDs), 643 Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS), 676 2D piping and ducting clearance plan, 196 DRaaS, 656–7 DR and cloud, 656 drawing set 30%, 60%, 90%, permit, final CD, 199–200 as built set, 202 dry-bulb and dew point temperature, 22 DSL, 659 Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM), 411, 417 dynamic power, 403–4 dynamic power saver-favor performance (DPS-FP), 422 dynamic random access memory (DRAM), 411, 417 dynamic smart cooling, 346 earthquakes intraplate, 248 Pacific Ring of Fire, 248 San Andreas Fault, 248 tectonic plates, 248 EC (brushless direct current) fan, 128 economic development authority, 98 economic development groups, 97 economization, 213 air side, 67, 72, 98, 184, 203–4, 208, 346 water side, 72, 98, 204–5, 346, 462 economization strategies 26, 27 economizer direct air side, 466 indirect air side, 466, 469 economizer designs cross flow exchanger, 28 hours, 122 rotary heat exchanger, 28 economizer hours, chiller energy, 122 efficiency, 214 e-government, 139 egress, 232–3 EIA/CEA-310-E mounting rails, 166 electrical design 217–29 block redundant configuration, 218 distributed redundant configuration, 219 N, 217 N+1 configuration, 217, 219–20 2N configuration, 217, 219–20 strategy, 217 topologies, 24, 25, 218 electrical distribution, 16 electrical engineering definition, 226 electrical loading, 225 electrical panels, 40 electrical power consumption, 474, 485, 596 infrastructure, 178 management, 35 measurement, real time, 533 tier topology, 67 electrical power management system (EPMS), 63, 73 electrical system efficiency maintainability, 32 reliability, 32 electric arc detection, 525 electricity price over time, 420 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 539 electromagnetic interference (EMI), 408, 539 electronic products and services, 18 electrostatic discharge (ESD), 22, 189, 205 elevation level, 196 Emerald power efficiency measurement specification (Emerald metric), 425–6 emergency power backup generators, 665 emergency response team, 12 emerging technologies, 10 energy consumption trends, cost, 120, 122 neutral, 525 savings trim mechanical refrigeration, 475 service contract, 132 energy and sustainability, 15–45 energy efficiency requirement in IT equipment design, 419–28 computer servers, 421–5 idle power, 422 performance/power metric, 424 power supply efficiency, 421–2 server utilization, 423 virtualization capability, 423 workload capacity of servers, 422–3 Storage, 425–6 capacity optimization methods, 426 performance/power metric, 425–6 power supply efficiency, 425 UPS, 426 networking equipment, 427 Energy Independence And Security Act, 588 Energy Management And Control System (EMCS), 578, 580 Energy Pareto Chart, 401 Energy Service Interface (ESI), 578 Energy Star, 5, 18, 23, 34, 42–43, 416–17, 419, 421–8 energy use, auditing, 41 www.it-ebooks.info energy use reporting requirement, Mexico, 428 engineered to order (ETO), 533 engineer-led project, Enhance Geothermal System (EGS), 559 enthalpy, 316 Entrance network pathway, 169 environmental conditions, 21 environmental control, 343–57 airflow distribution parameters, 344–5 cooling system design and control, 346–52 data center design, 347 energy management, 345–6 operations, 350–353 performance metrics, 352–3 placement of CRAC, 345 power trend, 343 thermal management, 343–6 environmental impacts, 16 environmental management see Sensors EPA report to Congress on Servers and DC Energy Efficiency, 33 EPA’s Enterprise Servers specification version 2.0, 34 equipment life cycle, 11 selection, 193, 196 start-up, 377 equipment outlet (EO), 261 errors, avoid common planning, 23 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), 259 European Union code of conduct, 119, 131, 598–9 European Union emissions trading directive, 419 European Union energy efficiency directive, 419 European Union power supply efficiency, 428 evaporation cooling humidification, 347 evaporation cooling tower, 21 Everything as a Service (EaaS), Executive Order (EO) 17, 18 eXtensible Markup Language (XML), 582 facility type, failure impact analysis, 630 failure rate, 224 false time step relaxation, 319 fan sink, 411 fault plate boundary divergent, convergent, transform, 660 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) see also U.S Homeland Security Installing seismic restraints for duct and pipe, 659 Index Installing seismic restraints for electrical equipment, 659 Installing seismic restraints for mechanical equipment, 659 Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), 10, 255 FEMP First Thursday Semin@rs, 10 field of data, 314, 318 financial analysis, ROI, TCO, 103–37 finite element method, 316 finite volume method, 315, 320 fire detection and alarm heat, 241 matrix, 240 smoke, 241–2 tier III and IV, 240 fire growth for electrical file, 230 fire protection and life safety, 73, 198, 229–43 see also sprinkler system active suppression, 234 cabinet specific suppression, 238 clean agent and gaseous, 236 design, 242–3 detection, alarm, signaling, 239 gaseous suppression, 229, 239 hot/cold aisle ventilation, 239 passive suppression, 233 portable fire extinguisher, 239 Firmware (FW), 413 FIT4Green, 43 Five-year national economic development plan, 142–3 fleet and transportation management, 18 floating-point operations per second (FLOPS), 598 flood risk and mitigation strategies, 253–4 flooding, 3, 55, 99, 159–60, 169, 205, 214, 236, 238–9, 246, 253–4, 282, 567, 644, 646, 649–50, 656, 663–4, 666 floor loading, 261–2 floor plan design process, 163 floor space planning, 609 floor to deck, 173 FLOPS, 34 flow rate calculation, 332 flux (air flow, heat flow), 314–15 flywheel (UPS), 33, 69 FM Data Sheets, 231 footprint evaluation, 190 force of nature, 99 form factor (rack PDU), 540 free cooling, 122, 465–78 conventional means to cool data center, 478 economizer thermodynamic process, 466 direct air side economizer, 466–9 energy saving and trim mechanical refrigeration, 475–8 indirect air side economizer, 469–75 free cooling in Korea, 156 fuel cell 2000, 573 fuel cell technology, 10, 570 comparison, 572–3 fuel cell type Alkali (AFC), 570 molten carbonate (MCFC), 571 phosphoric acid (PAFC), 570 proton exchange membrane (PEM), 570 solid oxide (SOFC), 572 fuel oil risers, 664 fully ducted return (HAC), 442 fully ducted supply (CAC), 442 functional performance test (FPT), 360 GB50174–2008, 145 GB (Guo Biao) Code, Chinese National Standard, 8, 145 GB/T (Guo Biao Tui), 145 general contractor, 78, 86, 87 General Purpose Graphical Processing Unit (GPGPU), 405 generator water jack temperature, backup, 40 generator natural gas/biofuel, 68 globalization, 90, 101 Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB), 655 global strategic locations, 101 global warming, globe temperature (GT), 451 Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), 405 graphic user interface (GUI), 543, 547 Great East Japan Tsunami, 12, 660 legal Saving Electricity, 661 Kanto area, 661 Green computing, 605 green data center see Data center greenfield development, 187 Green Grid, the, 10, 39 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, 17, 419 greenhouse gas management, 18 Greenpeace, 560, 573 green tariffs, 109 GridMix, 415 Grid sensitivity study, 317 grounding, 539 see also NEC Article 645.15 G-States, 414 guidelines see also codes and standards FEMA 750, 249 FEMA P-58, 247 FEMA publication www.it-ebooks.info 675 IEC 60812, 289 NEHRP recommended seismic provision, 249 hard disk drive (HDD), 408, 419 heat rejection, 208 heating cooling hours, 119 heat load, 343 heat wheel, 28 Herculean effort, 646 high aspect ratio, 317 high availability planning, 642 high density data center see also Medium density enterprise redundant data center enterprise-redundant MDC, 66 non redundant, 64 high density drive, 425 high density equipment, relocation, 44 high expansion ratio, 317 high performance computing, 405 holistic approach, 16 hosting or colocation, 47–57 hot air scavenging, 313 hot aisle containment (HAC), 442 hot aisle vs cold aisle containment, 10, 173, 441–64 containment the airflow architecture models, 441–5 hot aisle containment (HAC), 441–3 cold aisle containment (CAC), 443–4 return air temperature trends, 445–6 run or ride through impact of higher RAT, 446–8 passive chimney ducts as part of hot aisle containment, 448–50 psychological impacts of higher rat, 450–453 cooling system airflow, 453–9 room cooling redundancy, 459 hot and cold aisles configuration, 10, 125, 198, 269 Hourly average conditions, 119 How competitive forces shape strategy, humidification, 21, 205, 207–8 humidity, 21, 40 control, 198, 204, 213 sensor, 40, 198 Hurricane, Katrina, 663 hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, 251 hybrid cloud, Hype cycle Gartner, 602 ICT Research, 149 IDF/MDF, 164 idle over full-power ratio, 34 idle power, 42, 423 IEC guideline, 505 676 Index IEEE, 499 1366 standard, 281 Gold Book, 223 ROI, 127 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment, 3, information flow, 361 informationization, 139 information technology equipment (ITE), 539 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 5, 392, 644 initial capital investment, 108 in-line meter, 544–5 innovation cooling design, 13 in row cooling, 198, 207 inrush current, 551 instruction set architect (ISA), 404 Integral heat exchanger/cooling tower (IECX), 471–2 Integrated systems test (IST), 363 intelligent PDU, 534 intermediate distribution frame (IDF), 76 internal rate of return (IRR), 110, 113, 123 analysis, 128 choosing NPR or, 115 function, 115, 118 multiple solutions, 118 NPV, profitability index, 116 over time, 115 ranking project, 115 simple investment, 115 International Building Code (IBC), 12, 659 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 259, 536 International Panel on Climate Change, Internet Service Provider (ISP), 659 Interoperability Process Reference Manual (IPRM), 580 inverter, 496 DC/AC, 524 inverter gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 496, 502 inviscid, 316 IP46, 72 IP (internet protocol), 411 IPCC, IP exchange traffic, 101 ISO shipping container, 50, 63 ISO standards, 10, 259 ISO 9000: Quality management, 11, 401 ISO 14000: Environmental management, 11 ISO 20121: Sustainable events, 11 ISO 26000: Social responsibility, 11 ISO 27001: Information security management, 11 ISO 50001: Energy management, 11 IT and facility co-delivers, 60 leverage, 37 working together, 37 ITIC/CBEMA guideline, 505 IT strategy, 37, 38 ITU-T, 44 Japan Data Center Council (JDCC), Japan Energy Law (JEL), 420, 427 power per performance metric, 420 watts per GB metric, 420 Japan’s Green IT Promotion Council, 42 Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, 42 Jin Rong Tui (JR/T), 145 keyboard, video, mouse (KVM), 75, 411, 417 kilowatt capacity, 134 kilowatt per circuit, 134 Korea codes and standards 154 data center overview, 153–60 Design & construction, 155 Ministry of Knowledge Economy, 154 kW capacity and metered IT power, 134 Kyoto protocol, 420 laminar sub-layer, 316 large frame platforms, 166 latency expected, 90 sensitive, 90 latent heat, 346 Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy, 420 layout architectural coordination, 198 block, 191 electrical coordination, 198 equipment, 198 IT coordination, 198 preliminary, 192 lead acid batteries (UPS), 63, 68 Leadership in Energy & Environment Design (LEED), 8, 42, 366–8, 381–4 adaption, 42 certification, 11 credits, 42 rating system, lead time, 202 leakage, building envelope, 29 leak air, building, 28 www.it-ebooks.info leasing, 55 lessons learned from natural disasters and preparedness, 659–67 design for business continuity (BC) and disaster recovery (DR), 659–60 2011 great east Japan earthquake, 660 2012 eastern U.S coast Superstorm Sandy, 663–4 lessons learned from Japan earthquake and tsunami, 661–3 lessons learned from U.S coast Superstorm Sandy, 664–6 natural disaster, 660 lifecycle 15-year, 61 assessment, 15 life safety, 127, 231–2 lighting fixture, 173 lighting protocol, three levels, 270 lights out, 99, 102, 533, 646 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 534 linear relaxation, 319 liquid cooling, 346 see also rack level cooling load balancing, 102, 340, 346, 398, 550, 655 banks, 85 shedding, 582 shifting, 582–3 Local exchange carrier (LEC), 97 location, 55 lock out tag out policy, 362 log law of the wall, 316 LonTalk, 580 loss Probable Loss (PL), 659 Probable Maximum Loss (PML), 659 Scenario Expected Loss (SEL), 659 Scenario Upper Loss (SUL), 659 lost revenue, 645 low density rack (1kW per rack), 481 low harmonic input filter, 503 main point of entry (MPE), 63 main switchboard (MSB), 223 maintenance bypass, 497 hole, customer owned, 169 managed services, 48 manmade disaster, 666 risk, 99 Markov chain, discrete time, 293–7 mean recurrence interval, 251 Mean Time between failure (MTBF), 223, 276–81, 293, 507, 625 Index to failure (MTTF), 223, 276–81, 293, 507 to repair (MTTR), 223, 276–81, 293, 507, 625 mean uptime (MUT), 276–81 mean downtime (MDT), 276–81 mechanical design, 183–15 aesthetics, 185 efficiency, 186 flexibility, 185 profitability, 186 reliability, 183–4 safety, 184 security, 184 standards and guidelines, 186 waste heat reuse, 185 mechanical design process, 186 construction administration, 201–2 construction document, 196–201 design development (detailed design), 192–6 post design support, 202–3 post construction support, 202 predesign, 187–8 schematic design, 188–92 mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) specifications, 375 mechanical system type, 190 medium density enterprise redundant data center, 65 metered IT power, 134 metrics, common business, 109 M1I1C1E1, 262 microprocessor and server design, 401–18 benchmark, 415–16 microprocessors architecture, 404 frequency, capacitance, voltage, dielectric constant, 403 functional block, 405 guiding principles, 401 virtualization, power and thermals, 406–7 servers chassis, 408 fans, 408 i/o card, 409 power supply unit (PSU), 409 storage, 408 motherboards baseboard management controller (BMC), 410 chipsets and voltage regulators (VRs), 410 fan, heat sinks, heat shadows, 411 memory, 411 onboard I/O (LAN, USB, VGA), 411 software Advanced computer power interface (ACPI), 407, 410, 414–15 millisecond (ms), 90 minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV), 8, 11, or 13, 307–9, 348 Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOURD), 141 Ministry of Industry and Information Technologies (MIIT), 141, 142 mitigation strategies, 252 modeling the data center, 325 Modbus, 580 odular data centers (MDC), 48, 59–87, 60, 61 see also Container data center anatomy, 62 modular design, 178 flexible facilities 19 modularity, data centers, 18 scalability planning, 61 momentary static switch, 497 Monolithic modular data center, 49, 59, 61 Monolithic modular (prefabricated), 51 Monte Carlo analysis, 126 Moore’s law, 402, 404, 422, 430 moves, adds, changes, 50–52 multicore, 406 multiple internet connections, 659 multiple module alignment, 76 Murphy’s law, 641, 643, 646 N, 9, 55 N+1, 9, 55, 72, 642, 651 1N, 69, 72 2N, 9, 55, 69, 72 2(N+1), 9, 135 nameplate data, 538 specs, 533 National Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 577 National Development and Reform Committee (NDRC), 143 National Electric Code (NEC) Article 645.15, 536 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 536 L21–30R, 536 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 29, 578, 585 Framework 1.0, 579–80 national policies, 142 natural disasters, 99, 659 see also natural hazards natural disasters risk profile, 645 www.it-ebooks.info 677 natural hazards, 245 earthquake, 245, 659 flooding, 245 rain, 245 snow, 245 tsunami, 245, 659 wind, 245 Navier-stokes equations, 314–15 NEMA 3, 72 Netizen, 139 net present value (NPV), 8, 106, 110, 113, 125 analysis, 128, 129 choosing IRR or, 115 discount rate, 129 distribution, 125 estimate, 123 IRR, and, 116 profitability index, 112, 116 simple investment, 112 simple ROI case, 112, 114 upgrade options, 129 with discount rate, 119 network and cables, 75 network attached storage (NAS), 408 network distribution overhead, 169 busway, 169 fiber optic distribution, 170 underfloor, 170 power cabling, 170 fiber optic cabling, 170 Network Equipment Building System (NEBS), 431 network interface card, 393 NFPA 10, 230 NFPA 12, 230 NFPA 12A, 231 NFPA 13, 231, 234 NFPA 20, 231 NFPA 70, 231 NFPA 72, 231, 240 NFPA 75, 231 NFPA 76, 231 NFPA 101, 231 NFPA 750, 231, 236 NFPA 2001, 231, 236 noise free electricity, 525 nongovernmental organization (NGO), 419 N+2 redundancy, 9, 651 NREL/TP-550–33905 report, 21 occupancy, 231 review, 381 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 451 octri, 318 on-board I/O (LAN, USB, VGA), 411 678 Index one line diagram, 225 OpenADR, 577–9, 585–6, 590 OpenSource, 392 operating cost, 108, 109, 127 operating system (OS), 413 operational costs, 27 operational expense (Opex), 56, 148 operational maintenance issues, 39 operations, 55 management, 10 optimization, 44 research, Operations and maintenance manual (O&M), 11, 366, 379–81 systems manual, 381 optical fiber cabling multiple modes (paths), 268 OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, 268 single mode (path), 268 Optimal performance/power configuration (OPPC), 426 original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 620 outer iterations, 318–19 outside air (OA), 352 overhead power distribution, 169 overload protection, 539 owner project requirements, 373 energy efficiency goals, 373 environment sustainability goals, 373 equipment and system expectations, 373 indoor air quality requirement, 373 owner and user requirements, 373 panel boards (building PDU), 540 Parameterized model, 124 particulate and gaseous contamination, 307–12 airborne contamination, 309 particulate contamination monitoring and control, 309–11 standards and guidelines, 307–9 ANSI/ISA-71.04, 307, 309 ISO 14644–1, 307 MERV 8, 11, or 13, 307–9 partition, 211 passive chimneys, 31 passive fire protection, 233–4 Passive system, 450 patch panel and cable management, 272 peak load, 40 perforated tiles, 345, 435–6 performance/power profile, 420, 423–5 –permit and final CD drawing set, 199–200 permitting process, 98 PEST analysis, photovoltaic (PV), 561 PHY layer, 411 piping distribution, 196 planned economy, 133 planning timeline, data center, 17 Platform as a Service (PaaS), 5, 393, 644 plenum depth, 344 80 Plus, 422 point of distribution (POD), 394 pollution prevention, 18 postprocessed data, 321 potential flow method, 316 power (demand) density (W/sf), 166, 169 power distributing unit (PDU), 24, 171, 178 power factor, 497 correction (PFC), 409 power one line, 66 see also one line diagram power outlet unit (POU), 163, 171–2 see also rack PDU power performance data sheet, 421 power per rack, 60, 69 power purchase agreement (PPA), 575 power quality meters (PQM), 227 power rating versus load capacity, 538 power sequencing delay, 534 power supply efficiency levels, 422, 425 supply unit (PSU), 407, 409 power synchronization control (PSC), 515 Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), 4–5, 9–10, 20, 23–26, 29, 39, 42–43, 63, 73, 78, 120–121, 123–4, 128–32, 134–6, 142, 148–9, 155, 186, 227, 340–341, 346, 352, 401, 403, 411, 466, 472–3, 478, 492, 554, 559–60, 575, 595, 605 improvement by CHWS, 121 IT power savings and multiplying, 123 rating, 40 upgrade option analyses, 128 power utilization effectiveness, 411 pPUE, 60, 70, 78, 477–8 predictive DCIM, 340 predictive financial modeling, 131 predictive maintenance, 11 present value (PV), 110 excel function, 111 function, 112 pressure sensor preventive maintenance, 7, 11, 64, 98, 204, 279–81, 283, 286, 302–3, 305, 497, 516–20, 626–7, 637, 665 private cloud, Probable Maximum Loss (PML), 9, 659 see also loss process node, 404 product certifications FTL, CE, UL, 81 profitability index, 112 www.it-ebooks.info project management and commissioning, 359–87 commissioning, 367 commission firm and team, 370–371 commission phases, 372–82 LEED and design, 359, 367–8, 371, 373, 381–2 project management cycle, 359–66 systems to be commissioned, 371–72 P-States, 414 psychrometric chart, 72, 350–352, 450 conditioned air to meet IT entering state, 70 pulse width modulation (PWM), 496–7 quality of life, rack four post, 163–4 two post, 163–4 rack cooling index (RCI), 339, 598 rack inlet temperature (RIT), 343, 447 rack level cooling, 479–86 facility requirements, 486 fundamentals, 479–80 rack level cooling types, 482–5 enclosed type, 482 in-row type, 483 rear door type, 484–5 rack mounted PDU, 541 rack power distribution unit (PDU), 533–57 components of rack PDU, 540–548 connectors Ethernet RJ-45, 541 serial RS232 (DB-9M), 541 Ethernet enabled PDU, 543 fault management, 547 fundamentals and principles, 534 local remote switching, 547 power availability dual feed to PDU, 548–9 dual feed to dual PDU, 549 multiple power supplies, 549–50 single feed to PDU, 548 power monitoring and measurement, 547 remote user interface, 543 security, 548 select rack PDU, 548–55 single phase versus three phases, 551 types basic, 534, 553 intelligent, 534, 553 metered, 534, 553 switched, 534, 553 rack power usage, 40 rack unit (RU), 102, 163, 408 radiation, 487 raised floor, 53 Index raised floor verse non-raised floor, 173 raised floor verse overhead cooing, 429–39 air delivery methodology and containment, 430 airflow dynamics, 430–432 bypass airflow, 433 see also airflow management overhead air distribution, 437–8 aisle width and placement, 438 automation of airflow management, 438 recirculation, 432 underfloor air distribution, 433–6 automation of airflow management, 436 control strategies, 436 Ranking project, 115 rectifier, 497 silicon controlled (SCR), 497 reduced instruction set computing (RISC), 404 reducing IT and operational costs, 38 redundancy, 55, 102, 211, 659 redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID), 408 reheating/humidification, simultaneous, 22 reinvestment and upgrade cost, 108 reliability, 212 four 9s, 74 reliability and availability, 7, 33, 596 reliability and redundancy, 9, 73, 596 reliability engineering, 275–305 equipment reliability analysis, 275 failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 275 failure tree analysis, 275 maintainability analysis, 275 system reliability and availability analysis, 275 remodel existing data center, 188 remote power panel (RPP), 32, 171–2 renewable and clean energy, 559–76 alternative energy, 569 fuel cell, 569–73 see also fuel cell basics, 560 certificate, 576 renewable energy types, 560 bioenergy, 564–6 see also biomass, fuel, gas geothermal power, 568 hydropower, 566 solar power, 561 see also solar power energy tidal power, 567 wave power, 566 wind power, 562–4 see also wind power energy Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), 589 request for information (RFI), 85, 202 request for proposal (RFP), 85 residual errors, 319 resiliency, Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), 307 result plane, 320 retrofit post-model, 41 waterside economizer, 205 return air temperature, 444 return heat index (RHI), 338–9 see also airflow management return on investment (ROI), 56, 103 analysis, 106, 128–9 formula and spreadsheet function, 110 optimization, 116 period, 107 rules of thumb, 118 return temperature index (RTI), 339 revenue, a project that increase, 124 reverse osmosis (RO) makeup water system, 348–50 ring of Fire, 659 risk assessment and probability, 650 attempt to quantify, 124 management framework, 12 mitigation, 99 risk assessments and crisis management, 666 risk level category I, II, III, IV, 247, 249–50 risk response manual as tranquilizer, 663 rotational (rolling) blackouts, 662 rules of thumb, broken and missed, 118 run/ride through, 446 sale and lease back, 104 Sarbanes-Oxley compliance (SOX), 602 scalability vs reliability, 178 scavenger air, 469 second law of thermodynamics, 24 security fence, 65 seismic bracing, 251, 659 isolation platforms, 251 isolation technology, Korea, 158 low zone area, China, 144 raised floor, 194 safe area, Korea, 158 seismic certification, 250 select a MDC vendor, 85 sensitivity climate, 120, 121 location, 120 time, 131 sensitivity analysis, 8, 116 energy cost, 121 sensors air flow, 544 www.it-ebooks.info 679 air pressure, 544 contact closure, 544 humidity, 544 smoke, 545 temperature, 544 vibration, 545 water, 545 series vs parallel connections, 223 server blade, 408 density optimized, 408 rack, 408 tower/pedestal, 408 workload capacity, 422 server catalog and library, 608 Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT), 416, 424, 428 server energy consumption, 35, 36 Server Energy Pareto, 410 server huggers, 99 server inlet temperature, 37 server location, 608 server power management, 36 server technology and application efficiencies, 38 server utilization, 423 server utilization effectiveness (SUE), 411–12, 417 service-level agreement (SLA), 63, 64, 68, 158 service monoculture, 133 Short list, 99 Si Ji Tui (SJ/T), 145 Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG), 42 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 545 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 534, 543, 545, 582 simulation analysis, calibrated, 39 model, 41 software, 41 Singapore Standard for Green Data Centers, 43 sink (negative source), 316, 318 sinusoidal AC waveforms, 535 site inspection, 201 site search and selection, 89–102 business requirements and constraints, 93 comparison of sites, 100 geopolitical, 95 infrastructure, 95 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 97 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 97 low risk of disaster, 95 operating expenses, 95 680 Index site search and selection (cont’d ) process, 91, 93 secrecy, 91, 101 short list, 93 process of elimination, 93 quality of life, 95, 96 site selection criteria, 96 stakeholders, 95 team, 90, 95 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), 142 SMART 2020, 401 smart cooling, 346 smart grid, 577, 579–80 emerging technologies, 588 state policies, 589 Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP), 580 smart grid responsive data center, 577–92 auto demand response, 585 challenges, 587 cooling system technologies, 582 data center with DR provision, 583 DR challenges and opportunities, 582, 584 DR strategies, 583, 587 OpenADR, 586 site infrastructure control, 581 smart grid and demand responsive (DR), 578 smart grid and DR application, 579 Smart Grid Testing and Certification Committee (SGTCC), 580 smart rack, 555 snow and rain hazards, 252 mitigation strategies, 253 Software as a Service (SaaS), 5, 393, 644 Software-Defined Data Center (SDDC), 5, 6, 398 benefits, 398 maturity framework, 399 Software-Defined Network (SDN), 396, 655–6 solar power energy concentrated solar power (CSP), 561–2 parabolic troughs systems, 561 parabolic dish systems, 561–2 power tower systems, 561 photovoltaic photovoltaic cell (PV), 562 solid state disk (SSD), 408, 417 space planning, 179, 189 battery room, 179 burn-in/equipment repair, 179 circulation, 179 electrical room, 179 entrance room, 179 entry way, 179 landing dock/receiving, 179 mechanical room, 179 network operations room (NOR), 179 security, 179 storage, 179 support space, 179 space, power, and cooling, 167 SPECfp_rate, 415, 417 specification framework document, EPA, 421 specifications, 199, 201 SPECint_rate, 415, 417 SPECjbb_rate, 415 SPECpower, 416–17 SPECpower_ssj2008, 34, 423–4 SPECweb_rate, 415 5S pillars, 12 sprinkler systems, 173 dry pipe, 235 FM-200, 237 Halon 1301, 234, 237 hypoxic air (reduced oxygen), 238 inert gas, 237 Novec 230, 238 preaction, 235 water mist, 235 wet pipe, 234 SSH, 543 SSJOps, 402 S-states, 414 Standard Cubic Feet per Minute (scfm), 476–7 standardization China trends, 151 Korea, 155 Standardization Administration of China (SAC), 141 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC), 34, 424 static bypass switch, 497 static power (Stand-by or Sleep power), 403 static transfer switch 32 steady state analysis, 314 stock keeping units (SKUs), 63, 68 storage array network (SAN), 408, 555 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), 425 storm surge, 663 strategic location plan, Strategic Planning and Roadmap 6 strategic planning, design, construction, and operations, 3–14 best practice, 10 business continuity and disaster recovery, 12 cable management, 11 www.it-ebooks.info capacity planning, computational fluid dynamics, computerized maintenance management system, 11 data center types, volume, size, DCIM and PUE, 9–10 definition, design guidelines, global warming, operations management and disaster recovery, 10 reliability and redundancy, strategic location plan, strategic planning and roadmap, strategic planning forces, sustainable design, training and certification, 12 use electricity efficiently, virtualization, cloud, software defined data center, vision and roadmap, strategic planning forces, data center, strategic sustainability performance planning 18 strategies for natural disaster resiliency, 254 Building Operation Resumption Program (BORP), 255 post disaster planning, 255 predisaster planning, 254–5 Strategies for Operations Optimization, 44 strategy build, 135 data center testing, 363 electrical design, 217 lease, 135 reinvest, 135 rent, 135 streamlines, 320–321, 338, 415 strip curtains, 44 structural design, 245–57 ASCE/SEI 7–10, 245 business continuity, 245 environmental design hazards, 246 see also natural hazards life safety, 245 performance objective, 245 risk categories see risk levels structural and nonstructural components, 245 structure performance level, 251 Structured Cartesian grid, 317–18, 320 subduction zone, 660 subject matter expert (SME), 91 Superstorm Sandy, 3, 12, 663 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), 11, 581 supply air temperature, 40, 44 Index surface plots, 320 sustainability 7, 15, 17, 18, 141, 373, 506, 559, 597, 599, 605 performance, 43 standards, 43 sustainable, 8, 11, 16, 18, 61, 367–8, 381, 386, 506, 531, 565, 568, 599, 666 building and communities, 18, 43 design, end-of-life management, 43 ICT, 43, 44 products and services, 43 swing arm accessory, 166 switching, outlet, 533 switching time, 504 SWOT analysis Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 97 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 97 systems development kit (SDK), 409 system utilization, 420 T1, 97 T3, 97 tax abatement, 96 accounting, 117 incentives, 90 other costs, 109 property, 96 technology refresh, 38 technology solutions, potential, Telco (telephone company), 63 Telcordia NEBS, 29, 431 telecommunications cablings, 257–75 cabling length, 267 cabling topology, 264 cabling type, 267 CENELEC cabling standards, 260 cross reference terminology, 261 ISO, IEC cabling standards, 261 standards base cabling, 257 telecommunications cabling standards, 260 telecommunications distributors equipment distribution area (EDA), 261, 266 equipment outlet (EO), 261 external network interface (ENI), 261–3 horizontal cross-connect (HC), 261 horizontal distribution area (HDA), 261–6 intermediate cross-connect (IC), 261 intermediate distribution area (IDA), 26, 261–6 intermediate distributor (ID), 261 local distribution point (LDP), 261 main cross-connect (MC), 261 main distribution area (MDA), 261–6 telecommunications entrance room (TER), 261–6 zone distribution area (ZDA), 261–6 zone distributor (ZD), 261 telecommunications room (TR), 264 Telnet, 543 temperature binned hours, 119 temperature sensor, 40 test and balance (TAB) report, 40 thermal design power (TDP), 407, 417 thermal management, 343 thermistor, 40 three phase wiring, 535 TIA 942A see also ANSI/TIA TIA level classification, 304 Level I, 304 Level II, 304 Level III, 304 Level IV, 304 Tier classification (the Uptime Institute), 649, 651–3, 655–6 Tier classification system, 55, 73 Tier I Data Center 9, 55, 102, 649, 651 Tier II Data Center 9, 55, 510, 651–2 Tier III Data Center, 9, 54–5, 102, 651 Tier IV Data Center, 9, 54–5, 649, 651, 653 tier tradeoffs tier 1, 74 tier 2-like, 74 tier 3+, 74 time dependent simulation and failure scenarios, 336 redundancy failure scenarios, 336 total cooling failure, 336–7 time value of money, 107 top of rack (TOR), 75 topology, 393 total cost of ownership (TCO), 7, 62–3, 72, 74, 78, 103, 105, 109 components, 108 total dynamic head (TDH), 445 total harmonic distortion (THD or iTHD), 217, 502 TPC, 415 training and certification, 12, 380 transformer Delta (Δ), 536 Wye (Υ), 536 transformer-free systems, 502 transient simulation, 319 Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 535, 582 transmission of reactive power, 524 T-states, 414 www.it-ebooks.info 681 tsunami inundation map by NOAA, 253 tsunami risk and mitigation strategies, 253–4 Turn Down the Heat, Typical Meteorological Year (TMY), 119–20, 471, 475–7 1U (1.75 in), 540 ultraviolet (UV) filter, 349 Underwriter Laboratory (UL) UL 248–5, 539 UL 489, 539 UL 1077, 539 UL2755 standard, 86 UL 60950–1, 536, 539 unified computing system (UCS), 654–5 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), 413 uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system, 19, 24, 32, 54, 63, 64, 81, 108, 495–521, 579 basis, 496 China market, 149 consideration selecting UPS, 504 cost, 506 efficiency, 505–6 energy sources: AC and DC, 512 environmental and safety, 506 fundamentals what and why, 495–6 lead acid battery, 498 acid spill containment, 498 electrolyte (sulfuric acid), 498 value regulated lead acid (VRLA), 498 line-interactive (LI), 500 ferroresonant, 500 logic control (LC), 498 multimode, 503 operation and management, 519–20 operational noise, 496 operations and control, 519 parallel configuration, 510–512 preventive maintenance, 516–17 principle and application, 496 diesel rotary UPS (DRUPS), 496 rotary flywheel, 427, 498 static battery, 427, 498 topology, 499–504 reliability and redundancy, 507–10 response time, 504 ROI, 114 rotary(flywheel), 498, 525 selection plan, 517 services, 517–19 serviceability, 506 static, 498 sustainability, 506 topology, 495, 499 682 Index unit cost of delivery ($/kWh), 135 unstructured grid, 317–18 uptime, 217, 630 Uptime Institute, the, 9, 42, 54–5, 73, 102, 153, 156, 186, 231, 240, 472, 510, 604, 646, 649, 651–3 see also Tier classification U.S Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology see NIST U.S Department of Energy, 10, 579 Federal Energy Management Programs, 42 Save Energy Now, 42 U.S Department of Homeland Security Federal Emergency Management Agency, 659 U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA), 419, 663 U.S Environment Protection Agency, 4, 577, 595 Energy Star program see Energy Star 2007 EPA report to Congress, 352 see Licensed Professional’s Guide, 43 U.S Geological Survey, 249 U.S Green Building Council (USGBC), 8, 42 U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 663 utility bills, 40 power feeds, 63, 83, 156, 516, 534, 541, 548, 664 utilization increase, 35 U-value (1 W/m2 K), 326 Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, 104 value engineering, 192, 376 variable air volume (VAV), 437–8 variable frequency drive (VFD), 346, 434, 437 variable speed drive (VSD), 44, 108 ventilation and air filtration, 29, 194 Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), 404–5 VESDA, 73 virtual facility model, 341 virtualization, 5, 35, 102, 391–3, 406, 582, 652 benefits, 392 capacity, 423 virtualization, cloud, SDN, and SDDC, 391–400 cloud, 393–4 networking, 394–6 software defined network (SDN), 396–8 software defined data center (SDDC), 398–400 virtual machine monitor (VMM), 406 virtual machines, 392, 643 virtual network interface card (v-NIC), 655 vision and roadmap, data center, VM, 654 VMark, 415 voltage regulators (VR), 406 Wake-on-LAN (WOL), 414 warranty, 623–4 near warranty/occupancy review, 381 water efficiency 18 www.it-ebooks.info phobia, 159 pressure, 486 quality, 486 reduction 18 storage, 160 use 21 water cooled chiller 21 computer room air conditioners, 21 water side economizer, 63 Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE), 42, 352, 597 see also benchmark watt-hour meter, 413 watt meter, 416 white space, 330 wholesale data centers, 47, 104 wind farm, 563 wind power energy, 562–4 horizontal axis turbines, 563 power calculation, 564 vertical axis turbines, 563 workload virtualization, 420, 423 wraparound switch, 498 7x24x365, 63 50 year BIN weather conditions, 349 extreme data, 350 extreme temperature, 477 100-year flood plan, 8, 253–4 Y2K hysteria, 643 You Dian Tui (YD/T), 145 Zero U PDU, 540–542 wiley end user license agreement Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA www.it-ebooks.info ... Applications in Data Centers 313 Mark Seymour 18 Environmental Control of Data Centers 343 Veerendra Mulay 19 Data Center Project Management and Commissioning 359 Lynn Brown PART III  Data Center Technology... Network in Data Centers 523 Sofia Bergqvist 29 Rack PDU for Green Data Centers 533 Ching-I Hsu 30 Renewable and Clean Energy for Data Centers 559 William Kao 31 Smart Grid-Responsive Data Centers... Organizations for Data Center,   154 8.3 Codes and Standards,  154 8.4 Data Center Design and Construction,  155 8.5 Data Center Market,  159 8.6 Conclusion, 160 References, 160 PART II  Data Center Design