Whales and Dolphins This page intentionally left blank Whales and Dolphins Cognition, Culture, Conservation and Human Perceptions EDITED BY Philippa Brakes AND Mark Peter Simmonds earthscan from Routledge First published in the UK and USA by Earthscan in 2011 For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Earthscan is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Philippa Brakes and Mark Peter Simmonds 2011 Published by Taylor & Francis All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers The views expressed in this volume are the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the editors or the organizations associated with the production of this volume All factual interpretations are the responsibility of the authors Notices: Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whales and dolphins : cognition, culture, conservation and human perceptions / edited by Philippa Brakes and Mark Peter Simmonds p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-84971-224-8 (hb) – ISBN 978-1-84971-225-5 (pb) Cetacea–Psychology Cetacea–Behavior Cetacea–Conservation Human-animal relationships I Brakes, Philippa II Simmonds, Mark P III Title QL737.C4W44145 2011 599.5’15 dc22 2010047848 ISBN-13: 978-1-849-71224-8 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-849-71225-5 (pbk) Typeset by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan Cover design by John Yates Title page illustration: humpback whale by Mark Peter Simmonds For Skye and her generation This page intentionally left blank Contents List of figures and boxes Foreword Acknowledgements Contributors List of acronyms and abbreviations Why Whales, Why Now? Philippa Brakes ix xi xiv xv xxvi PART I:  WHALES IN HUMAN CULTURES Impressions: Whales and Human Relationships in Myth, Tradition and Law Stuart Harrop Whales of the Pacific Viliamu Iese and Cara Miller 23 The Journey Towards Whale Conservation in Latin America Miguel Iđíguez 29 Whales and the USA Naomi A Rose, Patricia A Forkan, Kitty Block, Bernard Unti and E C M Parsons 37 Whales in the Balance: To Touch or to Kill? A View of Caribbean Attitudes towards Whales Nathalie Ward 47 The British and the Whales Mark Peter Simmonds 56 Whales in Norway Siri Martinsen 76 viii  whales and dolphins   Of Whales, Whaling and Whale Watching in Japan: A Conversation Jun Morikawa and Erich Hoyt 10  A Contemporary View of the International Whaling Commission Richard Cowan 89 100 PART II:  THE NATURE OF WHALES AND DOLPHINS 11 The Nature of Whales and Dolphins Liz Slooten 107 12 Brain Structure and Intelligence in Cetaceans Lori Marino 115 13 Communication Paul Spong 129 14 Lessons from Dolphins Toni Frohoff 135 15 Highly Interactive Behaviour of Inquisitive Dwarf Minke Whales Alastair Birtles and Arnold Mangott 140 16 The Cultures of Whales and Dolphins Hal Whitehead 149 PART III:  NEW INSIGHTS – NEW CHALLENGES 17 Whales and Dolphins on a Rapidly Changing Planet Mark Peter Simmonds and Philippa Brakes 18 From Conservation to Protection: Charting a New Conservation Ethic for Cetaceans Philippa Brakes and Claire Bass 169 179 19 What is it Like to Be a Dolphin? Thomas I White 188 20 Thinking Whales and Dolphins Philippa Brakes and Mark Peter Simmonds 207 Index 215 List of Figures and Boxes Figures      I   3.1   3.2   4.1   4.2   4.3   4.4   6.1   6.2   7.1   7.2   7.3   7.4   7.5   9.1   9.2   9.3    II 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Solitary bottlenose dolphin, Kent, UK Spinner dolphins, Fiji A humpback whale comes into view as Uto ni Yalo, a traditional Pacific waka, is being sailed by the Fiji Islands Voyaging Society Sperm whale in Grytviken factory, South Georgia Sei whales caught in southwest Atlantic in the 1930s Watching southern right whales in Peninsula Valdes, Argentina Southern right whale watching in Patagonia Flensing of a humpback whale on Semple Cay in Bequia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ‘Let dolphins swim free for all generations to see’ – educational poster sponsored by WDCS, UNEP, the Caribbean Environment Programme, Caribbean Conservation Association and the Marine Education and Research Centre Northern bottlenose whale in the Thames, 2006 An unknown whaler in the mouth of a whale about to be flensed at a land station Francis Buckland applies ‘medicine’ to a porpoise – an illustration from his book ‘Dave’ the bottlenose dolphin and friends off Folkestone in 2007 Whale on the beach at Stonehaven, 1884 A whale-watching lookout on Chichi-jima in Ogasawara, Japan Whale watching on Chichi-jima in Ogasawara Whale watching on local fishing boats in Tosa Bay, Shikoku Island Humpback whale spyhops to get a better view above the surface Highly social group of sperm whales Hector’s dolphins playing with seaweed Another Hector’s dolphin investigating seaweed Female Hector’s dolphin jumping out of the water close to the photographer’s boat, providing the dolphin with an excellent view of the humans on board 25 26 31 32 34 35 48 53 57 59 62 67 73 96 97 98 105 108 111 111 112 206  whales and dolphins Reiss, D and Marino, L (2001) ‘Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol 98, no 10, pp5937–5942 Rendell, L and Whitehead, H (2001) ‘Culture in whales and dolphins’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol 24, pp309–382 Rendell, L., and Whitehead, H (2003) ‘Vocal clans in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)’, Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, vol 270, pp225–231 Richards, D G., Wolz, J P and Herman, L M (1984) ‘Vocal mimicry of computergenerated sounds and vocal labelling of objects by a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus’, Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol 98, no 1, pp10–28 Ridgway, S H (1990) ‘The central nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin’, in S Leatherwood and R Reeves (eds) The Bottlenose Dolphin, The Academic Press, San Diego, pp69–97 Rose, N A (2000a) ‘A death in the family’ in M Bekoff (ed) The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, Discovery Books, New York, pp32–33 Rose, N A (2000b) ‘Giving a little latitude’, in M Bekoff (ed) The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, Discovery Books, New York, pp144–145 Schusterman, R (2000) ‘Pitching a fit’ in M Bekoff (eds) The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions, Discovery Books, New York, pp106–107 Simmonds, M P (2006) ‘Into the brains of whales’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol 100 pp103–116 Smolker, R (2001) To Touch a Wild Dolphin, Doubleday, New York Tuana, N (1993) The Less Noble Sex: Scientific, Religious and Philosophical Conceptions of Woman’s Nature, Bloomington, Indiana University Press Valsecchi, E., Hale, P., Corkeron, P and Amos, W (2002) ‘Social structure in migrating humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)’, Molecular Ecology, vol 11, pp507–518 WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society) (2008) ‘Shrouded by the sea… The animal welfare implications of cetacean bycatch in fisheries – a summary document’, WDCS, Chippenham, UK Wells, R S., Boness, D J and Rathburn, G B (1999) ‘Behavior’ in E Reynolds III and S A Rommel (eds) Behavior of Marine Mammals, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp324–422 White, T I (2007) In Defense of Dolphins: The New Moral Frontier, Blackwell, Oxford Whitehead, H., Rendell, L., Osborne, R W and Wursig, B (2004) ‘Culture and conservation of non-humans with reference to whales and dolphins: Review and new directions’, Biological Conservation, vol 120, no 3, pp427–437 20 Thinking Whales and Dolphins Philippa Brakes and Mark Peter Simmonds O what an astonishing mass of animated substance! (The Reverend Alexander Fletcher describing ‘the whale’ in Natural History Scripture, published circa 1870) THE WHALE Figure 20.1  ‘The whale’ as portrayed in Natural History Scripture Source: Fletcher (1870) 208  whales and dolphins Perspectives Over Time The relationships between humans and cetaceans are typically both complex and long-standing, with the lives of many coastal peoples and cetaceans in many different and widely dispersed lands bound together in various ways over millennia The nature of these relationships may vary with the locality and species concerned and, as several chapters in this volume attest, may also depend upon the point in history you choose to view them However, whether you have an ancestral spiritual connection with whales, see cetaceans as food, use dolphins to guide you in your fishing activities, view such mammals as integral components of their ecosystems, or simply regard them with awe and wonder, cetaceans clearly have an importance to many of us In many parts of the world cetaceans invoke strong feelings as well as disparate views, as illustrated in this volume by the relevant chapters There is of course much more that could be said on these issues but here, in this closing chapter, we highlight some of the key points made by the authors that have contributed to this volume and present our own view We (the editors of this book) live in Western society and this will have helped to shape our views Many of our ancestors would have subscribed to the JudaeoChristian tradition of ‘dominion’ over other living things, including whales The tradition of dominion places a superior humankind in control of all nature Yet, paradoxically, just as we seem in some ways to have achieved ‘dominion’ over much of nature, taming and converting it to our needs with our machines and technologies, our activities have also driven some things beyond our control For example, some fish populations devastated and decimated by overfishing may never be able to recover In addition, our climate is now changing in an unprecedented manner, with no indication that the cause of these changes will be remedied in a timely fashion We are now at a point in our history as a species where we have changed much of the world around us (as illustrated by Simmonds and Brakes, this volume) and humans are, arguably, uniquely the single most important factor in shaping the future of all Earth’s inhabitants There have, of course, been other times in the planet’s history when conditions have suddenly shifted For example, there was a mass extinction of most of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago The compelling difference between other such catastrophic historic events and our current situation is that now the force for change is humans, and we are entirely aware of the likely outcome of our actions and have the ability to act to change the consequences Bearing in mind our accumulated knowledge about whales and dolphins, including the many threats affecting them, we are compelled to challenge the notion that cetaceans are simply there for us to ‘use’ Our improving knowledge and insights into these remarkable creatures, should now – we urge – hail a new era in our relationship with them At the end of his chapter, Stuart Harrop notes thinking whales and dolphins   209 that in relation to the many pressures on these animals and their habitats, ‘the impeccable choice may well be to leave the whales free to live out their last days’ We also hope that we can better than this for at least some cetaceans With knowledge comes responsibility We now know that cetaceans are intelligent, social animals that communicate with each other in ways that we are still only just beginning to understand (as, for example, described in the chapter by Paul Spong) Hal Whitehead reminds us in his chapter that some have even been shown to exhibit cultural transmission of knowledge (For others, less is known of their biology, including their social interactions, but this absence of evidence cannot be taken as evidence of absence of such attributes.) The new knowledge of societies and culture comes at a time when there is also growing acceptance within the scientific community that some species, including the cetaceans, have rich and complex emotional lives (Simmonds, 2006; Bekoff, 2007) Prior to our expansion into their watery habitats, cetaceans could be regarded as a remarkably well-established and successful group of mammals Toothed and baleen whales have been in existence for some 35 million years (Roman, 2006) The apes, which include our own species, by contrast are relative newcomers They separated from other primates a mere 26–25 million years ago, with the divergence that led to chimpanzees, bonobos and ourselves becoming distinct only around million years ago (or perhaps even more recently) (Sorenson, 2009) In fact, 90 million years of separate evolution stand between the primates and the cetaceans, demonstrating that high intelligence and complex societies evolved more than once on Earth and that several species of highly encephalized animals can coexist (Marino et al, 2004) The dramatic changes that we are causing through accelerated industrialization of the oceans, and overexploitation of their resources, have not been encountered over the millions of years of existence of the cetaceans prior to our arrival As time passes there are increasingly fewer safe refuges for these species; places where they can go about their business unharmed, unharassed and unencumbered by the pollution and detritus of human existence This situation is exacerbated by the fact that many species travel extensively, some undertaking regular migrations from feeding to breeding grounds During such journeys they may encounter various threats Nevertheless, the ‘direct’ threats to cetaceans (specifically the various forms of hunting) and the so-called ‘indirect’ threats (such as habitat degradation and fisheries bycatch) continue unabated in many parts of the world As the philosopher Thomas White observes in his chapter, ‘virtually all of these practices are sanctioned by the laws of one country or another and, in theory, supported by the best available science That is, we are not talking about the blind, unthinking predation of one species by another The way that humans treat dolphins is supposedly the result of intelligent dialogue and formal processes that aspire to fairness, compassion and objectivity.’ 210  whales and dolphins A View on the ‘Whaling Wars’ What constitutes ‘best available science’ can often be debated and this can be considered in the case of commercial whaling that, inevitably, is one of the reoccurring themes in this book In his chapter, Richard Cowan gives us a precise and important analysis of the current situation at the relevant international body, the IWC During the preparation of this book, in 2009 and 2010, the IWC was involved in complex discussions on one of its own reoccurring themes: an attempt to formulate a deal between those member nations that favour commercial whaling’s resumption and those that not At the 2010 meeting the attempt finally failed Simmonds and Fisher (2010) and Holt (2010) provide helpful critiques of the deal, although its details were heavily obscured by secrecy Nonetheless, in a few short weeks leading up to the key decision-making meeting of the Commission in June 2010, as the word finally broke that the global moratorium on commercial whaling agreed in 1982 might actually be lifted, over 200 marine scientists lent their names to a letter calling for the moratorium to be maintained Many influential and distinguished marine scientists signed this document, including Sylvia Earle, David Suzuki, Sidney Holt, Hal Whitehead, Roger Payne and many others from many different nations, thereby sending an important message to the member nations of the IWC (see Box 20.1) Most significantly, this demonstrates (counter to many claims to the contrary), that science is not simply on the side of those that insist that commercial whaling is sustainable and should be reinvigorated Looking to the Future Whatever your view of cetaceans, it is difficult not to concede that, in the face of the mounting evidence presented here, a fundamental shift is required in our relationship with these animals What we seek is not a gentle nudge in the direction of improved protection, or small incremental steps towards better policies to protect these animals; time is not on the cetaceans’ side Instead, what we need is a monumental and collective upheaval of the paradigm under which we regard these animals; from commodity to cohabiter Similarly, lofty goals have been espoused and achieved in the past; the mora­ torium on commercial whaling is one such example The ‘Save the Whales’ movement of the 1960s and 1970s was motivated by emerging scientific facts, such as the revelation that humpback whales could sing, and further by a simple, growing sense that killing whales and dolphins was wrong, based largely on its cruelty and lack of sustainability Nevertheless, today, some 40 years later, we have the substantiation of decades of cetacean research and some powerful philosophical arguments (see for example, D’Amato and Chopra, 1991; White, 2007) to further support our entreaty What further evidence human societies need before we are sufficiently compelled to take the necessary, radical action required to protect cetaceans effectively? thinking whales and dolphins   211 B ox 20.1 Marine scientists petition to the IWC delivered June 2010 We the undersigned marine scientists respectfully call on the member nations of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) not to undermine the conservation achievements of the last few decades by again endorsing commercial whaling at their next meeting We are aware that at its 62nd meeting in Agadir, Morocco, June 21st–25th, the IWC will consider a proposal to grant catch limits to the three member nations of the IWC – Japan, Norway and Iceland – that continue to take whales for commercial gain, using well known loopholes in the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling The proposal will even permit whaling in a Marine Protected Area (‘sanctuary’ in the terminology of the IWC) created specifically to protect whales in large parts of their ranges We believe that to so would be highly inappropriate and untimely and would again risk the future of the whales Whilst aware that some whale populations are showing signs of increase in the absence of whaling pressure, partly as a successful result of the global ‘moratorium’ on commercial whaling adopted in 1982, and partly from application of the management procedures agreed in 1975, such increases are not a sufficient rationale to justify the IWC endorsing commercial catches There is no evidence that any of the few populations and species known to be increasing have reached, or are anywhere near, the levels that might justify non-zero catch limits under the IWC’s existing management and conservation policies and procedures Furthermore, whales inhabit marine ecosystems that are now increasingly impacted by human activities ranging from oil spills to the effects of persistent pollutants, climate change and increased ship traffic and other hazards; these provide further rationale for providing these remarkable animals of the global commons with the highest possible levels of protection, including protecting them from commercial takes The lessons of the past show that commercial whaling has always been intractable to sustainable management, and we see no changes in the attitudes of the industry which continues to favour extracting monetary value from the whales as fast as possible and, in the process, evading and obstructing efforts to ensure full compliance with international regulations and transparent supervision The long-lived and slowbreeding whales are also difficult and expensive to monitor adequately We are also growing increasingly aware of the complexity of their population structures, behaviour and societies Given the risks involved and that commercial whaling meets no essential human need, we call on all the IWC governments to abandon experiments in the lethal use of whales and instead refocus their efforts on the conservation of whale populations, on understanding their roles in the marine ecosystems of which they are important parts, and promoting, where appropriate, responsible non-lethal uses of them such as whale-watching We can take heart that a movement towards better protection of cetaceans exists and is exemplified by the ‘Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins’ agreed at a special meeting of experts in Helsinki during 2010 (see Box 20.2) 212  whales and dolphins B ox 20.2 Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins Based on the principle of the equal treatment of all persons; Recognizing that scientific research gives us deeper insights into the complexities of cetacean minds, societies and cultures; Noting that the progressive development of international law manifests an entitlement to life by cetaceans; We affirm that all cetaceans as persons have the right to life, liberty and wellbeing We conclude that:   Every individual cetacean has the right to life   No cetacean should be held in captivity or servitude; be subject to cruel treatment; or be removed from their natural environment   All cetaceans have the right to freedom of movement and residence within their natural environment   No cetacean is the property of any State, corporation, human group or individual   Cetaceans have the right to the protection of their natural environment   Cetaceans have the right not to be subject to the disruption of their cultures   The rights, freedoms and norms set forth in this Declaration should be protected under international and domestic law   Cetaceans are entitled to an international order in which these rights, freedoms and norms can be fully realized   No State, corporation, human group or individual should engage in any activity that undermines these rights, freedoms and norms 10 Nothing in this Declaration shall prevent a State from enacting stricter provisions for the protection of cetacean rights Agreed, 22nd May 2010, Helsinki, Finland We believe that the groundswell of more positive attitudes towards cetaceans extends around the world For example, Jun Morikawa reminds us in his conversation with Erich Hoyt in this volume that in 2005 whale meat consumption in Japan was so negligible that it was less than 0.2 per cent of the overall meat consumption of the nation and the price of dolphin meat in Japan dropped from ¥600/kg in 1994, to ¥150/kg in the spring of 2010 Siri Martinsen also notes in her chapter that a 2010 opinion poll showed that 53 per cent of Norwegians would like to go whale watching But so much more must be done to make aspirations for the better treatment of cetaceans a reality; even the so-called whale conservation-minded governments turn a conspicuously blind eye to issues such as the incidental capture of cetaceans in fishing gear Erich Hoyt notes in this volume ‘we know too much’ not to better If today’s politicians were projected several hundred years into the future to be put on trial for the maltreatment and loss of some of these unique individuals thinking whales and dolphins   213 and species, how would they answer our descendants’ accusations of ‘How did you let it happen?’ and ‘Why didn’t you more?’? But, realistically, what can be done? It is worth bearing in mind that all customs are initiated at some point in history and many evolve over time In our view it is now time to initiate a new world vision for cetaceans, to call for a grand ascent of the standards for our interactions with, and protection of, cetaceans Scrutiny of the current ‘management’ paradigm for cetaceans reveals a somewhat anachronistic approach that does little to take into consideration modern scientific understanding, such as the important role some individuals have within their societies (see Brakes and Bass in this volume) or the existence of discrete cultural units within some populations (as explained by Whitehead) that could be vulnerable and therefore worthy of specific protection As the Japanese cetacean biologist Toshio Kasuya notes, the current exploitation of cetacean species within Japan ‘is only possible by ignoring the individuality of group members and functions of living in a group’ (Kasuya, 2008) The same can be said for many other issues that we currently manage with a ‘blind eye’ But why should we bother to make a special effort for the cetaceans? One answer might be that imagining a future without cetaceans in our oceans, seas and rivers is a little like imagining the world in monochrome; another may be that motivating the public about whales and dolphins also appeals at a deep level to wider interest in nature, thus collectively moving us towards greater understand of the importance of protecting ecosystems as well as individual species In his chapter, Thomas White asks us to consider the similarities between dolphins and ourselves and concludes that ‘The catalogue of similarities between dolphins and humans is striking, and, in my view, it is enough to grant what philosophers call “moral standing” to dolphins … Therefore, they should “count” in a moral calculation on similar grounds that individual humans count.’ In our view, it is likely that the same may indeed be true for all whales Whales and dolphins remain now, as ever, iconic species – intriguing, enchanting, motivating and increasingly vulnerable The same things that make them ‘special’ – their intelligence, their communication, their need for long periods of maternal care, specific habitat requirements and complex societies – can also make them especially vulnerable As this book helps to detail, humans have many complex and differing relationships with these fellow beings, but one thing is certain: we can better, and cetaceans deserve better References Bekoff, M (2007) The Emotional Lives of Animals, New World Library, Navato, California D’Amato, A and Chopra, S K (1991) ‘Whales: Their emerging right to life’, American Journal of International Law, vol 85, p21 Fletcher, A (1870) Natural History Scripture, George Virtue, London 214  whales and dolphins Holt, S (2010) ‘Lies and nonsense about whaling’, blog posted 24 September, www mywhaleweb.com/?p=6163 Kasuya, T (2008) ‘The Kenneth S Norris lifetime achievement award lecture: Presented on 29 November 2007 Cape Town, South Africa’, Marine Mammal Science, vol 24, pp749–773 Marino, L., McShea, D W and Uhen, M D (2004) ‘Origin and evolution of large brains in toothed whales’, Anatom Rec., Part A, vol 81A, pp1–9 Roman, J (2006) Whale, Reaktion Books, London Simmonds, M P (2006) ‘Into the brains of whales’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol 100, pp103–116 Simmonds, M P and Fisher, S (2010) ‘Oh no, not again’, New Scientist, 10 April, pp22– 23 Sorenson, J (2009) Ape, Reaktion Books, London White, T I (2007) In Defense of Dolphins: The New Moral Frontier, Blackwell, Oxford Index aboriginal subsistence (whaling) 9–21, 37, 40–44, 48, 93 acidification, oceanic 2, 4, 173 acoustics 42, 110, 129–134, 142, 171 aggression 110, 145, 193, 195 Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards 13 Ainu people 93 altruism xii, 136, 191, 195 ancestral connections 10, 27, 208 animal rights 11, 19, 49, 69, 73, 83, 85, 211–212 Antarctica 25, 32–33, 60–61, 90 anthropocentric view xii, 84, 107, 136, 189 apes 5, 117, 124–126, 151–157, 170, 183, 190, 209 aqua-culture 174 archaeocetes 116–118 Arctic 60, 173 Argentina 32–34, 61, 99 Aristotle 131 Arnold, Peter 140 Aronson, Lester 200–201 ASCOBANS 70 Atlantic 32, 59, 63, 110, 160 Australia conservation and whaling policy 37, 68, 92 research 44, 140–145, 152, 154, 160, 181 whale watching in 90, 96 Azores 50 baiji (Yangtze River dolphin) 10, 11 Baird’s beaked whale 92 Baja, California 29, 32, 33, 137 Balaena mysticetus 40, 152 Balaenoptera musculus 33, 152 Balaenoptera physalus 33, 152 baleen 58, 118, 119 Barnum, P T 39 Barret-Hamilton, Major G E H 61 Basque whaling 30, 58–59 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 56, 65, 68 BDMLR 56 beach-rubbing 156 beaked whale 29, 92 beluga 39, 137 binocularity 143–144, 169 blue whale xi, 18, 33, 60, 79, 152 Borne Free Foundation 64 boto 10, 34 bottlenose dolphin brain and cognition 117, 122–125, 152–157, 181 captivity 64, 152 protection 65, 70, 172, 181 research 65, 109, 152–157, 160 solitary sociable 65–67 bowhead whale 15, 40, 60, 182 brain size 107, 115–120, 125, 198 brain structure 115–128 Broca, Paul 196 Bryde’s whale 98 bubbles 153, 190 193 Buckland, Francis 62–63 bycatch 43, 71, 173–175, 184, 202, 209 216  whales and dolphins Caine, Michael 63 Canada 65, 92, 99 captive research 109, 132, 151, 183 captivity 3, 135, 179, 183, 184, 202, 212 Free Willy 39 public opinion 64–65, 69, 184 Cardigan Bay 65 CARIBwhale 50 Chile 30, 33, 61 Chilean dolphin 34 chimpanzees xi–xii, 73, 150, 151, 157, 158, 161, 209 Chukotka 41 clan or clans (human and whale) 23, 112, 156, 160 climate change 1, 4, 20, 44, 100, 172–176, 211 codas 112, 131, 154 cognition / cognitive abilities xii, 3, 68, 107–126, 136–137, 185, 188–203 cohabiter, cetaceans as 210 Commerson’s dolphin 34 commodity, cetaceans as 210 communication, in cetaceans 83, 121, 129–134, 170, 213 Connor, Richard 191 Conservation Committee 43 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 13, 70 Cook Islands 24 cortex 107, 117, 121–126, 189, 190, 193, 200 The Cove 39, 94 cull (marine mammal) 160, 180, cultural group 5, 159, 161, 181 cultural transmission (in cetaceans) 4, 181–182, 190, 203, 209 Dall’s porpoise 94 Dave (the dolphin) 66–68, 136 de Waal, Frans 135 Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins 211–212 Delphinoidea 116, 120 dialect 112, 129, 131, 150, 154, 156, 158 dolphinaria / dolphin shows 39, 56, 62–65 Dominica 50, 54 Dominican Republic 50, 54 dominion 208 drive hunts 24, 58, 93, 113, 125, 202 Dunstan, Andy 140 Earl, Sylvia 210 Earth Day 37 eavesdropping in cetaceans 194 echolocation 3, 107–108, 118–124, 129, 158, 182, 188, 194–195 ecosystems 1–2, 12, 21, 44, 150, 175, 176, 208, 211, 213 El Niño 156, 160 elephants 119, 124, 131, 135–137, 183 emotions xi–xii, 121, 125–126, 137, 188–193, 201, 203, 209 empathy 135, 137 emulation 150, 152 encephalization quotient (EQ) 116–117, 190 Endangered Species Act 38 entanglement 14, 43–44, 67, 144 Eschrichtius robustus 29, 41 ethics conservation ethic/new ethic 51, 113, 125–126, 179–185 values 2, 9, 11, 20, 39, 49, 68, 188–189, 202–203 ethology 151 Eubalaena australis 30, 176 Eubalaena glacialis 160 evolution xi, 10, 13, 37, 107, 115–126 Faroe Islands 20, 58 Fiji 24–26 filter-feeding 119 fin whale 33, 60, 73, 152, 171, 203 fisheries 4, 40, 43, 49, 80, 82, 92, 160, 173–174, 180, 183 fission–fusion 109, 158 Flipper (television series) 39 foraging 109–110, 118, 133, 150, 153–154, 158–161, 181 Foyn, Svend 78, 84 index   Franciscana 34 Free Willy 39 French Polynesia 24 freshwater dolphins 120 fur farming 77 Galapagos Islands 30–31 Goodall, Jane xi, 73, 135 Gordon, Jonathon 131 Gould, Steven Jay 196 gray whale 29–31, 33, 41, 59, 137 Gray, John Edward 61 great apes 5, 117, 124, 126, 183, 190 Great Barrier Reef 140 Greenland 15, 19–20 greeting ceremony 156, 159 Grenada 49–50 grenade harpoon 60 grief 136, 191, 203 Guadeloupe 50 Guam 25 Gulf of Mexico 169 gyrification index 122 habituation 65, 145 harassment 38, 144, 179, 184 harbour porpoise 63, 70–71, 171–172 head butting 154 Health Studies 94 Hector’s dolphin 110–112 hedgehogs 18, 200–201 Herman, Lou 191 Herrnstein, Richard 198 heterodonty 118 Heyerdahl, Thor 79–80 Holt, Sidney 210 homodonty 118 horses 78, 150 human–cetacean fishing cooperative 155, 160 humpback whale research 38, 110, 131–132, 152–158, 171, 203, 210 whale watching 24–26, 47–54, 72, 96–97 whaling and conservation 25, 33 217 hydrophone 132–133, 142 Iceland 19–20, 39, 203, 211 iconic status of whales 1, 3, 38, 47, 51, 131, 177, 213 imitation 109, 150–152, 154 Indigenous Peoples (rights of ) 13, 44 individual, role of/individuality 109–110, 141–143, 170–176, 188–195, 212–213 individual, value of xv, 33, 181 Inia geoffrensis 10, 34 innovation, in behaviour 107, 109–110, 153 intelligence 4, 107–108, 115–125, 136–137, 189–193 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) 16, 33, 101–102, 211 International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 13–14 International Whaling Commission 9, 13–18, 30–34, 39–45, 50–51, 61, 69, 76, 82, 91–94, 100–103, 141, 171, 179–180, 184, 203, 210–211 Inuit 11–12, 93 Isle of Harris 59 IUCN 180 IWC Scientific Committee 100, 102, 141, 171 Japan, whaling 16–18, 30, 39–43, 49–51, 89–99, 102, 161, 171, 202–203, 211, 213 Japanese Fishery Agency 90–93 Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR) 92 Jensen, Arthur 198 Kant, Immanuel 192 Kasuya, Toshio 94, 112, 159, 161, 180, 213 Keiko 36 killer whale see orca Kinsman, Catherine 137 Klinowska, Margaret 199–200 218  whales and dolphins Kshamenk 29 Kyodo Senpaku Co 92 Lilly, John 131, 200 limbic system 137, 194, 118, 121–122, 137, 194 Lipotes vexillifer 10 lobtail 109–110, 153, 158 London Natural History Museum 61 Luna 65, 68 Moreton Bay, Australia 160 mortality 43, 71, 135, 172, 174 Morton, Samuel George 196 MPA / Marine Protected Area 31–32, 89, 211 Murray, Charles 198 mysticete (baleen whale) 116–124 myth 3, 9–12, 16, 19–20, 27, 83, 86 nasofacial muscle complex 107, 118 neoceti 116, 118, 120 Madeira 69 neocortex 122–125, 190, 200 Makah 16, 41–42 neuroanatomical trajectory 107, 115 Maori 23 New Caledonia 24 Marine Animal Rescue Coalition (MARC) New Zealand 24, 37, 68, 90, 92, 96, 154 57, 66 Nihon Kyodo Hogei 90, 92 Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) noise xiii, 43–44, 100, 170–175, 182, 38, 41–44, 63 184 Martinique 50 nonhuman cultural revolution 152 maternal care 170, 213 North Atlantic right whale 160, 174 matriarchal 109 northern bottlenose whale 56–57, 121, matrilineal 109, 156, 158, 181 155 McGonagall, William 71–72 Norway 3, 19–20, 43, 45, 61,73, 76–86, McGrew, William 135 203, 211 McKenna, Virginia 64 McVay, Scott 131 ocean acidification 2, 4, 173 Megaptera novaeangliae 33, 38, 72, 152 Odontocete 107, 116–124, 132, 155, Mercury 94 158 Mexico 29, 31–33, 96, 99, 137, 169 oil spill 169, 175, 211 migration 4, 12, 52, 61, 118, 122, 144, olfaction 121, 182 153, 209 omega oils military sonar 42–43, 171 orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus) 161 minke whale 18, 25, 43, 76–77, 81–83, orca 86, 140–145, 152, 161, 167 brain 203 common or Antarctic species 18, 43, captivity 64–65 76–77, 81, 83, 86, 152, 167 human cultures and 29, 39, 65 dwarf subspecies 140–148 research 110, 112, 122, 136, 152, 181 mirror self-recognition 125, 137, 190 OrcaLab 130, 133 Moby Dick xi, 31, 37 Orcinus orca 29, 65, 122, 152 moral community 149, 161 moral standing 188–189, 191, 203, 213 Pakicetus 116 moral system 158 paralimbic cortex 107, 122 moratorium on commercial whaling 17, paralimbic lobe 122, 126, 137 30, 33, 39, 42–43, 45, 61, 69, 76, Payne, Katy 131 93, 100, 103, 203, 210–211 Payne, Roger 131, 210 Moray Firth, Scotland 65 Peale’s dolphin 34 index   Pelly Amendment 40, 43 persons, personhood 189–192, 202–203, 212 Peru 10, 29, 30, 33 phonation 132 photo-ID 141 Physeter macrocephalus 30, 115, 121, 154 pilot whale 58, 92, 110, 155 pingers 175 pollution, chemical xiii, 3, 44, 94, 100, 172–173, 184, 209 see also noise polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) 172 precautionary principle 38 prey depletion 4, 174 primate 2, 4, 73, 107, 119, 122, 124–125, 135, 143, 151, 157–159, 169–170, 193, 199–200, 209 protectionists/protectionism 11, 16–19, 49 Queen Victoria 17 Reiss, Diana 190, 192–193 renewable energy71, 174–175 reproduction 112, 170 Revised Management Procedure (RMP) 101–102 rights animal 11, 19, 49, 69, 73, 83, 85, 211–212 Indigenous Peoples 13, 44 Risso’s dolphin 24 rough-toothed dolphin 24 Rumney, John 140 Russia 41, 61 Salvesen, Christian 60 Samoa 23 Santa Catarina 29–30 sapience xiii, scientific whaling 25, 43–45, 103 Scotland 58, 70–71 sealing 84, 86 Sedna 11–12, 20 sei whale 32 219 seismic 42, 70, 171 self-awareness 4, 107–108, 125, 137, 161, 185, 188, 189–190, 198, 202–203 sentience xiii, 2, 5, 73, 99, 131, 185, sequence analysis 110 sexual behaviour 110, 142 Shark Bay, Australia 154, 157, 181 Shetland, Scotland 58–61 signature whistle 132 Smolker, Rachel 191 social cognition 124, 194–195, 202–203 social learning 107–109, 150–161 social unit 2, 112, 155–156, 158, 170, 181 solitary sociable dolphins 65–66, 179 Solomon Islands 24 song xi, 38, 99, 110, 131–132, 150–152, 158, South Georgia 31–33, 60–61 southern right whale 30, 34–35, 99, 174, 176, Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) 70 species bias 189, 199 sperm whale brain 115, 119, 121, 203 human cultures and 13, 24, hunting 30–31 research 73, 108, 110, 112, 131, 136, 154–156, 158, 160–161 spindle cells or spindle neurons 4, 124, 137, 203 spinner dolphin 25–26, 195 sponge feeding (or ‘sponging’) 109, 154, 157, 181, 190 spyhop 105, 144, St Kilda 59 St Kitts and Nevis 49, 50 St Lucia 49, 50 St Vincent and the Grenadines 15, 49, 50 Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary 54 stock (whale) xiii, 33, 34, 39, 42–43, 61, 70, 102, 179 stranding 13, 24, 29, 57–58, 95, 152, 159, 171–172, 183, 195 220  whales and dolphins subsistence 9, 12–21, 40–42, 44, 48–49, 54, 203, super whale (concept) 19–20, 81, 83 Suzuki, David 210 swimming with dolphins 65 swimming with whales 140–145 Tay whale 71–73 teaching xii, 52, 150, 152 Thames whale 56–57, 71–72 Tobach, Ethel 200–201 Tonga 24, 110 tool use / tools 45, 58, 69, 99, 129, 133, 142, 153, 157, 181, 190, 192–193, 203 tourism 24–25, 49–50, 65, 97, 112, 144 tradition xii, 3, 9–21, 24–27, 41, 49, 52, 78,80,91, 93–95, 203, 208 Tucuxi 34 Turks and Caicos 64 Tursiops truncatus 64, 117, 152, 172 Tuvalu 23–27 Tyack, Peter 132, 133 United Kingdom (UK) 3, 7, 17, 30, 37, 56–74, 172 United Nations 2, 39 United Nations Charter for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 13 United States of America (USA) 16, 33, 37–45 Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare (UDAW) Uruguay 30 vaquita 34 vessel strikes (ship or boat strikes) 67, 100, 144, 173–174 Von Economo neurons 124 Wales 58, 70 Weilgart, Lindy 131, 134 whale watching 24, 32–38, 49–50, 52, 69, 83, 86, 89–99, 140–141, 211, 212 whalebone 29, 60 whaling aboriginal 9, 13–16, 18, 37, 40–42, 44, 48, 93 commercial 14–19, 30, 32, 39, 41–45, 50, 56,61, 69,76, 81, 86, 90–94, 100–103, 181, 203 scientific 25, 43–45, 103 Whitehead, Hal 4, 73, 110, 112, 131 wind farms 175 World War I 59, 93 World War II 16, 58, 60, 89, 91 xenobiotics 171–172 Yagan 12, 13 Yangtze River dolphin (baiji) 10, 11 yield 38, 179 ... theme of culture – how whales and dolphins are viewed in various human cultures and also how unique cultures have been identified in certain groups of whales and dolphins Understanding more.. .Whales and Dolphins This page intentionally left blank Whales and Dolphins Cognition, Culture, Conservation and Human Perceptions EDITED BY Philippa Brakes AND Mark Peter Simmonds... Inquisitive Dwarf Minke Whales Alastair Birtles and Arnold Mangott 140 16 The Cultures of Whales and Dolphins Hal Whitehead 149 PART III:  NEW INSIGHTS – NEW CHALLENGES 17 Whales and Dolphins on a Rapidly