Essential The santayana Selected Writings Edited by the Santayana Edition Compiled and with an Introduction by Martin A Coleman THE ESSENTIAL SANTAYANA THE ESSENTIAL SANTAYANA Selected Writings edited by The Santayana Edition compiled and with an introduction by Martin A Coleman Indiana University Press BLOOMINGTON AND INDIANAPOLIS This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail iuporder@indiana.edu © 2009 by Indiana University Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition The paper used in this publication meets the miniumu requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984 TM Manufactured in the United States of America Cataloging information is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-253-35348-1 (cl.) ISBN 978-0-253-22105-6 (pbk.) This book is dedicated to Angus Kerr-Lawson whose editorial work and scholarship have enriched and enlivened Santayana studies “[T]he spirit has perceived that it is in the hands of some alien and inscrutable power I stand before [this power] simply receptive, somewhat as, in Rome I might stand before the great fountain of Trevi There I see jets and cascades flowing in separate streams and in divers directions I am not sure that a single Pontifex Maximus designed it all, and led all those musical waters into just those channels Some streams may have dried up or been diverted since the creation; some rills may have been added today by fresh rains from heaven; behind one of those artificial rocks some little demon, of his own free will, may even now be playing havoc with the conduits; and who knows how many details, in my image, may not have been misplaced or multiplied by optical tricks of my own? Yet here, for the spirit, is one total marvellous impression, one thunderous force, confronting me with this theatrical but admirable spectacle.” “Ultimate Religion” (Essential Santayana, 340–41; originally appeared in Obiter Scripta, 284–86) Photograph courtesy of Herman J Saatkamp Jr Contents Acknowledgments Chronology of the Life and Work of George Santayana Bibliographical Abbreviations About This Book Introduction: The Essential Santayana I Autobiography A General Confession (1940) My Place, Time, and Ancestry (1944) Epilogue on My Host, The World (1949) II Skepticism and Ontology Philosophical Heresy (1915) Preface [Scepticism and Animal Faith] (1923) There Is No First Principle of Criticism (1923) Dogma and Doubt (1923) Wayward Scepticism (1923) Ultimate Scepticism (1923) Nothing Given Exists (1923) The Discovery of Essence (1923) The Watershed of Criticism (1923) Knowledge Is Faith Mediated by Symbols (1923) Belief in Substance (1923) Literary Psychology (1923) The Implied Being of Truth (1923) Comparison with Other Criticisms of Knowledge (1923) Normal Madness (1925) Some Meanings of the Word “Is” (1924) Realms Preface to to Realms Realms of of Being Being (1927) (1927) Preface of Being xiii xv xix xxv xxvii 23 30 39 44 51 55 58 61 67 72 76 82 88 98 104 110 116 128 138 149 149 Index 215, 246, 247, 266—68, 298, 347, 367, 392, 395, 412, 450–51 The Last Puritan (Santayana), 486–96 Law, 65, 439 Laws (Plato), 423 League of Nations, 34, 470, 471, 550 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, xxxv, 33, 265 Lenin, Vladimir, 560 Leopardi, Giacomo, Les Dieux (Alain), 371 Les Faux Pas de la Philosophie (Santayana), 34 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 580 Lethe, 397 Levinson, Henry Samuel, xli Liberalism, 118, 502, 593 “Liberation” (Santayana), 263 Liberation, 263, 361, 363–67, 369, 371, 373, 375, 399 Liberty, 476, 546, 548, 549, 552–54, 557, 593 Life and appearance, 131 and art, 330 automatism of, 133 conflict of, 521 and discourse, 151 is a dream, 294 entelechy of, 447 and essences, 293 experience of, 94, 107 of impulse, 284 and interests, 300 and madness, 130 moral, 439 and naturalists, 286 of nature, 83 and pain, 438 and pleasure, 438 rational, xxxi, xxxvi, 36, 261, 262, 263, 283, 288, 299, 305, 311, 312, 321, 405, 418, 573 and reason, 436 of reason, xxxi, xxxvi, 18, 20, 83, 127, 244, 261, 262, 284, 286, 287, 290, 291, 294, 295–96, 301, 302, 305, 327, 334, 419, 421, 431, 447, 451, 573, 620 of reflection, 284 and religion, 305, 306, 330 and ultimate values, 305 variety of, 539 mentioned, 10, 18, 19, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70, 163, 164, 165, 169, 175, 177, 184, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 209, 212, 237, 238, 239, 248, 249, 254, 263, 271, 275, 277, 278, 283, 287, 288, 296, 311, 312, 315, 321, 327, 330, 336, 350, 355, 357, 361, 362, 364, 365, 370, 375, 378, 381, 385, 395, 415, 418, 423, 428, 429, 434, 471, 497, 633 499, 500, 514, 557, 579, 598, 616 The Life of Reason (Santayana), xxxv, xli, 11, 12, 17, 18, 261, 282, 283, 303, 309, 435, 436, 437 Lincoln, Abraham, 464 Literary philosophy, 208 Literary psychology and analyses, 119 and animals, 104 and bodies, 107 and essences, 107 illusion of, 108 and material events, 107 and metaphysics, 106, 109, 118 and nature, 109 practising, 105 truth of, 108 mentioned, 13, 40, 93, 102, 104, 106, 108, 191, 200, 208, 232, 587, 617 Literature, 189, 191, 208, 367, 498, 504, 587 Little Company of Mary, Locke, John, 102, 121, 215, 230, 585 Logic, 21, 42, 56, 110, 184, 186, 216, 221, 221–22, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 290, 318, 320, 460, 536, 539 Logician, 461, 462 Logos, 170, 352, 383 Lonians, 614 Lotze’s System of Philosophy (Santayana), Louis, Saint, 386 Love, 134, 244, 245, 247–48, 250, 263, 290, 301, 333, 342, 343–45, 363, 368, 377, 382, 383, 384, 385, 388, 389, 390, 509–12, 594 Lucifer, 370 Lucifer; or, The Heavenly Truce; a Theological Tragedy (Santayana), Lucretius, xxxv, 9, 11, 19, 31, 33, 248, 279 Luther, Martin, 339, 583 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 558 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 557, 558, 562 Madness in action, 130 and agreement, 133, 134 discourse on, 128, 134 and dreams, 131 and the imaginary, 132 and the impossible, 132 and life, 40, 130 and nature, 129, 130, 132, 134 and punishment, 133 realm of, 134 and sanity, 132, 269 and the soul, 131 of the vulgar, 134 and wisdom, 132 634 Index Madness (continued ) mentioned, 129, 284, 336, 405, 447 Majority, 546, 550, 571, 590 Maladjustment, 432 Man as an adventurer, 158 aims of, 548 as an animal, 124 and art, 310, 327, 337 as an artist, 325 and beliefs, 428, 592 and character, 447 his character, 429 and consciousness, 517 and divine nature, 372 duties of, 447 and existence, 165, 405, 540 and experience, 428 and external things, 540 his feelings, 321 and God, 304, 339, 529 and goods, 428 and happiness, 164 and hopes, 591 ideal, 433 and the immediate, 617 and impulses, 543 and industry, 337 inner, 590 as insensible, 321 his intent, 416 as invisible, 404 and knowledge, 342 and life, 335, 429 lives, and other, 428 and matter, 15 men, and other, 523, 543 and mind, 326, 540, 571, 600 his moral dogma, 458 and morality, 437, 572 and morals, 571 and nature, 506 his nature, 256, 577 and passions, 445 and philosophy, xxxix, 149 and power, 499 and progress, 282 and the psyche, 204 and pure spirit, 343 and the realm of matter, 150 and rational, 213, 234, 420, 518 and reason, 339, 343, 517 and reflection, 283 and regimens, 475 and religion, 304, 431 and science, 337, 426 and self, 351, 574 and sentience, 430 and Socrates, 426 his soul, 566 spirit of, 521 and spiritual life, 574 and thought(s), 207, 591 as transparent, 404 and truth, 254, 338 and virtues, 569, 571 and will, 323–24 and the world, 149 mentioned, 414 Mankind, 59, 345, 367, 556 Marcus Aurelius, 386 Margolis, Joseph, xlii, xliii Martyrdom, 386 Marx, Karl, 233 Marxist theory, 471 Material(s) activity, 614 being, 347 circumstances, 163 competence, 152 conflicts, 423 destiny, 187 existence(s), xxviii, 39, 602 facts, 107 object, 424 success, 410 things, 119, 120 welfare, xlvi world, xlii, 118, 119, 140, 147, 154 mentioned, 273, 274, 469, 498, 499 Materialism, xxxi, xliv, 10, 11, 18, 41, 52, 263, 397, 409, 610 Materialist, 347 Materia prima, 183 Mathematics, 110 Matter and art, 329 and being, xxvii concretions of, 195 definition of, 200 energies of, 201 as everlasting, 172 as the first posited substance, 99 and flux, xxxii, 616 and form, 329 fountains of, 401 and hereditary organisms, 202 and imaginations, 349 is insufficient, 310 and James, 586 and life, 198, 395 and man, 15 and mind, 521, 612 organization of, 351 Index plane of, 359 power of, 402 principle of all motions, 198 and the psyche, 200, 206 reality of, 300 realm of, 39, 41, 42, 106, 121, 150, 153, 177, 194, 208, 234, 248, 263, 346, 351, 370 and scientific psychology, 191 and society, 560 and spirit, 41, 164, 198, 567 and things, 394 and the universe, xxxii mentioned, 42, 151, 152, 156, 166, 189, 196, 201, 209, 227, 244, 246, 248, 332, 352, 539, 621 Maxim(s), 214, 216, 217, 226, 237, 416, 419, 429, 441, 442, 577 Meaning, 279 “The Meaning of Self-Knowledge in Santayana’s Philosophy” (Wahman), xl Measure, 265, 266, 267 Mechanism, 289, 292–93, 561 Memento mori, 395 Memento vixisse, 395 Memory, 19, 62, 69, 71, 88, 98, 101, 112, 114, 118, 119, 124, 180, 277, 283, 348, 355, 361, 463, 619, 620 Mercy, 390 Messianic, 444 Metanoia, 381 Metaphor, 330 Metaphysical subsistence, 292 Metaphysics, xxxvi, xl, 118, 605, 613, 614, 617 Method(s), 189 Michelangelo Buonarroti, 511 Milton, John, 569 Mind(s) abstracted, 442 academic, 539 and action, 499 American, 527, 531 and animal, 97, 572 and apperception, 315 and art, 314, 315, 329 autonomy of, 290 and beauty, 314 and Big Business, 561 and body, 612 and chaos, 229 and common sense, 272 communication with, 173 and conceptions, 304 confessions of a, 340 and data, 122 elevation of, 521 enlightened, 571 and essence, 162 635 existence of, 106 and experience, 106, 325, 612 and facts, 600 and free, 40, 334, 557 and God, 304 and the good, 302, 314 and harmony, 603 human, xxvii, 12, 520 and hypostatic spiritual existence, 613 and ideal, 333 and ideas, 330 and illusion(s) 40, 131, 132, 161 and imagination, 119 of an individual, 607 intuitive, 215 and James, 586 and Kant, 122 and knowledge, 123 and literary psychology, 108 and man, 326, 571, 600 and matter, 521, 612 mechanized, 220 modern, 120 and nature, 327, 339 and object(s), 94, 96 and other minds, 605–6 and perfection, 315–16 possessions of, 161 private, 462, 463 and public opinion, 462 purposes of, 168 rational, 430 and the realm of essence, 41 and the realms of being, 41 religious, 417 and salvation, 218 and scholastic distinctions, 244 and self-consciousness, 158 and spirit, 363 and spiritual, 14, 359 transcendental, 607 and transcendentalism, 530 and truth, 161, 221, 234, 235, 246 and the universe, 523 victory of, 395 view of, 536 mentioned, 22, 58, 60, 65, 81, 84, 85, 120, 125, 129, 143, 147, 150, 153, 154, 159, 161, 182, 190, 200, 212, 231, 233, 234, 235, 244, 252, 268, 274, 276, 284, 329, 348, 398, 517, 518, 544, 554, 573, 596, 608 Minority, 546 Minos, 128 Modernism, 121 Mohammed, 440, 441 Mohammedanism, 445 Mohammedan mystics, 614 636 Index Mohammedans, 442 Moment(s), 429 Monotheism, 308 Moore, G[eorge] E[dward], xxxv, 453, 454, 456, 458 Moral(s) absolutism, 563 ambition, 450 anarchy, 257 conflicts, 204 continuity, 447 distinctions, 597 dogmatism, 241 and egotism, 582 experiences, 449, 597 feeling, 448 goods, 452 ideas, 236 imagination, 241 integrity, 563 judgment, 236, 239 life, 189, 573 maxim, 575 nature, 565 perspectives, 194 philosophy, 189, 414, 425, 466 precept, 237 preference(s), 236, 238 progress, 449 qualities, 194 reality, 572 reasoning, 410 responsibility, 448 and Royce, 605 science, 414, 431 sentiment, 239 sphere of, 237 and truth, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245 values, xxxii virtue, 163 mentioned, 19, 20, 279, 282, 288, 294, 295, 309, 314, 316, 317, 320, 413, 415, 420, 422, 442, 447, 456, 472, 473, 477, 539, 571, 598, 603 Moralism, 578–79, 579, 601, 603, 614 Moralist(s), 126, 129, 310, 313, 316, 426, 427, 430, 432, 436, 441, 452, 567, 568, 570, 572 Morality intuitive, 421 and Judaism, 419 post-rational, 413 precepts of, 415 prerational, 413, 417, 421 rational, 34, 61, 391, 409, 424–25, 431, 446, 447, 473, 474, 572 mentioned, xxxii, 17, 43, 236, 238, 239, 241, 245, 306, 327, 334, 371, 409, 428, 429, 431, 434, 436, 437, 440–43, 445, 446–51, 460, 564, 568, 570, 571, 572, 577, 578, 604, 605 Moreno, Daniel, xxxiii Moslem(s), 393, 419, 420, 440, 442 Mundane, 564 Muses, 84, 134, 401 Musset, Alfred de, Mussolini, Benito, 560 “My Place, Time, and Ancestry” (Santayana), 23–29 Mystic(s), 20, 67, 68, 350, 375, 402, 445, 446, 619 Mystical, 617–18 Mysticism, 175, 272, 278, 288, 505–6, 522, 523, 618 Myth(s), 22, 95–97, 104, 109, 152, 233, 235, 258, 313, 330, 352, 418, 427, 442, 451, 538 Mythology, 288, 442 Nation, 433 Natural derivation, 183 ideal, 437 laws, 299 moment, 196 philosopher, 174 philosophy, 174, 175, 184 retribution, 447 science, 111 tension, 183 theology, 104 unit, 571 world, 110, 121, 287 mentioned, 438, 619 Naturalism, xxxi, xxxvii, xxxix, xl, xlii, xliii, 9, 10, 14, 41, 251, 445, 539, 557, 564, 566, 567, 574, 606, 609, 610–15, 617, 620, 621 Naturalist(s), 88, 570, 610, 614, 618 Naturalistic metaphysics, Dewey’s system, 609 Nature and adaptations, 188 allegiance to, 367 and animals, 551 and appearance, 130 and art, 262, 266, 337 aspects of, 15 beauties in, 322 and belief, 126, 176 and Browning, 516 and chaos, 339 and character, 190 and charity, 390 and circumstances, 196 and complexity, 193 Index has a constitution, 324 correct, 570–71 definition of, 248 and Democritus, 294 description of, 174, 177 and Emerson, 528 and essence, 139, 617 and events, 168, 191, 617 and existence, 146, 312, 459 and experience, 520, 615 facts of, 427 and fancy, 348, 521 and flux, 68, 145, 147, 162, 613, 616 her forces, 539 and forms, 169 god(s), 274, 440 and good, 343, 414, 459 and the guilty, 450 and harmony, 196, 280, 376 and Heraclitus, 294 and humans, xxviii, 11, 262, 557 and illusion, 132 and immediacy, 621 and the innocent, 450 and intelligence, 351 and knowledge, 107, 148, 159, 530 and languages, 150 laws of, 439, 443, 524 and life, 201, 202, 248, 406, 513 and logic, 216 and madness, 129, 130 and man, 506 material, 41 and mind, 327 and myth, 418 and naturalists, 286 observers of, 150 order of, 220, 564 and passions, 554 and pleasures, 444 and pragmatism, 536 and principles, 215, 339 realm of, 134 and realm of essence, 209 and reason, 314, 339 and religion, 558 respect for, 366 science of, 272 society of, 539 and the soul, 563 and spirit, 157, 351, 383, 398, 402, 406 and substance, 617 and the supernatural, 564, 610 and sympathy, 457 systems of, 379 of things, 552 and thought, 518 637 and transcendentalism, 532–33 and tropes, 233 and truth, 155, 230, 437 and Whitman, 503–4, 505 mentioned, 59, 83–85, 95, 100, 104, 110, 118, 120, 124, 144, 147, 150–52, 156, 163, 176, 180, 182–84, 189, 192, 212, 228, 230, 242, 244, 246, 249, 251, 254, 271, 275, 285, 287, 288, 296, 299, 310, 358, 361, 364, 366, 378, 380, 399, 427, 437, 454, 521, 522, 578, 599, 612, 614, 616 “The Nature of Spirit” (Santayana), 263 Necessary truths, 214 Necessity, 154, 217, 221 Neo-Platonism, 15, 374, 443, 566, 568 Newman, John Henry (Cardinal), 527, 576 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm and Christianity, 581 foundations of, 579 and God, 582 good and evil, 578, 579, 582 good is power, 579 his imagination, 580, 581 Jenseits von Gut und Böse, 579 and moralism, 579 and morality, 578 philosophical, 580 principle of his ethics, 580 and power, 579, 580 and romanticism, 580 and truth, 580 his Zarathustra, 579 mentioned, xxxv, 9, 47, 603, 611 Nihilism, 92, 445, 446 Nirvana, 359, 402 Nomos, 136 Nonentity, 300 Non-existent, 73, 74, 80 “Normal Madness” (Santayana), 12, 40 Norse mythology, 537 Norton, Charles Eliot, xxxviii, 555, 560, 570, 576 Not-Being, 184 Nunc stans, 403 Obiter Scripta (eds Buchler and Schwartz), 44, 138, 338, 609 Object(s), xxvii, xxxiii, xxxiv, xliv, 41, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 85, 86, 90, 91, 93–100, 110, 117, 118, 120, 122, 138–39, 141, 145, 146, 153, 154, 159, 160, 177, 182, 184, 185, 187, 190, 231, 234, 246, 254, 269, 270, 271, 276, 278, 279, 299, 325, 345, 376, 394, 398, 404, 421, 453, 454, 455, 456, 458 Observation, 118, 273, 297, 537 Occam’s Razor, 244, 249 Olympian naturalism, 366 638 Index Olympians, 381, 394 Omnificent power, 340–41, 341, 342, 344, 393 Omniscience, 403, 537, 597 Ontological proof, 218 Ontology, 18, 39, 40, 569 Opinion(s), 85, 112, 113, 114, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 134, 159, 223, 228, 257, 258, 322, 448, 455, 456, 461–63, 525, 581, 594, 597, 600 Optimism, 524, 599, 601 “The Optimism of Ralph Waldo Emerson” (Santayana, unpublished), 519 Order, 265, 297, 298, 476 Organic, 265–66 Organism(s), 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 202, 204, 206, 210, 245, 263, 354 Organisation of United Nations See United Nations Origen, 362 Origin(s), 55, 299 Orpheus, 130, 136 Orthodoxy, xxxiv, 17, 51, 121, 303, 402, 522, 549, 556, 588 Ossian, 269–70, 271 Overheard in Seville: Bulletin of the Santayana Society, 262 Pagan, 499, 511 Paganism, 440 Pantheism, 366, 367, 441–42, 534, 600, 601 Paradise (Dante), 404 Parmenides, 85, 184, 292, 379 Pascal, Blaise, 591 Passion(s), 18–21, 29, 43, 176, 204, 208, 231, 232, 233, 237, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278, 301, 310, 311, 313, 315, 316, 318, 322, 327, 379, 381, 382, 383, 385, 387, 415, 422, 445, 456, 459, 462, 463, 501, 507, 508, 509, 512, 552, 553, 554, 564, 568, 569, 573, 579, 585, 603 Past, the, 499, 500, 504, 511, 593, 619, 620 “The Past, the Future and the Immediate” (Lachs), xlv Pathetic fallacy, xxxiii “The Pathetic Fallacy in Santayana” (Moreno), xxxiii Patristic systems, 287 Paul, Saint, 370, 389 Peace, 300, 338, 342, 550 Peirce, Charles, xxvii People, the, 410, 465–69 Perception(s), 15, 21, 77, 84, 85, 111, 119, 120, 121, 144, 147, 161, 207, 223, 227, 233, 251, 268, 269, 270, 271, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323 Perfection(s), 18, 19, 265, 300, 318, 343, 345, 572 Permanence, 182, 183 Persons and Places (Santayana), 30, 37 Perspective(s), 153, 154 Perugino, Pietro, 270 Pessimism, 437 Phenomena, 98, 99, 228, 292 Phenomenalism, 99 Philebus (Plato), 17, 454 Philosopher(s) and beauty, 162 ideal, 333 and spirit, 155, 156 and his thoughts, 155 and truth, 152 mentioned, 77 Philosophical heresy, xxxiv system, xxxiv theory, xxxiii Philosophical Essays (Russell), 452 Philosophy and the art of thinking, 105 and James, 590 as literature, 105 and moral truths, and psychology, 586 and reality, romantic, 99 and senses, 120 systems of, 47 mentioned, 527 The Philosophy of George Santayana (ed Schilpp), “The Philosophy of Mr Bertrand Russell” (Santayana), 452 “Philosophy on the Bleachers” (Santayana), xlvi Phœbus, 315 Phoenix, the, 362 Physical world, 119 Physics, 126, 176, 201, 230, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 442, 460 Pierrot, 141 Pilate, Pontius, 253, 255 Plato and art, 313, 314 and beauty, 314 his dialectic, 313 Dialogue, 125 and the good, 294 and Heraclitus, 289 and human virtue, 291 a moralist, 292 and myths, 313 his myths, 292 and parables, 286 and Parmenides, 292 Philebus, 454 Republic, 313 Index and Russell, 456 and Socratic ethics, 290 mentioned, xxxv, xxxviii, 11, 17, 19, 33, 77, 85, 92, 115, 130, 165, 245, 256, 272, 280, 308, 349, 366, 367, 376, 377, 378, 379, 418, 423, 425, 442, 454, 511, 520, 568 Platonic doctrine, 362 elements, 444 idea, 389, 598 idealisms, 441 love, 21 moralists, 569 myth, 357 tradition, 199, 565 writings, 413 mentioned, 161, 162, 610 Platonism, 556, 568, 569 Platonist(s), 53, 250, 313, 442 Pleasure(s), 16, 430, 432, 438, 444, 453, 456 Plotinus, 183, 379, 569, 597 A Pluralistic Universe ( James), xxxix Plutarch, 582 Poe, Edgar Allan, 529 Poet(s), xxviii, 265, 266, 268–73, 275, 277, 280, 281, 290, 324, 497, 498, 505, 508, 515 Poetic beauty, 334 element, 318 Poetry and barbarism, 498, 500–501 and Browning, 501, 506–18 Emerson, 519–25 and Homeric times, 497 and the ideal, 498 and Shakespeare, 498 Teutonic, 533 and unhappiness, 533 and Whitman, 501–6 mentioned, 21, 189, 261, 265, 267, 268, 271, 271–74, 278–81, 306, 307, 315, 317, 523 Political creed, 474 theory, 470 Politics, 226, 409, 410, 411, 418, 424, 431, 435, 468–69, 474, 571 Polytheism, 308 Pope, Alexander, 268 Population, 467, 468, 469 Populusque Romanus See Senatus Populusque Romanus Positivism, 286, 441, 450, 557 Post-modernism, xxx Post-rational, 437, 438, 444–51 Post-rational morality, 409, 410 Potentiality, 192, 297 639 Potter, Warwick, 483–85 Power, 218, 340–41, 342, 345, 401, 406, 579, 580, 582, 592, 599 Pragmatism, 121, 536, 537, 587, 614, 618 Pragmatism ( James), 12, 585 Pragmatist(s), 614, 615, 618, 620 Prayer, 391, 392, 393 Precepts, 416, 417 Predication, 143, 144 Predisposition, 192 Prerational ethics, 432 morality, 409 mentioned,437, 440, 441, 443, 445 Priam, 137 Prima facie, 309 Principle(s), 256, 444 The Principles of Psychology ( James), 12, 585 Progress, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 518 Prometheus, 130 Prophecy, 349, 362 Protagoras, 125, 256, 257 Protarchus, 457 Protestantism, xxxvi, 8, 118, 175, 228, 258, 287, 362, 374, 444, 527, 531, 557, 558, 561, 578, 591, 602, 616 Protestants, 528, 556 Proust, Marcel, 560 Proverbs, 416 Providence, 439 Psyche and animal bodies, 14, 263 and the arts, 212 and conflicts, 204 and consciousness, 41 cosmic, 202 definition of, 200 and disease, 212 and essence(s), 89 and flux, 209 and happiness, 205 and knowledge, 202, 203 and man, 204 as material, 200 and matter, 200, 206 and the natural science of, 208 as an object of experience, 204 phases of, 89 plasticity of, 206 and rational, 406 and Santayana, xlvi and the seed, 205 and spirit, xlvi–xlvii, 89, 213 and substance, 41–42, 200, 201, 211, 212 mentioned, 19, 66, 88, 106, 119, 162–63, 176, 227, 233, 238, 240, 240–42, 249, 263, 348, 349, 350, 352, 354, 355, 358, 380, 640 Index Psyche mentioned (continued ), 365, 371, 372, 373, 377, 379–80, 382, 385, 386, 387, 390, 391, 392, 394, 397, 406, 472, 477 Psychic existence, 289 Psychoanalysis, 109, 201 Psychological idealism, 617 Psychologism, 106, 118, 257, 617 Psychology, 294, 585, 586, 591 Public opinion, 410, 461–63 order, 561 mentioned, 410, 466 Punishment, 133, 136 Pure being, 65, 162, 177, 184, 185, 187, 218, 227, 402 Pure reason, 349 Puritanism, 525 Purpose, 425 Putnam, Hilary, xlii, xliii Pythagoras, 53, 130, 265, 379 Pythagoreans, 280 Quality, 453, 454, 454–55, 456, 458 Radical empiricism, 586, 587, 589 Rational action(s), 283 art, xl, 285, 309–37 authority, 410–11, 412, 470, 472, 475, 520 being(s), 245, 573 creatures, xxv, 142, 284 development, xxxvi economy, 390, 469, 472, 474, 476, 477 end(s), 263, 285, 420, 421 ethics, 10, 18, 19, 292, 409, 413, 422–34, 435 Good, 376 ideal(s), 278, 324, 413, 436, 506 instinct, 127 life, xxxv, xxviii, 36, 261, 262, 263, 283, 288, 299, 305, 311, 312, 321, 405, 418, 428, 573 morality, 34, 61, 391, 409, 425, 431, 446, 447, 473, 474, 572 nature of man, 213, 234, 420, 518 poet, xxxvii psyche, 406 religion, 303–8, 392, 393, 510 soul, 199, 439 systems, 453, 573–74 mentioned, 275, 291 Rationalism, 339, 444 Rationalists, 350 Rationality, 284, 305, 306, 310, 436, 439, 474 Reality, xlii, 65, 67, 113, 130, 161, 165, 167, 176, 216, 218, 219, 229, 234, 251, 252, 254, 256, 259, 271, 274, 276, 279, 300, 301, 307, 311, 312, 329, 330, 359, 360, 396, 404, 420, 451, 499, 564, 572, 578, 589, 619 Realm of appearance, 137 of being, 72, 209, 213, 218 of essence, 21, 22, 39, 41, 83, 90, 96, 113, 116, 118, 140, 150, 151, 158, 160, 166, 169, 171, 176, 181, 183, 184, 197, 209, 214, 218, 221, 222, 223, 228, 351 of existence, 144 of genesis, 360 of madness, 134 of matter, 39, 41, 42, 106, 121, 150, 177, 194, 208, 234, 248, 263, 346, 351, 370 of nature, 83, 134 of phenomena, 292 of physics, 320 of spirit, 39, 42, 152, 209, 213, 216, 346, 370, 397, 403, 613 truth, 39, 43, 83, 115, 155, 186, 209, 211, 233, 234, 263, 293, 342, 344, 352, 398, 403, 404, 613 The Realm of Essence (Santayana), 138, 139, 149, 158, 168 The Realm of Matter (Santayana), 138, 173, 179, 188, 198 The Realm of Spirit (Santayana), 346, 357, 375 The Realm of Truth (Santayana), 42, 214, 220, 225, 231, 236, 243, 253 Realms of being, 39, 41, 51–54, 127 The Realms of Being (Santayana), 18, 40–41, 138, 261 Reason and beauty, 515 and belief, 588 criterion of, 573 is a harmony, 12, 553 and impulses, xxxii instruments of, 18 judgments of, 411 and life, 436 its logic, 620 and man, 517 and moral life, 573 as moral principle, 444 natural, 447 practical, 446 pure, 574 resources of, 449 and Royce, 602 and the self, 574 and the spirit, 20 strict, 448 and tradition, 575 true, 575 and truth, 437 Index mentioned, xxx, 41, 89, 100, 116, 204, 238, 248, 261, 262, 273, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 290, 291, 294, 296, 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 307–8, 310, 314, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323, 334, 339, 343, 349, 364, 387, 409, 413, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 427, 429, 430, 435, 437, 463, 475, 500, 553, 564, 572, 573, 585 Reason in Art (Santayana), 309, 320, 331 Reason in Common Sense (Santayana), 261, 282, 297 Reasoning, 456 Reason in Religion (Santayana), 303 Reason in Science (Santayana), 412, 422, 435 Reboiro, María Antonia, 30 Redemption, 443, 449 Reflection(s), 84, 283, 284, 321, 325, 521, 522, 610 Reformation, 557, 558, 559 Regeneration, 449 Regimen(s), 475, 477, 572 Reinventing Pragmatism (Margolis), xlii Relativism, 43 Religion in America, 589 and art, 515 and Bacon, 303, 304 and belief, 62, 304 and Catholicism, and deity, 313 and ethics, 305 and Hooker, 304 and human nature, 17, 614 and imagination, 307 and liberal well-being, 558 and life, 307 and the life of reason, 262, 304–5, 330 and madness, 558 and man, 304, 431 and moral decisions, 305 and moral sentiment, 558 and morality, 604 and moral truths, and nature, 558 and omniscience, 597 particular, 304 and passive, 515 and poetry, 22 positive, 598, 599 and pragmatism, 537 profound, 533 and rational, 303–8, 392, 392, 510 and rational life, 305 and rationality, 306 and reason, 305, 307–8 and society, 304 and the soul, 305 641 and spirit, 262 and truth, 306, 307 ultimate, 263 and unhappiness, 533 mentioned, 151, 164, 174, 251, 254, 261, 278, 278–82, 287, 294, 309, 335, 336, 344, 345, 367, 374, 380, 383, 387, 388, 396, 400, 413, 415, 440–42, 445, 469, 500, 522, 568, 592 Religious experience, 589 liberty, 549 reformers, 441 Renaissance, 295, 556, 557, 559, 568, 573 Renunciation, 443, 445 The Republic (Plato), 17, 313, 349 Resurrection, 361–62, 362, 372, 373 Retribution, 447, 448 Revolt of Islam (Shelley), 267, 268 Revolution, 557, 559 Revue Des Deux Mondes, Rhadamanthus, 128 Right, 417, 474 Rightness, 474 The Rise of American Philosophy (Kuklick), xxxix Ritualism, 332 Roman(s), 228, 275, 417, 424, 471, 556, 568 Romance, 559, 559–60, 561, 562 Roman Republic, 465 Romantic idealism, 42, 567 philosophers, 521 psychologist, 117 Romanticism, 251, 332, 530, 531, 533, 559 Romanticist(s), 603 Rorty, Richard, xlii, xliii Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5, 25, 389, 504, 559, 583, 594 Royce, Josiah and art, 602 and conflicts, 604 his conscience, 604 and error, 596, 597, 602 and evil, 598, 600 and God, 600, 601, 604 and good, 598 his Hegelian ethics, 603 his idealism, 605 influences Santayana, and James, 595, 606 knowledge, transcendental theory of, 600 a logician, 596 and minds, 606 his philosophy, 14 and piety, 596 a rationalist, 601 and reason, 602 642 Index Royce, Josiah (continued ) and sin, 604 as a solipsist, and superstition, 601 his systems of philosophy, 605 his Theodicy, and transcendentalism, 606 and truth, 597, 597–98 and virtue, 602 The World and the Individual, 607 mentioned, xxxv, 1, 527 Russell, Bertrand and egoism, 457, 458 “The Elements of Ethics,” 452, 453 ethical sceptics, 453 and ethics, 452, 454, 458, 460 “Free Man’s Religion,” 457 and good, 452, 453, 455, 456 and hypostasis, 459 Philosophical Essays, 452 and “The Philosophy of Mr Bertrand Russell,” 452 and truth, 532 mentioned, xxxv, 454, 576 “Russell’s Philosophical Essays” (Santayana), 452 Russia, 469, 470 Salvation, 17, 358, 367, 369, 370, 371, 384, 386, 446, 447, 449, 563 Samkhya system, 184 Sanity and madness, 132 and tradition, 132 mentioned, 130, 235, 269 Santayana, Agustín Ruiz de, 23,24 Santayana, George his American experience, xxxi and animal faith, xliv and athletics, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii his birth, 23 and Catholicism, his childhood, and common sense, xxxiii his education, England, studies in, 11 and expression, xl his father, Germany, studies in, 10 Greeks, influenced by, xxxvii his half siblings, and Harvard, his idealism, xxxi and the ideal philosopher, xxxvii and the individual, xxxii influenced by Spinoza, xxxvii his influences, xxxv and the life of reason, xxxi, xxxvi and man’s philosophy, xxxix and materialism, 10, 11 his materialism, xxxi, xliv the material world, xlii his mother, and naturalism, 10 and philosophical heresy, xxxiv his philosophy, xxvii, xxix, on philosophy, xxxv his profession, 10 and psyche, xlvi and religion, and science, and scepticism, xliii and spirit, xlvi and spirituality, xlvii his style, xlii universe, view of, xxxii, xxxiii Santayana, Josefina Borrás, 23, 27, 28 Santayana, Nicolás Ruiz de, 23 “Santayana’s Limited Pragmatism” (Kerr-Lawson), xliv Sceptic(s), 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 100, 103, 257, 366 Scepticism (Skepticism) and animal faith, 85 as a discipline, 77 and essences, 158 and intellect, 39 and knowledge, 159 mentioned, xliii, 14, 22, 40, 59, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 81, 83, 87, 91, 92, 100, 120, 121, 126, 165, 254, 258, 288, 427, 446 Scepticism and Animal Faith (Santayana), xxviii, xliii, 39, 51, 55, 58, 61, 67, 72, 76, 82, 88, 98, 104, 110, 116, 158, 177 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 614 Scholastic philosophy, 455 Schopenhauer, Arthur, xxxv, 9, 14, 77, 276, 300 Science, 53, 83, 85, 86, 92, 96, 105, 106, 107, 120, 122, 132, 175, 176, 184, 189, 216, 247, 273, 282, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 306, 307, 308, 309, 317, 337, 345, 367, 414, 415, 419, 426, 500, 520, 522, 530, 539, 546, 561, 567, 604 Scientific psychology and animals, 104 and bodies, 107 and material events, 107 and perceptions, 107 mentioned, 40, 106, 109, 191, 201, 208 Self(-) consciousness, 123, 203, 207, 294, 516, 615 criticism, 456 expression, 277, 314, 428 as the fundamental fact, 117 Index justification, 327 knowledge, xxix, xxxii, xxxviii, xl, 43, 112, 240, 262, 409, 425, 433, 440, 544, 572, 592 love, 429 trust, 531 understanding, xxix mentioned, 17, 204, 263, 326, 355, 360, 429, 600, 601 Selfishness, 429 “Self-Knowledge and Psychology: Literary, Dialectical, and Scientific” (Tiller), xl Selflessness, 372 Semitic moralist, 441 Senatus Populusque Romanus, 465, 467, 468 Sensation(s), 15, 22, 97, 141, 150, 210, 273, 276, 284, 323, 430 Sense(s), 21, 86, 94, 95, 102, 120, 151, 211, 212, 243, 266, 268, 273, 276, 299, 317, 318, 327, 576 Sensibility, 317 Sentience, 317 Sentiment, 18, 564, 576, 586, 599 Shakespeare, William, 388, 498, 508, 515, 517, 558, 568, 574, 585, 587 Shaw, George Bernard, 527 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 267, 268, 346 Sign(s), 86, 94, 95, 96, 97 Sin, 384, 448 Skeptic(s) See Sceptic(s) Skepticism See Scepticism Society, 16, 150, 151, 164, 231, 257, 258, 304, 312, 318, 323, 327, 335, 381, 401, 411, 414, 415, 424, 435, 455, 456, 467, 468, 472, 520, 549, 551, 560 Socrates, 17, 47, 126, 129, 131, 165, 240, 245, 256, 290, 292, 344, 360, 366, 376, 377, 378, 425, 425–27, 433, 435, 438, 459, 539, 568, 573, 576, 592, 593, 617 Socratic dialectic, 432 ethics, 435, 448 Good, 376 method, 425 philosophy, 289, 290, 292, 294–95, 442 Soliloquies in England (Santayana), 18 Solipsism, 22, 63–65, 119 Solipsist, 63, 65–67 Solitude, 381 Song of Solomon, 368 Sonnet III (Santayana), 482 Sonnets and Other Verses (Santayana), 482, 483 Sophism, 426 Sophist(s), 125, 127, 256, 257, 426, 427, 438 Sophistry, 40, 120, 226, 228, 258, 426, 437 Sophocles, 128, 601 Sorel, Georges, 611 643 Soul(s), 54, 117, 123, 124, 126, 131, 133, 136, 187, 199, 202, 205, 206, 213, 229, 231, 237, 238, 240, 242, 263, 274, 276, 277, 284, 288, 290, 304, 305, 307, 313, 315, 319, 339, 342, 344, 353, 354, 355, 358, 360, 361, 367, 371, 374, 375, 380, 397, 428, 431, 437–39, 442, 444–47, 511, 513, 516, 517, 520, 523, 562, 563, 565, 567, 572, 590, 599 Speculation, 85 Speech, 266–67, 271, 304 Spencer, Herbert, 11, 504 Spinoza, Baruch Deus sive Natura, 345 Ethics, xxviii and good and evil, 9, 343 influences Santayana, xxviii and intellect, 341 and intellectual love, 342 his “intellectual love of God,” and the life of reason, 295 his pantheism, 534 and peace, 338 his philosophy of nature, 338 and Santayana, 262 and spirit, 342 and substance, 185, 186 and truth, 338 and will, 341 mentioned, xxviii, xxxv, 11, 17, 53, 64, 125, 156, 171, 338, 339, 344, 379, 527, 578, 599, 600, 601, 610, 614 Spinozistic naturalism, 427 Spirit and acts of synthesis, 181 actuality of, 612 and animal life, 89, 100, 383 belief in, 127 and the body, 204, 351, 363 and born again, 358, 361 character of, 254 and consciousness, 200 description of, 263, 355 and discourse, 117 distraction of, 263 divine, 371 and dreams, 121, 348 and Emerson, 519 and essence(s), 89, 153, 165, 227, 341, 349, 406 and existence, 342, 366, 399 and fact(s), 220, 341 fictions of, 121 and flux, 42 as free, 152, 370, 373, 381 function of, 353 and gods, 324 644 Index Spirit (continued ) and Good, 263, 384, 405 human, 459 and an ideal, 294 and instances, 180, 181, 347 and intellectual love, 342 its intellectual nature, 347 and intuition, 153, 262–63 and knowledge, 89, 159, 211 and liberation, 363–64, 365, 371 and life, xlviii, 163, 198, 262, 400 logic of, 536 and man, 343 material basis for, 198, 204, 423 and materialization, 347, 349 and material organs, 89 and matter, 41, 164, 198, 310, 567 and mind, 363 moments of, 207 and myths, 352 names for, 355 and nations, 156 and nature, 157, 351, 383, 384, 395, 398, 402, 406 and passions, 176 and philosophers, 156 is powerless, 218, 340 and prophecy, 358 and Protestantism, 616 and psyche, xlvi–xlvii, 89, 213, 349, 352, 353, 355 pure, 88, 118, 343, 360, 368, 373, 382, 383, 384, 402 and reality, 167 realm of, 39, 42, 152, 209, 213, 216, 346, 370, 397, 403, 613 and the realm of essence, 41 and religion, 367, 374 resurrection of, 362 romantic, 531 and sanity, 235 and Santayana, xlvi as a separate substance, 357 and soul, 117, 343, 374 substantial, 359 as synthetic, 344 and thinking, 121 and truth, 43, 155, 248, 249, 250, 255, 345, 395 and ultimate religion, 338 and union, 378, 385–86, 394, 402, 405 universal, 343, 349, 604 and the universe, 346 as witness, 350 and the world, 363, 382 mentioned, 11, 20, 89, 118, 126, 147, 156, 164, 186, 191, 204, 205, 210, 231, 232, 238, 276, 290, 332, 341, 354, 369, 392, 431, 433, 434, 558, 620 Spirits, 174, 305, 306, 347–48, 397, 398, 404 Spiritual discipline, 165 Spiritualists, 348, 350 Spirituality, xlvii, 21, 366, 370, 574 Spiritual life, xlviii, 20, 237, 263, 357, 380, 386, 388, 396, 397, 574 Spiritual philosophy, 17 Stalin, Joseph, 470 Stoic(s), 308, 379, 381, 439, 440, 534, 582, 601, 614 Stoicism, 440 The Stranger, 134, 136 Strong, Charles, 14 Sturgis, George, 35 Sturgis, Susana, 23, 24 Subjectivity, 259 Substance(s) and action, 183 and animation, 186 and appearance, 130 and Aristotle, 185 and the beautiful, 137 and belief(s), 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 127 composes a relative cosmos, 179 definition of, 183 and essences, 99 and existence, 181, 182 and faith, 100 and flux, 166, 179 and forms, 181 identity of, 377 life of, 378 material, 98 and nature, 617 parts of, 179 and permanence, 182, 183 is posited, 179, 185 and psyche, 41–42, 201, 240 and pure being, 227 and Spinoza, 185, 186 supernatural, 199 of things, 184 is unequally distributed, 179 universal, 365 mentioned, 67, 70, 102, 112, 117, 118, 121, 124, 129, 131, 139, 143, 144, 147, 154, 170, 171, 177, 178, 196, 198, 279, 288, 299, 336, 346, 348, 359, 364, 367, 621 Substantial existence, 118 Suffering, 371, 374 Supernatural and American humanists, 576 and Christian imagination, 564 Christian soul, 566 its existence, 564 Index faith, 568 and human morality, 570 and human nature, 574 and Indian imagination, 564 and naturalism, 564, 567 and nature, 564, 610 and order, 564 and Platonic imagination, 564 and positive revelation, 565 and the soul, 563, 565 mentioned, 442, 444, 446, 447, 450, 451, 562 Supernaturalism, 286, 287, 288, 564, 567 Superstition, xxvii, xxx, 54, 309, 601, 603, 618 Supramundane, 564 Symbol(s), xxvii–xxvii, 40, 77, 84, 86, 94, 96, 106, 110, 111, 140, 141, 176, 313, 415, 621 Symbolic, 307 Symbolism, 332, 368 Symbolist, 268 Sympathy, 251, 384, 386, 387, 391, 425, 433 Synthesis, 180, 181 System(s), 19, 51, 149, 150, 152, 174, 176, 184, 186, 187, 335, 343, 352, 359, 368, 402, 413, 452, 453, 459, 573–74, 583 System-making, 538 Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 8, Taste and aesthetic emotion, 321 and consistency, 322 criterion of, 321, 324 and dogmatism, 320 and experience, 327 and feelings, 322 good, 323–25, 327 human, 320 and vulgarity, 323 Tautology, 195, 237 Teleology as art, 189, 194 and ideas, 191 and imagination, 189 natural, 194 and theology, 192 and wishes, 191 mentioned, 188 Tennyson, Alfred, 517 Theism, 537 Theocracy, 562 Theodicies, 319 Theology, 126, 175, 192, 287, 292, 392 Theory, 84, 97, 247 Things, 129, 141 Thinking, 117 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 398 Thomas the Apostle, Saint, 348 Thought, xxvii, xxxiii, xxxviii, xlv, 15, 20, 21, 645 105, 108, 110, 111, 122, 123, 126, 141, 180–82, 189, 207, 211, 214, 226, 229, 234, 258, 271, 272, 317, 398, 404, 428, 430, 436, 449, 475, 500, 518, 589, 606, 607, 612 Tiller, Glenn, xl, xlii Time, 115, 234, 499, 537, 539, 607, 619, 620 Timeless, 114 Titian, 270 “To W P.” (Santayana), 483–85 Tragedy, 277, 278 Transcendental criticism, 55, 57 principles, 122, 123 reflection, 177 Transcendentalism absolute, 123 and American philosophy, 538 and existence, 530 and fact, 531 and Germany, 530 grammar of, 123 and knowledge, 124, 530 and the mind, 530 and nature, 532–33 and self-trust, 531 is systematic subjectivism, 530 and the universe, 538 mentioned, 14, 57, 123, 124, 177, 288, 294, 502, 520, 601, 606, 614 Transcendentalist(s), 53, 520 Transmigration, 446, 449 Transubstantiation, 279 Trappist(s), 445 Trevi fountain, 341 Trope(s), 189, 192–95, 197, 198, 200–202, 204, 209, 212, 226, 232, 233, 248, 315 True, 110–11, 225, 236, 237, 256, 257 Truth(s) absolute, xli, 153, 154 and animals, 111 beauty of, 249 being necessarily true, 218, 219 being of, 112, 257, 259, 597, 597–98, 598 and belief, 120, 127 and common sense, 220 contingent, 223–25 as dateless, 115 denial of, 256, 258, 259 and description, 113 dramatic, 234 and Emerson, 532 and essence, 187, 215, 221, 234 eternal, 209, 393 and eternity, 113–15, 403 ethical, 236, 238 and existence, 342, 596 646 Index Truth(s) (continued ) and experience, 111 and fact, 113 faith in, 589 and false, 245, 251 and fate, 441 fear of, 246 and fiction, 380 and flux, 42 hatred of, 243, 244, 246 historic, 298 and humanity, 575 and human thought, 293 and ideas, 175, 225 and illusion, 226 and intelligence, 247 and intuition, 575 and knowledge, 43, 126, 155, 233, 254, 255, 259, 378, 391, 597, 598 and Lessing, 580 limits to, 352 literal, 22 and the living will, 581 logical, 455 love of, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 382 material, 230 and mind, 161, 221, 234, 235, 246 and moral(s), 43, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245 and nature, 113, 155, 230, 253, 437 and Nietzsche, 580 no necessary, 42, 224 not a worldly interest, 126 and not necessary, 224 and opinion, 463 and philosophers, 152 and philosophy, 153 physical, 455 posited, 259 pragmatic nature of, 587 pure, 448 pursuit of, 152, 155, 532, 580 and quality, 454–55 reality of, 40 realm of, 39, 43, 115, 155, 186, 209, 211, 233, 234, 263, 293, 342, 344, 352, 398, 403, 404, 613 and reason, 437 and religion, 306, 307 and signs, 587 and the soul, 516 sphere of, 362 and Spinoza, 338 and spirit, 43, 155, 248, 249, 250, 255, 345, 395 and thought, 229–30 and union, 382 the whole, 597 mentioned, xlii, 45, 49, 96, 110, 111, 113159, 187, 214, 215, 217, 228, 229, 232, 265, 290, 294, 339, 342, 345, 353, 361, 363, 370, 372, 388, 396, 588, 596, 597 Twain, Mark, 534 Ultimate religion, 338 “Ultimate Religion” (Gouinlock), 262 “Ultimate Religion” (Santayana), 262 Unanimity, 462, 470, 545, 552 Understanding, xxix, xxxiv, xxxvii, 20, 58, 522, 599 “Union” (Santayana), 263 Union and friendship, 387 and God, 377, 400 and the good, 376, 377, 383, 399 and inner unity, 398 and integrity, 381 and intuition, 398 moral, 377, 380 and mystics, 375 and objects, 398 and prayer, 391 and the realm of truth, 404 and spirit(s), 378, 385–86, 394, 397, 398, 401, 402, 404, 405 and truth, 382 mentioned, 263, 554 United Nations, 34, 410, 470 United States of America, 410, 468, 471–43, 503, 504, 526–27, 541, 561 Universal doubt, 116 good, 343, 344 power, 344, 345, 349, 405 truth, 345 Universe, xxxii, xxxiii, xli, xlv, 13, 175, 186, 187, 189, 347, 350, 523, 537, 538, 539, 565, 569, 599, 600, 619 Unknowable, 121 Unselfishness, 458 Utilitarianism, 433, 434 Utility, 318 Vaihinger, Hans, 611 Valéry, Paul, 560 Value(s), xxx, xxxii, 318, 415, 430, 431, 442, 447, 449–50, 452, 453, 456, 457, 458, 460, 500, 516, 582 Variation, 209 The Varieties of Religious Experience ( James), 585, 589 Vedanta system, 184 Verse, 273 Veto, 470, 471 Vice, 603 Index Violence, 327 Virgil, xli, 275, 325, 574 Virtue(s), 205, 206, 306, 416, 418, 420, 436, 448, 449, 569, 571, 572, 573, 582, 601, 602, 603, 605 Vision, 182 Vulgarity, 323 Wahman, Jessica, xl Washington, George, 528 The way of the cross, 446 Webster, Daniel, 554 “What Good is Irony?” (Levinson), xli Whitehead, Alfred North, xxxv Whitman, Walt his art, 516 his background, 502–3 and barbarism, 501, 506 and criticism, 505 and democracy, 504, 534 and experience, 617 and the genteel tradition, 534 his imagination, 516, 534 and James, 594 and literary prophecy, 505 and man, 504–5 and nature, 503–5 his pantheism, 534 647 and the past, 504 his poetry, 501–6 his style, 503 mentioned, 141, 511, 517, 518, 565 Wilderness, 560 Will, xlvii, 190, 192, 237, 276–78, 280, 295, 298–300, 341, 358, 375, 379, 381, 383, 384–90, 392, 396, 399, 400, 401, 405, 405–6, 407, 414, 416, 423–25, 428, 430, 431, 433, 434, 438, 444, 445, 448, 449, 452, 456, 457, 472, 474, 477, 531, 548, 549, 552, 553, 592, 600, 601 The Will to Believe ( James), 585 Winds of Doctrine (Santayana), 18, 452, 526 Wisdom, 40, 132, 137, 156, 164, 226, 285, 289, 295, 319, 342, 366, 367, 390, 415, 431, 579–80, 592, 600 Wish(es), 190, 191 Word(s), 138, 141, 151, 189, 226, 266, 267, 270, 273, 376 Wordsworth, William, 271, 279 The Works of George Santayana (Triton), World(s), 186, 231, 363, 374, 389, 396 The World and the Individual (Royce), 607 Zarathustra, 579 Zola, Émile, 574 ... what The Essential Santayana is not: Santayana s living inspiration captured on the page, the absolute truth of Santayana s philosophy, the last word on Santayana s most important writings The. .. evoking the essence of Santayana Certainly there is such an essence, at least according to Santayana As certainly as Santayana existed, there is a particular character that distinguishes him as the. . .THE ESSENTIAL SANTAYANA THE ESSENTIAL SANTAYANA Selected Writings edited by The Santayana Edition compiled and with an introduction by Martin A Coleman Indiana University Press BLOOMINGTON AND