LORDS AND LORDSHIP IN THE BRITISH ISLES IN T H E L AT E M IDDLE AG ES This page intentionally left blank Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in the Late Middle Ages R R DAVIES Edited by BRENDAN SMITH 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 2 6 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York  Lady Davies 2009 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Davies, R R Lords and lordship in the British Isles in the late Middle Ages / R.R Davies; edited by Brendan Smith p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978–0–19–954291–8 (acid-free paper) Great Britain—Politics and government—To 1485 Nobility—Great Britain—History—To 1500 Feudalism—Great Britain—History—To 1500 Power (Social sciences)—Great Britain—History—To 1500 Great Britain—History—Medieval period, 1066–1485 Great Britain—History—To 1485 I Smith, Brendan, 1963– II Title DA175.D337 2009 305.5’2209410902—dc22 2008055133 Typeset by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in the UK on acid-free paper by MPG Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–954291–8 10 Contents Abbreviations Editor’s Introduction Apologia vii xi 1 The Higher Aristocracy: Identity and Memory 21 Display and Magnificence 58 The Lord at Home 82 The Lord at War 116 Land, Family, and Marriage 140 The Sinews of Aristocratic Power 158 The Agencies and Agents of Lordship 179 Dependence, Service, and Reward 197 Bibliography Additional Bibliography Index 219 233 241 This page intentionally left blank Abbreviations Adam Usk, Chronicle Age of Chivalry Adam Usk, Chronicle, 1377–1421, ed C Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997) Age of Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400, ed J Alexander and P Binski (London, 1987) BIHR BL Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research The British Library, London Cal Anc Corr Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales, ed J G Edwards (Cardiff, 1935) Calendar of Ancient Petitions Relating to Wales, ed W Rees (Cardiff, 1975) Calendar of Close Rolls (London, 1892–) Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, 1219– 1485, vols (London and Woodbridge, 1916–2003) Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, 23 vols (London, 1904–2004) Calendar of Patent Rolls (London, 1891–) Cal Anc Pets CCR CIM CIPM CPR Davies, Lordship and Society DNB Dugdale, Monasticon R R Davies, Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282–1400 (Oxford, 1978) Dictionary of National Biography, 66 vols., ed L Stephens and S Lee (London, 1885–1901; reprinted with corrections, 22 vols., London, 1908–9) W Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum: A History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Friaries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with their Dependencies, in England viii Duncan, Scotland Abbreviations and Wales, vols in (2nd edn., London, 1817–30) A A M Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom (Edinburgh, 1975) Econ HR EHR Economic History Review English Historical Review Frame, Ireland and Britain R Frame, Ireland and Britain 1170–1450 (London, 1998) GEC The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, ed G E Cockayne et al., 12 vols in 13 (London, 1910–59) Holmes, Estates G Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility in Fourteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1957) Household Accounts from Medieval England, ed C M Woolgar, vols (Oxford, 1993) Household Accounts Knighton, Chron Knighton’s Chronicle, 1337–1396, ed G H Martin (Oxford, 1995) McFarlane, Nobility K B McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England: The Ford Lectures for 1953 and Related Studies (Oxford, 1973) Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis, ed C Innes (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1833) Registrum Honoris de Morton, ed T Thomson, A Macdonald and C Innes, vols (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1853) Moray Reg Mort Reg Nichols, Wills A Collection of all the Wills, Now Known to Be Extant, of the Kings and Queens of England, Princes and Princesses of Wales, and every Branch of the Blood Royal, from the Reign of William the Conqueror, to that of Henry the Seventh Exclusive: With Explanatory Notes and a Glossary, ed J Nichols (London, 1780) Abbreviations ix NLW National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000, ed H C G Matthew and B Harrison, 60 vols (Oxford, 2004) ‘Private Indentures’ ‘Private Indentures for Life Service in Peace and War 1278–1476’, ed M Jones and S Walker, Camden Miscellany, 32 (London, 1994) The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, 1275–1504, ed C Given-Wilson [General Editor] et al.,16 vols (Woodbridge, 2005) PROME Reg BP Reg Chichele Reg JG I Reg JG II Rot Parl Register of Edward the Black Prince, vols (London,1930–3) Register of Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury 1414–43, ed E F Jacob, vols (Oxford, 1938–47) John of Gaunt’s Register, 1372–76, ed S Armitage-Smith, vols., Camden 3rd series, xx–xxi (London, 1911) John of Gaunt’s Register, 1379–83, ed E C Lodge and R Somerville, vols., Camden 3rd series, lvi–lvii (London, 1937) Rotuli Parliamentorum, ed J Strachey et al vols (London, [1783], 1832) SHR Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys Scottish Historical Review J Smyth, The Berkeley Manuscripts: The Lives of the Berkeleys, Lords of the Honour, Castle and Manor of Berkeley , ed J MacLean, vols (Gloucester, 1883–5) Test Vet Testamenta Vetusta: Being Illustrations from Wills, of Manners, Customs, &c as Well as of the Descents and Possessions of many Distinguished Families: From the Reign of Henry the Second to the Accession of Queen Elizabeth, ed N H Nicolas, vols (London, 1826) Additional Bibliography 239 Potterton, M., Medieval Trim: History and Archaeology (Dublin, 2005) Prestwich, M., Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 (Oxford, 2005) ‘The Enterprise of War’, in A Social History of England, 1200–1500, ed R Horrox and W M Ormrod (Cambridge, 2006), 74–90 (ed.), Liberties and Identities in Later Medieval Britain (Woodbridge, 2008) Prosser, G., ‘ ‘‘Decayed Feudalism’’ and ‘‘Royal Clienteles’’: Royal Office and Magnate Service in the Fifteenth Century’, in War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France, ed C Allmand (Liverpool, 2000), 175–89 ‘The Later Medieval French Noblesse’, in France in the Later Middle Ages, ed D Potter (Oxford, 2002), 182–209 Pryce, H and Watts, J (eds.), Power and Authority in the Middle Ages: Essays in Memory of Rees Davies (Oxford, 2007) Radulescu, R and Truelove, A (eds.), Gentry Culture in Late Medieval England (Manchester, 2005) Ramsay, N., ‘Archive Books’, in The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain Volume II, 1100–1400, ed N Morgan and R Thomson (Cambridge, 2008), 416–45 Razi, Z and Smith, R (eds.), Medieval Society and the Manor Court (Oxford, 1996) Reynolds, S., ‘Secular Power and Authority in the Middle Ages’, in Power and Authority in the Middle Ages: Essays in Memory of Rees Davies, ed H Pryce and J Watts (Oxford, 2007), 11–22 Rogers, C J., War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–60 (Woodbridge, 2000) Royan, N., ‘ ‘‘Mark your Meroure be Me’’: Richard Holland’s Buke of the Howlat’, in A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry, ed P Bawcutt and J Hadley Williams (Woodbridge, 2006), 49–62 Saul, N (ed.), Fourteenth Century England V (Woodbridge, 2008) Schofield, P., ‘Manorial Court Rolls and the Peasant Land Market in Eastern England, ˆ ed L Feller and C Wickham c.1250–c.1350’, in Le March´e de la Terre au Moyen Age, (Rome, 2005), 237–71 Simms, K., ‘The Archbishops of Armagh and the O’Neills, 1347–1471’, IHS, 19 (1974), 38–55 ‘Guesting and Feasting in Gaelic Ireland’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 100 (1978–9), 67–100 ‘Images of Warfare in Bardic Poetry’, Celtica, 21 (1990), 608–19 Simpkin, D., The English Aristocracy at War: From the Welsh Wars of Edward I to the Battle of Bannockburn (Woodbridge, 2008) Small, G., ‘Centre and Periphery in Late Medieval France: Tournai, 1384–1477’, in War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France, ed C Allmand (Liverpool, 2000), 145–74 ‘The Crown and the Provinces in the Fifteenth Century’, in France in the Later Middle Ages, ed D Potter (Oxford, 2002), 130–54 Smith, B., Colonisation and Conquest in Medieval Ireland: The English in Louth, 1170–1330 (Cambridge, 1999) ‘Lordship in the British Isles c.1320–c.1360: The Ebb Tide of the English Empire?’, in Power and Authority in the Middle Ages: Essays in Memory of Rees Davies, ed H Pryce and J Watts (Oxford, 2007), 153–63 240 Additional Bibliography Smith, B., (ed.), Ireland and the English World in the Late Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of Robin Frame (Basingstoke, 2009) Spufford, P., Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London, 2002) Stevenson, K., Chivalry and Knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513 (Woodbridge, 2006) ‘ ‘‘Thai War Callit Knychtis and Bere the Name and the Honour of that Hye Ordre’’: Scottish Knighthood in the Fifteenth Century’, in The Fifteenth Century VI: Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages, ed L Clark (Woodbridge, 2006), 3352 Stăober, K., Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons: England and Wales, c.1300–1540 (Woodbridge, 2007) Stone, D., Decision-Making in Medieval Agriculture (Oxford, 2005) Thornton, T., ‘Cheshire: The Inner Citadel of Richard II’s Kingdom?’, in The Reign of Richard II, ed G Dodd (Stroud, 2000), 85–96, 144–8 Vale, M., The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380 (Oxford, 2001) Verstraten, F., ‘Images of Gaelic Lordship in Ireland, c.1200–c.1400’, in Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and Reality, ed L Doran and J Lyttleton (Dublin, 2008), 47–74 Walker, S., ‘Order and Law’, in A Social History of England, 1200–1500, ed R Horrox and W M Ormrod (Cambridge, 2006), 91–112 Political Culture in Later Medieval England (Manchester, 2006) Waters, K., ‘The Earls of Desmond and the Irish of South-Western Munster’, Journal of Medieval History, 32 (2006), 54–68 Wheatley, A., The Idea of the Castle in Medieval England (York, 2004) Whittle, J., The Development of Agrarian Capitalism: Land and Labour in Norfolk, 1440–1580 (Oxford, 2000) Wilkinson, L., Women in Thirteenth-Century Lincolnshire (Woodbridge, 2007) Will, E., ‘John of Gaunt’s Household: Attendance Rolls in the Glynde Archive, MS 3469’, in Fourteenth Century England V, ed N Saul (Woodbridge, 2008), 13–30 Woolgar, C M., ‘Fast and Feast: Conspicuous Consumption and the Diet of the Nobility in the Fifteenth Century’, in The Fifteenth Century II: Revolution and Consumption in Late Medieval England, ed M Hicks (Woodbridge, 2001), 7–25 The Senses in Late Medieval England (New Haven, 2006) and Serjeantson, D and Waldron, T (eds.), Food in Medieval England: Diet and Nutrition (Oxford, 2006) Index Abergavenny (Mon.) castle and town of 113, 152, 216; lordship of 72, 76; see also Beauchamp acclamation 199 advowry men 198 affinity 33, 191, 201; see also retinue Agincourt 116, 128 Agnes Hastings 61 n Albany, duke of, see Stewart Aldbourne (Wilts.) 107, 180 Aldersgate (London) 88 Aldgate (London) 88 Alexandria 119 Alice Chaucer, duchess of Suffolk (d 1475) 78 Alice Fitzalan, countess of Kent (d 1415) 152, 153 Alice Lacy, countess of Lancaster (d 1348) 26 Algeciras 118, 137 Altofts (Yorks.) 107 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 181 Angus, earldom of 23, 55, 133 Anne Beauchamp, Lady Despenser 152 Anne of Woodstock, countess of Stafford (d 1438) 41, 67, 165 n 26 annuity 68, 148; as reward for supporters 199, 201, 204–10, 214–16; role in recruitment of armies 121, 123, 131 Aquitaine 89; prince of, see Edward the Black Prince Arbroath, declaration of 23 Arden (Warw.) 66 Argyll, 133; see also Campbell Arundel (Fitzalan), Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury (1396–7 and 1399–1414) Arundel (Sussex), castle and town 34 69, 76, 85, 91, 93, 111, 193; earls and earldom of 25, 85, 93, 189, 216; see also, Fitzalan Ashperton (Heref.) 155 Atherston (Warw.) 203 Atholl, earldom of 23, 26, 55 attorneys 88, 163, 205; see also lawyers audit, auditorial reports 36, 43, 104, 183, 186–8, 192–4; auditors 41, 86, 164, 167, 176 Audley, Hugh, earl of Gloucester (d 1347) 53, 155, 165; Lady Audley 67 Austria 18 Avallon 118 Bache, Simon 104 n 77 Badenoch (Highland) 173; lord of, see Stewart, Alexander badges and collars 32–3, 65, 73, 121, 208, 212–13 Badlesmere, Sir Bartholomew (d 1322) 37, 38, 144, 154–5 Bala (Gwynedd) 200 Bamburgh (Northumberland) 203 Bangor, bishop of 67 Bann, river 35 banquets, feasts 44, 66, 68, 70, 76, 93, 96, 97 baptism, christening 67, 70, 90, 98 Bardfield (Essex) 107, 187 Barley, Sir Richard 215 Barnard Castle (co Durham) 108 Basset, Ralph (d 1390) 30 ‘bastard feudalism’ 5, 65, 206, 210 Batter, John 175 Bean, J M W 10, 208 Beauchamp, Joan, see Joan Fitzalan; John, lord of Beauchamp and baron of Kidderminster (d 1388) 59, 75; Richard, earl of Worcester (d 1422) 146; Sir William, lord of Abergavenny (d 1411) 29, 42, 71, 72, 146, 156 Beauchamp, earls of Warwick: Guy (d 1315) 44, 98 Richard (d 1439) 41, 75, 81, 110 n 98, 146, 216; approach to management 70, 184, 185; as military commander 118, 123, 138 Thomas (d 1369) 31, 119, 146 Thomas (d 1401) 65, 71, 146; see also Warwick Beauchamp, family of 13, 25, 38, 85, 108; administration of estates 162, 163, 186, 187, 188, 190, 194; affinity 201, 209; cultivation of image and history 31, 32, 33, 75, 146 Beaufort, John, earl of Somerset, marquis of Dorset (d 1410) 59, 162; John, duke of Somerset (d 1444) 128; Thomas, earl of Dorset, duke of Exeter (d 1426) 60, 105 Beaufort, family of 52, 54, 61 beds 32, 63, 89, 92 Belknap, Sir Robert (d 1401) 205 bequests, see wills 242 Index Bere, Sir John de la 130 Bergerac 61, 128 Berkeley (Glocs.), 37 Berkeley, Thomas, Lord (d 1321) 95, 155; Thomas, Lord (d 1361) 66, 136, 162; Thomas, Lord (d 1417) 130 Bermingham, John, earl of Louth (d 1329) 57 Berwick-upon-Tweed 122 Bigod, Roger, earl of Norfolk (d 1306) 25, 42, 53, 83, 84, 100, 183, 194 Bisham abbey (Berks.) 72, 73 Bishopsgate (London) 88 Bisson, Thomas Black Prince, see Edward, the Black Prince Blanche, duchess of Lancaster (d 1368) 75, 76 Blickling, Roger 109 Bloch, Marc 1, Blyth (Notts.) 135 Bohun, earls of Hereford: Humphrey (d 1299) 43, 203; Humphrey (d 1322) 72; Humphrey (d 1361) 74, 150; Humphrey, earl of Hereford, Northampton, and Essex (d 1373) 26, 101, 137, 187 Bohun, William, earl of Northampton (d 1360) 72, 162 Bohun, family of 7, 13, 25, 91, 92, 108, 188; estate management 163, 165, 179, 184, 190 The Boke of Noblesse 116 Bolingbroke (Lincs.) 180 Bolingbroke, Henry, see Henry IV bond-land, see demesne Bordesley abbey (Worcs.) 98 Boutruche, Robert 2, 4, Bower, Walter (d 1449) n 16, 48 Braose, family of 64 Brecon (Powys) 42, 79, 80, 174, 199; lord of, see Bohun; men of, loyalty to Bohun 43, 179; use of resources from 108, 168, 173, 190 Breton expedition (1375) 46, 124, 129, 202 Brian, family of 157 Bridgewater (Dorset) 180 Bridgwater (Somerset) 38 Bristol 90, 106, 109, 135, 152 Brittany, 131; see also Breton expedition Bromfield and Yale, lordship of (Salop) 15, 79, 152, 173, 198, 200 Bromwich, Sir John 130 Brotherton, see Thomas of Brotherton Brown, Michael 134 The Bruce 47 Bruce, family of 22, 23 Bruce, Edward, earl of Carrick, ‘king of Ireland’ (d 1318) 44; Robert, earl of Carrick (d 1304) 133; Robert, king of Scotland, see Robert I Bruges 129 Brugge, Walter, archdeacon of Meath, canon of York 186, 188 Brunner, Otto 17 Brut chronicle and legend 34 n 32, 35 Buchan, earl of, see Stewart Buckingham, duke of, see Stafford; earl of, see Thomas of Woodstock Buke of the Howlat 35 Bungay (Suffolk) 84, 108 Burgh, family of 24, 151, 153, 189 Burgh, earls of Ulster: Richard (d 1326) 14, 46, 48, 49, 68, 113, 124; biography 43–5; marriage strategies 70, 153; William (d 1333), 27, 46, 66; see also Ulster Burgh, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth Burgh; John (d 1313) 153; Maud, see Maud Burgh; Sir Richard 214; Theobald 153; Walter 153 Burley, Sir Simon (d 1388) 156, 190, 212 Burtscher, Michael 31 n 21 Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk) 66, 171 Butler, family of 132 Butler, Edmund, earl of Carrick (d 1321) 68 Butler, James, earl of Ormond (d 1382) 68, 214; see also Ormond Caerleon (Mon.) 37, 180 cain 160 Caithness, earldom of 23 Calais 135, 136 Caldicot (Gwent) 85, 87 Calveley, Sir John 71 Campbell, family of, lords of Argyll 6, 133 Cantelou, Nicholas (d 1355) 156; Sir William, 146 Canterbury (Kent) 71, 72 Canterbury, archbishops of, see Arundel, Courtenay, Stafford ‘captain of the nation’ 202 Cardiff 90, 109 card games 96 Carlow 173 Carmelites, house of, London 97 Carpenter, Christine xi, xii Carrick (Scotland), earldom of 23, 44, see also Bruce Carthusians 100 Cas Troggy (Gwent) 84 Castile 215 castles 33, 76, 190, 203; administrative centres 37, 189, 190; construction and domestic arrangement of 44, 48, Index 82–113, 138; focal points of lordship 78, 79, 118, 125, 173, 180 venues for feasts, tournaments 65, 66, 69, 136 Castle Philippa, see Shrawardine cattle 44, 90, 108, 132, 153, 160, 161, 163, see also commorth Caw (Salop) 193 Cedewain (Powys) 130 chamberlain 103, 104, 184, 187 Champagne 201 chancellor 66, 112, 187, 190 Chandos, Sir John (d 1370), herald of 117 Charlemagne, 91 Charleton, Robert 205 Charlton, family of, 205 Charlton, John, of Powys (d 1360) 35, 155, charters, 16, 17, 33, 37, 122, 134, 147, 166, 203; as source for study of lordship before c.1250 8, 9, 31, 142, 197 Chastellain, Georges 102 Chedworth, Thomas 46 n 63, 113 Cheney, Roger 189 Chepstow 84, 106, 107, 109; see also Strigoil chess 89, 96 Chester 53, 108, 121, 171, 174; earl of, see Edward chevauch´ee 119, 123, 125, Cheyette, Frederic Cheyney, Sir Hugh 123 Chichester (Sussex) 47 Chirk, lordship of (Salop) 144, 152; see also Mortimer chivalry 11, 31, 39, 40, 44, 48, 94; literary aspects 95, 98; military aspects 68–9, 117, 135, 136; see also Court of Chivalry Cilgerran (Cardigan) 29 Cistercians 100, 162 Clare (Suffolk) 45, 90, 165, 180 n 5, 181 Clare College Cambridge 100 Clare, family of 25, 44, 143, 153, 187, 194 Clare, earls of Gloucester: Gilbert (d 1295) 27, 70; Gilbert (d 1314) 153, 158; Richard (d 1262) 92 Clare, Elizabeth, see Elizabeth, lady of Clare Claverdon (Warw.) 66 Clee, John 88 Clemsland (Cornwall) 193 Clerkenwell (London) 70 Clifford family 151, 203 Clifford, lordship of (Wales) 107 Clifton, Sir John 131 Clinton, William, earl of Huntingdon (d 1354) 141; Sir William 29 Clopton, Sir Walter (d 1400) 131 Clowne, William, abbot of Leicester (d 1378) Clun, lordship of (Salop) 79, 111, 192–3 243 Cobham, Reginald, Lord (d 1361) 117 Coleraine (Derry) 35 Colne priory (Lancs.) 74 commendation 198 commorth 160 ‘competence’ (in land) 11, 64, 141, 162 Comyn, family of 22, 23, 55 Connacht 45, 181 Constance of Castile, duchess of Lancaster (d 1394) 72 ‘Contrariants’ 36 conveth 161 Conway, Sir Henry 68 cornage 160 Cornwall 78, 121; archdeacon of, 200; earl, duke of, see Edmund, Edward coronation 23, 30, 199 Coucher Book 38 council, 45, 71, 87, 94, 109, 112, 148, 152; membership 204, 205, 208, 211, 214; military aspects; 124, 130; presence of lord at 41, 66, 184, 192–3; role of in administering estates 163, 169, 174–6, 184–8; royal 11, 21, 46, 82, 88 187, 188 Courtenay, earls of Devon 25, 33, 38, 142, 191, 209: Edward (d 1419) 98, 212; Hugh (d 1377), 60; see also Devon Courtenay, William, archbishop of Canterbury (1381–96) courts: bouche de court 124, 207; manorial 198; seigniorial 41, 65, 85, 86, 91, 94, 97, 103, 104, 112, 169–75, 184, 186, 189, 213–15; royal 14, 22, 43, 82, 90, 96, 132, 163; suit of court 78 court rolls 9, 36, 41, 167, 169, 171, 182, 193 Court of Chivalry 32 Coventry (Warw.) 135 Cranbourne (Dorset) 180 Crawford, earldom of 26 Cr´ecy 118 Crouch, David crown xi, 80, 104, 127, 174, 217 crusade 32, 70, 97, 118–9, 137–8, 207 Cyprus, 92, 137 Dacre, Ralph 151; William 151 Dagworth, Sir Thomas (d 1350) 119 Dalkeith (Midlothian) 147, 173; lord of, see Douglas Darcy, Sir John (d 1347) 207; Philip (d 1333) 66; Philip, Lord Darcy (d 1399) 131 Dauntsey, Sir Stephen 193 David II, king of Scotland (1329–71) 26, 202 David, earl of Huntingdon (d 1219) 14, 173 Dee, river (Scotland) 48 244 Index demesne 12, 82, 159, 170; demesne farming 83, 107–8, 163–5, 167, 169, 187, 194 Denbigh, lordship of 160–1, 180, 191 Denholm-Young, N 4, 214 Desmond, earls of, see Geraldines Despenser, family of 25, 152; Edward, lord of Glamorgan (d 1375) 16; Hugh the younger (d 1326) 41; Sir Hugh (d 1349) 12, 75, 128, 152, 208 Devon, 98, 125, 157, 191; earls, countesses of, 33, 60, 62, 137, 204, 209, see also Courtenay dice, games of 96 Dieppe 28 Dinas (Dyfed) 130 Diss (Norfolk) 108 Domesday Book 181 Dorset 30, 163, 174, 180; duke, earl of, see Beaufort Douglas, family of 16, 26, 38, 48, 120, 128, 134, 214; cultivation of image and history 32, 35 Douglas, earls of: Archibald, ‘the Grim’ (d 1400) 47, 48, 49, 134; James (d 1388) 16, 47, 117, 202; William (d 1384) 26, 85, 134, 202 Douglas, Sir James (d 1330) 32, 47; James, lord of Dalkeith (d 1420) 30, 99, 166 dower 111, 149; see also jointures Drayton (Warw.) 30 Drury, Roger 131 Dublin 23, 27, 66, 68; marquis of, see Vere Duby, Georges Dugdale, William Dunbar, earls, earldom of 23, 55, 56 Duncan MacDuff, earl of Fife (d 1353) 55, 165, 170 Dunstable (Beds.) 135, 136 Dunstanburgh (Northumberland) 87, 180 Durham, bishop of 32; liberty of 172 Dyffryn Clwyd, see Ruthin Earl Marshal, see Mowbray, John Earnwood (Salop) 154 East Anglia 43, 45, 46, 79, 143, 174, 181, 193, 209 Edeligion (Mon.) 36 Edmund of Almaine, earl of Cornwall (d 1300) 25, 60, 165, 183 Edmund, earl of Lancaster (d 1296) 135, 159 Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge, duke of York (d 1402) 29, 52, 70 education, educational bequests 35, 47, 94–5, 96, 100 Edward I, king of England (1272–1307) 27, 28, 31, 39, 79, 113, 135, 200; promotion of relatives 60, 68, 144 ; relationship with nobles 42, 43, 44, 69, 124, 143, 179, 203 Edward II, king of England (1307–27) 11, 25, 28, 39, 68, 122, 143, 154, 181 Edward III, king of England (1327–77) 46, 62, 103, 189, 195; promotion of relatives 26, 29, 69, 151; relationship with nobles 12, 25–6, 28, 30, 59, 61, 94, 141, 143; wars of 117–18, 119 Edward, the Black Prince, earl of Chester, duke of Cornwall, prince of Wales, prince of Aquitaine (d 1376) 26, 45, 59, 96, 111, 199; funeral of 71–3; management of estates 36–7, 40, 66, 167, 174, 184, 186–8, 192, 198–200, 214; as warlord 117, 118, 121, 125 Edward, duke of York (d 1415) 90, 95, 99, 108–9, 116, 128, 165 Eleanor, countess of Leicester (d 1275) 100 Eleanor Bohun, duchess of Gloucester (d 1400) 75, 87, 91, 92, 93, 98 101 Eleanor Clare (d 1337) 34 Elgin cathedral 133 Elizabeth Badlesmere, countess of Northampton (d 1356) 154, 155 Elizabeth Berkeley, countess of Warwick (d 1422) 97 Elizabeth Bohun, countess of Arundel (d 1385) 72 Elizabeth Burgh, countess of Ulster (d 1363), wife of Lionel of Clarence 57, 69, 151 Elizabeth [lady of] Clare (widow of John Burgh) (d 1360), 100, 149; affinity of 209, 212; domestic arrangements and estate management of 63, 88, 90, 107, 108, 163–5, 167, 174, 184, 188, 194, 195; funeral of 73, 75; marriages and descendants of 83, 143, 153 Elizabeth of Lancaster (d 1425), daughter of John of Gaunt 156 Elizabeth Mohun, countess of Salisbury (d 1415) 73 Elmham, Sir William 71 Elsing (Norfolk) 12 Ely (Cambs.), bishop of 89; liberty of 171 enfeoffments to use 72, 140, 147–8 England, English: composition and size of nobility in 11, 22, 142–4; crown-noble relations 59–60, 126; dispersed nature of estates of nobility 13, 27–8, 82, 179–80; economic exploitation and value of lordship in 40, 163–72; military aspects of lordship in 127–9; noble self-image Index and tastes in 30, 45–7, 74–6, 92–3, 95, 98; sources relating to lordship in 13, 31, 33–8, 163; study of lordship in 1–6, 8, 14, 17, 133, 140–1, 160, 197, 215; warfare in the British Isles and with France 119–20, 131–2, 134–5 English, Barbara entails 47, 140, 145–8, 163 entry fine, 169, 198 Erpingham, Sir Thomas (d 1428) 30 esquires 39, 124, 136; as members of affinities 201, 203, 209, 212, 215; in noble council and households 90, 105, 107, 185 Essex 108, 162, 203; earl and earldom of, 26; see also Bohun Etchingham (Sussex) 12 Etchingham, Sir William 12 Ettrick Forest (Borders) 168 Evesham, abbot of 67 Ewyas Lacy, lordship of (Heref.) 130, 143 Exeter (Devon) 78, 135; dukes, earls of, see Beaufort Eye, church of (Suffolk) 78 Faith, Rosamund 171 falconry 82, 96 fealty, oath of 7, 78–9, 169, 198–200 Feast of the Swans, (1306) 68 feasts, see banquets Felbrigg, Sir George 63, 188, 211 Ferrers, family 37; Lady Ferrers, see Margaret Percy Fife, earl, earldom of, see Duncan Fish, fisheries 105–7, 109, 166, 168–70 Fitzalan, family of 13, 25, 42, 79, 85, 88, 152, 165, 173, 192 Fitzalan, earls of Arundel: Richard (d 1376): marriage dealings 28, 146, 151, 152, 153; wealth 45, 76, 111, 162, 194; will 31, 64, 150 Richard (d 1397) 69, 73, 131; conflict with Richard II 65, 86, 91, 96; management of estates 87, 164, 191, 192–3, 205; will 72, 74, 77, 92 Thomas (d 1415) 110, 128 Fitz Pain, Robert 30, 144, 154 Fitz Thomas, John, earl of Kildare, see Geraldines of Offaly Fitz Walter, Walter, (d 1406) 124, 128 Fitzwarin, Fulk (d 1374) 25 Flanders 14, 128, 216 Fleet, prison (London) 76 Forde, William 188 forest, rights of tenants in 43, 140; seigniorial exploitation of 82, 125, 162, 166–70, 176; foresters 167, 190; see also hunting 245 formulary books 198, 207 Forncett (Norfolk) 83–4 Fortescue, Sir John (d 1479) 127, 128 Fossier, Robert Fotheringay (Northants.) 27 Fountains (Yorks.), abbot of 109 Frame, Robin 24, 44 Framlingham (Suffolk) 84, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 France, French, 104, 184; study of lordship in 1, 2, 3, 201; language of lordship 94, 98; negotiations with 46, 48 129; war with 30, 41, 90, 110, 111, 117–18, 119, 138, 147, 184; war profits 128 see also Agincourt; chevauch´ee; Cr´ecy franchises 2, 12, 36, 181 Freskin the Fleming 23 Froissart, Jean (d 1404) 48, 117 funerals 47, 71–4, 76, 90, 216 Furness and Whalley (Lancs.), abbot of 125 furnishings, furniture 32, 64, 89, 92–3; see also beds; tapestries Gaelic society 131–3, 161, 201 galloglass 133 Galloway 47, 48 Gamelyn 91 gardens 87 Garioch (Scotland) 14, 173 Gascony 14, 44, 126; see also wine Geneville (Joinville), family 83; Peter 143 gentry 5, 10, 11, 78, 93, 142, 147; relations with lords 181, 190, 201, 202, 206, 213 George, St 91, 93 Geraldines of Desmond 24, 27, 44, 56, 120, 128, 151; Maurice Fitz Thomas, earl of Desmond (d 1356) 66, 132 Geraldines of Offaly, 24, 27, 44, 56; John Fitz Thomas, earl of Kildare (d 1316) 14, 44 Germany 1, 2, 3, 6, 18, 200 Gilsland (Cumbria) 151 Glamorgan 15, 27, 158, 173, 179; lord of, see Clare; Despenser ‘Glanvill’ 15 Gloucester 24, 44, 65, 90, 106; dukes, earls of, see Audley; Clare; Thomas of Woodstock Glyn Dwr, ˆ Owain (d c.1416) 138 Gogan, Ralph 84 Good Parliament (1376) 46, 130 Goodrich (Heref.) 13, 103, 106 Gower 173 gowns, robes 65, 73, 93, 104, 204, 212, 214; see also, livery Grandison, Sir Piers 155 Great Revolt (1381) 36, 89, 122, 167, 176 246 Index Green, Judith Greenway, Diana Grey, family of 41, 156, 167; Henry 156; Sir John (d 1323) 156; Reginald, lord of Ruthin (d 1388) 29, 156, 174; Robert son of Richard of Codnor, 30; see also Fitz Pain, Robert Greyfriars, London 100 Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln (d 1253) 58, 211 Guildford (Surrey) 135 Guy, Sir Thomas 71 ‘Guy of Warwick’ 31, 33 Gwent 15 Hakeluyt, Leonard 123 Halton (Cheshire) 191 Hamilton, John 30 Hamstead Marshall (Berks.) 84 Hanley (Worcs.) 90, 109 Hanmer, Sir David, chief justice of the King’s Bench (d 1388) 193, 205 Harvey, Barbara 11 Hastings, family of 25, 30, 135; earls of Pembroke: John (d 1375) 29, 61, 72, 75, 116, 156; John (d 1389) 71, 72, 135, 152 Hastings, Sir Hugh (d 1347) 12, 124 Haughmond abbey (Salop) 192 Hay, Gilbert (d c.1465) 170 Hebrides 133 Henry III, king of England (1216–72) 13 Henry IV, (Henry Bolingbroke, duke of Hereford), king of England (1399–1413); lifestyle and interests, 63, 88, 96–7, 98, 109, 111; marriage 70, 101; participation in crusades and tournaments 136–7; retinue and lordship 79, 80, 89, 90, 103, 104, 174 186, 202, 209, 212; as king 110, 126, 203, 216 Henry V, king of England (1413–22) 110, 119, 138 Henry VI, king of England (1422–61) 138 Henry, earl of Lancaster (d 1345) 52, 66, 194 Henry of Grosmont, duke of Lancaster (d 1361) 4, 59, 61, 209; management of estates and retinue; 82, 89, 209 marriage alliances 70, 136; military career 118, 123, 127–8 religious interests 62, 74, 77, 83, 94, 95, 99 101 Henry of Huntingdon heralds, heraldry 31–2, 35, 36, 38, 39, 64, 117, 136 Herbert, Thomas 203 Hereford 70, 118, 130, 135, 142, 185; bishop of 46; countess of, see Joan; duke, earls of 71, 188, 199; see also Bohun; Henry IV Heron, William, Lord Say (d 1404) 127 Herrschaft 1, 2, Hertford 82, 87, 89, 93, 135, 136 Higham Ferrers (Northants.) 82, 107, 125 Highlands, Scottish, 7, 120, 122, 133, 160 Hildeburgh, Thomas 187 Hilton, Rodney 11, 170 Holborn (London) 89 Holland, earls of Huntingdon and dukes of Exeter: John (d 1400) 96, 116; John (d 1447), 128 Holland, earls of Kent: Thomas (d 1397), 153; Thomas (also duke of Surrey) (d 1400) 216 Holland, Isabel, mistress of John of Warenne, earl of Surrey (d 1347) 28 Holme, Master William, king’s physician 204 Holmes, George 166 Holt (Norfolk) 111, 173 Holy Land 138 homage, act of 7, 15, 23, 78–9, 198–9, 201 Hopedale (Flintshire) 166 horngeld 160 Hotspur, see Percy House of Commons 185 household 4, 6, 12, 13, 46, 151; accounts 9, 13, 36, 63, 136, 183, 184; constitution and support 82–113, 163–5, 185–8, 208, 211; military aspect 120, 125, 126 servants 65, 71, 74, 204, 212; travelling 70, 152 Howell, Oliver 68 Hungerford, Sir Thomas, M.P., Speaker of the House of Commons (d 1397) 185 hunting, chase 31, 82–4, 90, 93, 94 95–7, 99, 102, 116, 118, 166; lodge 65, 84 Huntingdon, earl of, see Clinton, David, Holland indentures of retinue xi, 123, 129, 186, 197–216; nature and use of documents 9, 17 120–1; specifications of service 127, 130, 135, 137 investiture 60, 201 Ireland, Irish xi, xii, 2, 5, 10, 60, 98, 155, 206; aristocratic estates in 12, 13, 14, 27, 143, 145, 147, 153, 179; castles and their modification in 82, 86; economic exploitation and value of estates in 158, 174; Gaelic (‘Celtic’) society in 13, 17, 161, 201; nature and reputation of lordship in 15, 24, 28, 113, 141, 160, 172, 176–7, 181–2, 189, 198; size and composition of resident nobility; 22–4, 25, 43–7; visits to and military campaigns in 65, 71, 117, 120, 122–5, 128, 131–3, 135, 186, 202 Index Isabel Despenser, countess of Warwick (d 1439) 75 Isabella Fortibus, countess of Devon and countess of Aumale (d 1293) 41, 165 Jerusalem 91, 137 jesters 91, 97 Joan of Acre, countess of Gloucester (d 1307) 69, 70, 155 Joan of Bar, countess of Surrey (d 1361) 28, 149 Joan Bohun, countess of Hereford (d 1419) 149 Joan Fitzalan, lady of Abergavenny (d 1435) 78, 163; lifestyle 87, 97; management of estates 42, 113, 149; provisions of will 73–4, 76, 78, 163 Joan Fitz Pain 30 Joan Geneville, countess of March (d 1356) 143 Joan de Munchensi, countess of Pembroke (d 1307) 69, 99, 103, 106 Joce, John 130 John, duke of Berry (d 1416) 91 John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (d 1399) 10, 32, 45, 111, 117, 175, 180, 198, 205, 212; lifestyle 64, 66, 82, 84, 86–7, 89, 95–7; management of estates and household 36 40, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 163, 164, 165, 183, 187, 188, 192, 195; marriage alliances and provision for family 67, 70, 72, 75, 76, 88, 151, 156, 162, 209; as member of royal family 25, 29, 62; provisions of will 71, 74; religious concerns 99–100, 101; as warlord 122, 123, 125, 126, 215 John Fitz Thomas, see Geraldines of Offaly John son of the duke of Brabant 69 John of Salisbury 31 jointures 109, 111, 140, 149, 153, 163 Joinville, see Geneville joust 32, 48, 64, 68, 70, 97, 99, 116, 118, 135–7; see also tournament judges 46, 204–5 Kenilworth (Warw.) 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 135, 167 Kenneth Mor n 16 Kennington (Surrey) 135, 136 Kent, 203; earl and earldom of 152; see also Holland kerne, ‘caterans’ 132–3, 135 Kidderminster, baron of, see Beauchamp Kidwelly (Dyfed) 86 Kildare, earls, earldom, liberty of 24, 27, 44, 172, 173; see also Geraldines of Offaly Kildrummy (Aberdeenshire) 79 247 Kilkenny 27, 172 Kilmainham (Dublin) 66 Kimbolton (Cambs.) 108 kindred, lineage groups 44, 198, 202 King’s Bench 193, 205 King’s Lynn (Norfolk) 137, 214 Kingstone (Heref.) 130 Knaresborough (Yorks.) 83, 122 knights, 30, 67, 83, 95, 198; ceremony of knighting 44, 48, 68–9; position relative to nobles 10, 11, 12, 25, 39, 58, 91, 106, 201; profession of arms 116–19, 123, 135–6; as retainers 33, 65, 71, 75, 84, 94, 102, 103, 107, 188, 191, 203–4, 207, 209, 211–12, 213, 215 labour service 165, 167 Lacy, family of 25, 37, 53, 183, 193; Henry, earl of Lincoln (d 1311) 26, 107, 162; Sir Hugh 68; Sir Walter 68 lairds 10, 48, 202, 213 Lancashire 123, 160, 180, 209, 215 Lancaster 121, 171, 174, 180, 191; dukes, earls of see Edmund; Henry; Henry of Grosmont; John of Gaunt; Thomas Lancelot 91 ‘lands of peace’ 202, ‘lands of war’ 24, 48, 122, 202 Lanercost priory (Cumbria), chronicle of 41 n 52, 151 n 27 Langford, Sir Nicholas 71 lawyers 2, 21, 140, 144, 163, 170, 204–5 Leake, treaty of 44 Ledbury (Heref.) 90, 109 Leicester, 9, 70, 77, 82, 83, 94, 99, 100, 118, 136, 180, 181, 185; earldom of 201; see also Montfort Leland, John (d 1552) 86 Lennox, earldom of 23, 55 Lestrange, family, of Knockin 205 Leventhorp, John 186 Lewyn, John 87 Leyser, Karl Liber Niger de Wigmore 38 liberties, 2, 24, 101, 134, 166, 171–7, 179, 189, 203; see also franchises Lincoln, earl of, see Lacy Lincolnshire 125, 193 lineage 31, 142; lineage groups, see kindred Lingen, Sir Ralph 130 Lingfield (Surrey) 117 Lionel of Antwerp, earl of Ulster and duke of Clarence (d 1368) 45, 57, 69, 143, 151, 187, 189 Lithuania 131 livery 33, 63, 65, 72, 89, 97, 103, 121, 203; cost of 104, 204, 208; criticism of 248 Index livery (cont.) distribution of, 22, 212–3, 214; livery rolls, 204, 212 Livre de Seyntz Medecines 62, 74, 94, 101 Lochmaben (Dumfries and Galloway) 117 London 37, 70, 78, 84, 100, 212; bishop of, 46; nobles residences in 32, 63, 82, 88–9, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 107–9, 185, 188; merchants 63, 104, 110–11, 136, 165, 212; as place of burial 71, 74, 75; see also Tower of London Lothian 161 Louth, earl of, see Bermingham Lucy, Sir William 113 Ludgate, prison (London) 76 Ludlow (Salop) 36, 67, 83, 130, 143, 180 Lusignan, Pierre, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1358–69) 137 Luttrell, Sir Geoffrey (d 1345) 70 Luttrell Psalter 90 McFarlane, K B xi, xii, 4, 7, 11, 21, 25, 42, 58, 127, 144, 152, 183 n 8, 206 Maconnais, ‘Macthomas’s rout’ 132 Madeley (Glocs.) 85 Malise, earl of Strathearn (d 1317) 56, 173 Magna Carta 11, 21 maintenance xi, 15, 199–215 Maitland, F W 17 Makeley, Robert 88 manrent, bond of 7, 199 Manton, William 188 Mar, earl and earldom of 23, 168; see also Stewart March, earls and earldom of 24, 41, 62, 64, 69, 90, 117, 152, 182, 205, 211; see also Mortimer March, law of 176 March of Wales xii, 5, 7, 53, 79, 155, 179; estates of nobility in 13, 27–8, 45, 46, 91, 111, 143, 180; use of men and resources from 122, 130, 132, 168, 174, 176; dealings with tenants in 15, 42–3, 90, 113, 172 Mare, Sir Peter de la (d 1387) 41, 45, 46, 130, 185, 211; Thomas de la, abbot of St Albans (d 1396) Margaret, daughter of King Edward I, wife of John son of the duke of Brabant 69, 70 Margaret Bohun, countess of Devon (d 1391) 98 Margaret Brotherton, the countess Marshal, countess and duchess of Norfolk (d 1399) 59, 75, 109, 149, 151, 152; lifestyle and tastes 100, 105, 106, 107, 108 Margaret Holland, duchess of Clarence (d 1439) 99 Margaret Percy, Lady Ferrers (d 1375) 70 market 12, 89, 105, 106, 108–9, 164–5, 167, 182 marriage 12, 13, 25, 26, 30, 32, 35, 44–5, 62, 76, 92, 140–57, 180, 181, 198, 208–9; ceremony and celebration 69–70, 136; role of crown in 14, 26, 29, 91, 101, 143; social advancement by 83, 85, 179; unhappy or rejected 28, 155–6 Mary Bohun, countess of Derby (d 1394), wife of Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV) 70, 96, 101 Mary of St Pol, countess of Pembroke (d 1377) 32, 100, 149 Mascy, Sir John 131 Mason, William 110 The Master of Game 95 Maud Badlesmere, wife of Robert Fitz Pain 154 Maud Burgh, countess of Gloucester (d 1320) 153 Maud, Lady Stafford, duchess of Bavaria (d 1362) 136 Mauny, Sir Walter (d 1372) 75, 119 Maxtock (Warw.) 108 Maxtoke (Warw.) 203 Maxwell, Herbert (d 1453) 214 Meath 15, 45, 143, 173, 181; archdeacon of, see Brugge Mediterranean 119 Melreth, Philip 187 Menteith, earldom of 23, 26 Michelwood (Glocs.) 95 Middle East 137 Milan, duke of 96 mills 165, 168, 170, 176, 187 Milsom, S F C Milverton (Somerset) 38 ministerium 77 ministers’ accounts 182, 192 Minoresses 88 minstrels, see music, musicians Mold, lordship of (Clwyd) 78 Monk of Westminster 47, 69 Monmouth 90, 190 Montagu, earls of Salisbury: John (d 1400) 99, 162; William (d 1344) 72, 153; William (d 1397) 41, 78 Montagu, Sir John 75 Montfort, Simon, earl of Leicester (d 1265) 95 Monthermer, Ralph (d 1325) 155, 156 Index Moray 120, 122, 169, 170 Moreton Valence (Glocs.) 69 Mortimer, family and estates of 13, 24, 25, 31, 32, 36, 72, 74, 83, 88, 144, 147, 149, 163, 165, 169, 183, 186, 190, 208; cartulary, muniments of 35, 37, 38, 192; chronicle of, ‘Wigmore chronicle’ 35, 68, 135, 142, 154, 155; Edmund (d 1304) 150; Edmund (d 1331) 154; Edmund (d 1408/9) 150; Hugh (d 1185) 34; Joanna 150; Matilda 35; Ralph (d 1246) 37; Roger, of Chirk (d 1326) 143; Roger, of Wigmore (d 1282) 113, 136, 143; Sir Thomas 38, 130, 185 Mortimer, earls of March: Edmund (d 1381) 48, 49, 143, 151, 152, 185, 187; career and reputation 45–7; military leader 122, 123, 129–30, 202, 216; will 31, 64, 74, 76 Edmund (d 1425) 96, 100, 109, 110 n 98; Roger (d 1330) 26, 31, 36, 63, 74, 79, 98, 143, 149; marriage alliances 35, 154; retaining by 102, 104, 122 Roger (d 1360) 118, 149 Roger (d 1398) 43, 71, 93, 100, 150, 180, 180, 188; visits to his estates 79, 90 Morton, earl of 173 Mowbray, family of 31, 32, 64, 88, 151, 169 n 41, 188, 190; John, Lord Mowbray (d 1361) 153 Mowbray, earls of Nottingham, earls and dukes of Norfolk: John, earl Marshal (d 1432) 64, 105, 110, 126, 128, 151; Thomas, earl of Norfolk (d 1405) 109; Thomas, earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk (d 1399) 69, 71; see also Norfolk Multon, Thomas (d 1313) 144 n 8, 151 music, musicians, minstrels 33, 66, 70, 87, 91, 96–7, 117, 136, 211 Narberth, lordship of (Dyfed) 150 Navarre 135 Needwood (Staffs.) 107 Nevill, Richard, of London, money-lender 109 Neville, family of 85, 86, 87, 162; John, lord of Raby (d 1388) 86; Ralph earl of Westmorland (d 1425) 86, 146 New Forest (Hants.) 152 Newgate, prison (London) 76 Newport (Gwent) 90, 152, 193 Neyte, La, manor of Westminster abbey 89 nontgeld 160 Norfolk 12, 30, 109, 180; countess of, see Margaret; dukes, earls of 16, 17, 24, 32, 249 203, 211; see also Bigod; Thomas of Brotherton; Mowbray Norman Conquest 31, 34, 58, 83, 84 Normandy 99 Northampton, countess of, see Elizabeth Badlesmere; earls of 117, 153; see also Bohun Northamptonshire 193 Northumberland 130, 180, 209; earls of 46, 151, 212; see also Percy Norwich (Norfolk) 30, 109, 214 Nottingham 152, 185; earl of, see Mowbray Oaksey (Wilts.) 108 Odcombe (Somerset) 38, 169 Order of the Garter 136 Ormond, earls and earldom of 24, 27, 69, 151, 153; see also Butler Orpen, [Henry] Goddard 27 Oswestry, lordship of (Salop) 152 Otterburn (Northumberland), battle of (1388) 117, 128 Oxford 72, 100; earl of 16, 106 n 84, 117; see also Vere Ovedale, Sir Peter 152, 208 The Pageants of Richard Beauchamp 33 Painter, Sydney palatinates 2, 121, 171, 174, 176, 180, 189 pannage 166 parliament 5, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 43, 59, 60; attendance by nobles at 61, 70, 82, 88, 90, 97, 102–3, 119, 127; presence of retainers at 65, 207, 208, 212, 216; see also Good Parliament Pauncefoot, Sir John 123 Peak (Derbs.) 164 Peasants’ Revolt, see Great Revolt Peche, John 111 Peckforton Park (Cheshire) 167 Peebles (Borders) 117, 134 Pembridge (Heref.) 130 Pembroke 15, 29, 106, 107; countess of, see Mary of St Pol; earl and earldom of 12, 13, 155, 173; see also Hastings; Valence Pembroke College Cambridge 100 pension 199, 209; see also annuity Percy, family of 4, 38, 87, 88, 126, 162, 203, 209; castle building by 85–6; Henry, earl of Northumberland (d 1408) 62, 85; Henry ‘Hotspur’ (d 1403), 128; see also Northumberland petitions, petitioners 16, 41, 175, 184, 185, 188, 191, 192, 193, 207–8 Pevensey (Sussex) 180 250 Index Ph´ebus, Gaston count of Bearn (d 1391) 95 Philipot, John 111 Philippa Montagu, countess of March (d 1382), wife of Earl Roger Mortimer (d 1360) 72 Philippa Mortimer, countess of Pembroke and Arundel (d 1400) 87, 152 Philippa Plantagenet, countess of March (d 1378), wife of Earl Edmund Mortimer (d 1381) 45, 143, 149, 151 Pickering (Yorks.) 83 pigs 105, 166; see also pannage Pleshey (Essex) 85, 91–3, 99 Plessington, Sir Robert (d 1393) 205 Plymouth (Devon) 129, 130 Poer, family 10 Poitiers 48 Poland 138 Pole, de la, family 128, 131; Michael, earl of Suffolk (d 1388) 60; William, duke of Suffolk (d 1450) 78 Pontefract (Yorks.) 37, 83, 95, 102, 125, 180, 181, 185, 191, 212 Porchalion, Thomas 75 Powell, Edward xi Poynings, Lord 31 Prague 137 Principality of Wales 132 protection 15, 16, 48, 159–61, 175, 198–200, 209, 212 provincial lordships (Scotland) 23 Prussia 97, 118, 119, 131, 137 Pryce, Huw xii Puddington (Cheshire) 131 Quo warranto retainers, retaining 46, 58, 65, 85, 102, 104, 130–2, 151, 175, 188, 190, 191; duties 66, 68, 120–1, 152, 193, 207, 208; expectations and rewards 123, 185, 201, 204; general discussion 197–215 Rhodes 137, 148 Richard II, king of England (1377–99) 22, 46, 48, 109, 119, 123, 181, 195; establishment of new titles and lords 59, 60, 61, 212; difficult relations with nobles 25, 43, 65, 71, 86, 109, 203 Richard Wych, St 47 Richard’s Castle (Heref.) 67 Roath (Cardiff) 158 Robert I, king of Scotland (1306–29) 23, 32 44, 47, 122 Robert II, king of Scotland (1371–90) 23 Robert III, king of Scotland (1390–1406) 61 Robert Fitzhamon (d 1107) 34 robes, see gowns Roche, family 10 Rochford (Essex) 87 ‘Rochfordeyn’, family 147 Rodley (Glocs.) 107 Rolls of Arms 11, 31 Rome 138 Ross (Scotland) 23, 61 Ross-on-Wye (Heref.) 90 Rothesay, duke of, see Stewart Rous, John 34 Roxburgh (Borders) 134 Russel, Sir John (d 1405) 207 Russell, John, bishop of Lincoln (d 1494) 203 Russia 138 Ruthin (Dyffryn Clwyd), lordship of 41, 156, 167, 171, 174; see also Grey Raby (co Durham) 86 Radnor, lordship of (Powys) 36 Ragman Roll 79, 200 Ramsey, abbot of 78 Randolph, Thomas, earl of Moray (d 1332) 122 ransom 111, 116, 123, 127–8, 129, 207 Ravensthorpe (Yorks.) 156 receiver-general 186–8, 193, 212 ‘regalities’ (Scotland) 48, 172 registers 9, 16, 36, 38, 66, 111, 190, 192; Register of Edward the Black Prince 184; Registrum Honoris de Morton 38 Reigate (Surrey) 86, 92 religious sentiment 47, 73, 75–7, 92, 94–5, 99–102; see also crusade renders, see tributes and renders Restormel (Cornwall) 78 Sackville, Sir Andrew 211 St Agnes, London 88 St Albans, abbey and abbot of (Herts.) 9, 100 Sainte Chapelle St Denys, Paris 48 St Emilion, see wine St Inglevert 136, 137 St John, Sir Edward 216 St Mary Newarke, Leicester 77 St Mary’s, Leicester 9, 100 St Mary’s, Warwick 75 St Pancras, Lewes 71 St Paul’s, London 75, 76, 111, 136, 216 Salisbury, cathedral of 72, 146; countess of, see Elizabeth; earl and earldom of 26, 62, 75, 78, 153, 165, 167; see also Montagu Saul, Nigel 10 Savoy palace (London) 36, 66, 82, 87, 89 Index Saxtead (Suffolk) 96 Say, Lord, see Heron Scone (Perthshire) 61 Scotland, Scots xi, 147, 177; composition of nobility 22–3, 24, 25, 26–7, 28; crown-noble relations 2, 14, 60, 176, 202; economic exploitation and value of lordship in 38, 160–1, 165–6, 173, 174; military aspects of lordship in 82, 85, 86, 119–20, 122, 128, 133–5; nature and reputation of lordship in 7, 15, 16, 47–8, 113, 141, 145, 158, 179, 182, 189, 199, 204, 213–4; noble self-image and tastes in 32, 35, 61, 98 9, 198; study of lordship in 5, 8, 10, 172, 181; warfare with England and in France 44, 46, 68, 79, 90, 103, 116–7, 118, 124, 131, 132, 216 Scrope, family 87, 162 Scrope-Grosvenor dispute (1386) 32, 117 Seals, signets 32, 39, 40, 62, 95, 112, 116, 187, 190, 193 Seigneurie 1, 2, 3, 17, 41, 167, 168, 201, 209 Segrave, family arms of 64; John, Lord Segrave (d 1353) 149 Selkirk (Borders) 134 serf, serfdom 6, 161 169, 197, 200 serjeants-at-law 163, 204; see also lawyers Severn, estuary, river 85, 87, 90, 107 Sheriff Hutton (Yorks.) 86 Shrawardine (Salop) 85, 87, 91–3, 193 Shrewsbury (Salop) 35, 43, 193, 216 Simpson, Grant Skeathy (Kildare) 147 Slimbridge (Glocs.) 97 Smithfield (London) 136 Smyth, John 164 Somerset 30, 38; duke, earl of, see Beaufort Southampton (Hants.) 106 Spain 32, 117, 190 Spalding (Lincs.) 191 Spenser, Edmund 161 Stafford 85, 193 Stafford, family of 4, 12, 33, 59, 88, 108, 185, 216; documents relating to lordship of 13, 38, 163, 192, 193, 194; Anne, countess of, see Anne; Edward, duke of Buckingham (d 1521), 113, 184; Henry, duke of Buckingham (d 1483) 113; Hugh, earl of Stafford (d 1386) 148, 205; Ralph, Lord, later earl of Stafford (d 1372) 12, 70, 85, 136, 153; Thomas, earl of Stafford, (d 1392) 80 n 64, 152, 193 Stafford, John, archbishop of Canterbury (1443–51) 11 n 29 Stenton, F M 4, 8, Stepney (London) 136 251 steward 45, 46, 86, 104, 113, 130, 163, 173, 175, 181–6, 189–93, 198, 211 Stewart, family of 23, 61; Alexander, earl of Buchan (‘the Wolf of Badenoch’), (d 1405) 61, 133, 173; Alexander, earl of Mar (d 1435), 62, 68, 79, 133, 173; David, duke of Rothesay (d 1402) 61; Robert, duke of Albany, earl of Atholl, Fife, and Menteith (d 1420) 26, 61 Stonor, Sir William 155, 208 Strange, Lord 208 Strathearn, earl, earldom of 23, 168, 173; see also Malise Strigoil/Chepstow, lordship of 84, see also Chepstow Stringer, Keith 8, 14 Strother, Sir John (d 1494) 124, 130 Sudbury (Suffolk) 187 Suffolk 30, 71, 84, 109, 125, 180; Alice, duchess of, see Alice; earls and earldom of, see Pole; Ufford Sully (Glamorgan) 158 Surrey 29, 203; earls of, see Warenne; duke of, see Holland Sussex 29, 85, 162, 164, 180 Sutherland, earldom of 23 Sutton Coldfield (Warw.) 65 Swillington, Sir Adam 65, 66; Robert 215 Swinfield, Richard, bishop of Hereford (1283–1317) 89 tail male 30, 140, 151 tailzie 145 Talbot, John, 67 tallage 168 Tamworth (Staffs.) 66 Tantallon (East Lothian) 85 Tany, Sir John 69 tapestries 32, 33, 63, 89, 91–2 Taunton (Somerset) Tenby (Dyfed) 29 tenure, tenurial obligations 17, 78, 148, 171, 197, 199, 202, 207 Teutonic Order 96 Tewkesbury (Glocs.) 34, 75, 109 Thelwall, Thomas, chancellor of the duchy and county of Lancaster 66 Thetford, prior of 110 Thomas of Brotherton, earl of Norfolk (d 1338) 155 Thomas Cantilupe, St 47 Thomas, duke of Clarence (d 1421) 72 Thomas, earl of Lancaster (d 1322) 4, 15, 44, 209; acquisition and management of estates 26, 102, 107, 145, 164, 167; lifestyle 83, 84, 104, 106; retinue 65, 66, 191, 212, 215 252 Index Thomas of Woodstock, earl of Buckingham, duke of Gloucester (d 1397) 63, 65, 67, 104, 111,136, 187; lifestyle 63, 85, 88, 89, 91–2, 96, 98, 99; marriage alliances and family 67, 87, 101; military career 124, 125, 126, 130 Thomond 172 Thoresby (Notts.) 191 Thornbury (Glocs.) 37, 193 Threave (Galloway) 48, 85, 134 Throckmorton, John (d 1445) 185 Tickhill (Yorks.) 83 Tintern abbey (Mons.) 36, 84, 100 Tipperary 172, 173, 174 titles 16, 21 25, 58–61, 141, 162; hierarchy of 11, 22, 23, 24, 26, 58–60; pride in 28, 29, 61 Tor Brian (Devon) 157 Touraine, duke of, see Douglas Tourn 171, 193 tournaments 66, 69–70, 93, 155, 207, 208, 216; as regular feature of aristocratic life 31, 64, 82, 90, 98, 103; as substitute for war 116, 118, 127, 135–8 Tower of London 36, 69, 151 Tower-house, 85, 132 Trent, river 185 Tres Riches Heures 91 Tresgoz, Sir Robert 130 tributes and renders 44, 47, 48, 82, 108 159–61, 176, 198, 202 Trim (Meath) 45, 68, 143, 172, 173, 181 Trokesford, Lady Isabel 66 Turk, Robert 131 Turks 137 Tutbury (Staffs.) 83, 97, 112, 125, 180 uchelwyr 10 Ufford, family of, earls of Suffolk 25 Ulster 14, 24, 44, 172; earls, earldom of 32, 35, 43, 45, 120, 151, 169, 181; see also Burgh; Lionel; Mortimer Umfraville, family of 23 unfree tenants, see serf, serfdom Usk/Caerleon, lordship of (Mon.) 35, 37, 83, 90, 100, 107, 130, 167, 181 Usk, Adam (d 1430) 35, 42, 47, 100 Valence, family of 88; Aymer, earl of Pembroke (d 1324) 4, 25, 32, 207; Joan, countess of Pembroke, see Joan de Munchensi; Sir William (d 1296) 13 valor 9, 36, 41, 165, 194–5 Varenne 28 vassal, vassalage 59, 173, 197, 198, 213 Venice 137 Venour, William 111 Vere family, earls of Oxford 25, 38, 74; Robert, earl of Oxford, marquis of Dublin, duke of Ireland (d 1392) 59, 131 Verona 138 Vienna 137 Wales, Welsh 2, 12, 37, 82, 86, 121; aristocratic estates in 27, 29, 143, 153, 162, 180, 182; economic exploitation and value of lordship in 107–8, 164, 166, 168; native (‘Celtic’) society in 10, 13, 35, 84, 123, 147, 160; nature and reputation of lordship in 7, 40, 41–2, 43, 113, 158, 169, 171, 172, 176, 198; recruitment of soldiers from 44, 118, 120, 121, 130, 132, 216; visits to and military campaigns in 14, 79, 90, 138, 152, 174, 184, 186, 193, 199–200; see also March; Principality; uchelwyr Waltham (Essex) 136; abbey 70, 153 Walton (Suffolk) 84 Ward, Jennifer 107 wardrobe, 63, 88, 89, 95, 98, 104, 106, 125, 187, 189; wardrober, 104, 184, 188 Warenne, John de, earl of Surrey (d 1347) 15, 25, 28–9, 30, 71, 73, 146, 173 Warkworth (Northumberland) 85 Wars of Independence 14, 27 Warwick 33, 37, 85, 87, 108, 123; countess of, see Elizabeth; earls and earldom of 12, 37, 42, 65, 85, 123, 155, 207; see also Beauchamp; ‘Guy of Warwick’ Waterton, Hugh 103 wayting 161 Wells, Lord 71 Wenlok, Walter, abbot of Westminster (1283–1307) 89 Wentwood Forest (Mons.) 84 Westminster 24, 68, 88, 97; abbey 75, 89; see also Monk of Westminster Westmorland, earl of, see Neville Wexford (Ireland), lordship of 14, 172 Wigmore (Heref.) 31, 46, 47, 83, 110 n 99, 142, 180; abbey 34, 35, 67, 72, 74, 77, 101, 135; see also Mortimer William I, king of England (the Conqueror) (1066–89) 28, 181 wills, bequests, 30, 31, 32, 46, 63–4, 101, 112, 148, 149, 150, 163; acts of charity 62, 73, 76–8, 105, 204; detailing funeral rites 47, 71–4, 76; listing prized possessions, 92, 93, 98, 116 Wiltshire 61, 180 Winchester, bishop of 6, see Wykeham Index Windsor (Berks.) 86 wine, 66, 94, 105–6, 109, 214; St Emilion 106 Wintringham, William 87 Wodecock, John 88 Wooton (Oxon.) 97 Worcester 37, 42, 109, 185; earl of, see Beauchamp Wrexham (Denbyshire) 199 Writtle (Essex) 108 253 Wycliff, John (d 1384) 16, 101 Wye, river 84 Wykeham, William, bishop of Winchester (1367–1404) 148 Yevele, Henry 75, 87 York, 88, 103, 186; archbishop of, 96; dukes of, see Edmund of Langley; Edward Yorkshire 180, 181, 209 Ystlwyf (Carmarthenshire) 29 .. .LORDS AND LORDSHIP IN THE BRITISH ISLES IN T H E L AT E M IDDLE AG ES This page intentionally left blank Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in the Late Middle Ages R R DAVIES... worked on Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in the Late Middle Ages (henceforward Lords and Lordship) until shortly before his death on 16 May 2005 His last intervention was to make handwritten... accounts, and registers of lordship even in the later Middle Ages; but they form the foundations on which the whole edifice of lordship including ultimately royal lordship was founded Three of them 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