Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer RESILIENT CITIES SECOND EDITION Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence Island Press’ mission is to provide the best ideas and information to those seeking to understand and protect the environment and create solutions to its complex problems Join our newsletter to get the latest news on authors, events, and free book giveaways Click here to join now! Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE Second Edition Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer Washington | Covelo | London Copyright © 2017 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 650, 2000 M St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961434 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Keywords: automobile dependence, autonomous vehicles, biofuels, climate change, environmental health, fossil fuel use, green architecture, green infrastructure, housing affordability, regenerative urbanism, renewable energy, social equity, solar energy, urban planning, urban policy, wind energy Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Urban Resilience: Cities of Fear and Hope  Chapter 1: Invest in Renewable and Distributed Energy  23 Chapter 2: Create Sustainable Mobility Systems  53 Chapter 3: Foster Inclusive and Healthy Cities   89 Chapter 4: Shape Disaster Recovery for the Future   107 Chapter 5: Build Biophilic Urbanism in the City and Its Bioregion 127 Chapter 6: Produce a More Cyclical and Regenerative Metabolism 155 Conclusion: Growing Regeneratively  179 Appendix: Metabolism Tables 187 Notes  193 Bibliography  219 Index  239 Preface When we put the first edition of this book together in the early part of the century, we were very hopeful that the agenda on resilience in cities would begin to include how to overcome fossil fuel dependence This has undoubtedly happened, although we face new political challenges today Yet this book remains one of hope for cities How did I get into this? —Peter Newman My involvement in these issues goes back to the first oil crisis in 1973, when I was a postdoctoral student at Stanford University in California For the first time an external force had been imposed on the supply chain for gasoline The OPEC-induced physical reductions in supply caused real panic in the community as people stayed at home or queued for hours for diminishing supplies Social disarray began to be displayed as some people stole fuel; across society there were myths about giant caverns of oil being stored by greedy oil companies, and environmentalists were being accused of causing the decline What stayed with me from this time was how suddenly a city can flip into a state of fear It seemed to paralyze the city and lead to behavior you would never expect in normal times M King Hubbert, by then age seventy, gloated to a rapidly convened energy course at Stanford that he had predicted this crisis in 1956 Howix Index Page numbers followed by “b”, “f ”, and “t” indicate boxes, figures, and tables Abbott, Tony, 181 accreditation systems, 41 adaptation, 163 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 102f, 103–105, 189–190t Adelaide, Australia, 43–44, 45 Adelaide Capital City Committee, 43 affordable housing, 98–99 Africa, slums in, 102–103 agglomeration, 180–181 air quality, 137b, 139–140 AirCarbon, 164b aircraft, 57–58 altruism, 144 American Public Transportation Association (APTA), 93 Anthropocene epoch geoengineering and, 159–164 overview of, 156, 159, 160–161f, 162t anxiety, 180–181 APTA See American Public Transportation Association Arat Kilo slum (Addis Ababa), 189–190t Arcades project, 115 armageddon, 107 art, 44 Asia, 71, 73–74, 73t, 103 Atlanta, Georgia, 96–97b attention restoration, 142–143 Austin, Texas, 42 Australia See also Specific cities decoupling in, 15–18, 16f health, activity and, 94 infrastructure spending in, 181 rooftop solar power in, 27, 30–31, 31f, 33–34 transit in, 72, 73t transit-oriented developments in, 82 travel time budget in, 70, 70f Australian Renewable Energy Agency, 35–36 automobile cities, metabolism of, 167–171, 172–174 autonomous vehicles (AV), 60, 60–62, 61t, 62–64 Avon River (New Zealand), 112, 113 Avon Wildlife Trust, 129–130b Avon-Otakaro Network, 113 Ban, Shigeru, 112f, 113 Barcelona, Spain, 44 Basandall, Phineas, 76 Basel, Switzerland, 134, 140–141 basic raw materials (BRM), 168–169, 169f battery systems, 33–34, 58 Beatley, Tim, 110–111, 117, 130 Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), 44–45 behavior change programs, 84–85 BeltLine (Atlanta), 96–97b Bexley, New Zealand, 116 Beyond Zero Emissions, 40 bicycling See also Electric bicycles Atlanta Beltline and, 96–97b Boulder creek paths and, 152, 153f cinema powered by, 115 inclusiveness and, 93–94 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer, Resilient Cities: Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-686-8, © 2017 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer 239 240 index peak car and, 67, 67t bike-share systems, 94 biochar, 164b biodiversity biophilic urbanism and, 140–141 new types of urban, 150–151 regenerative cities and, 171, 175 biofilter walls, 135, 140 biofuels, 56–57 biophilia, 128–130 Biophilia (Wilson), 128–129 Biophilic Cities (Beatley), 130 Biophilic Cities Network, 130, 146, 153 Biophilic Design (Kellert et al), 129–130 biophilic urbanism air quality and, 137b, 139–140 attention restoration, well-being, productivity and, 142–143 biodiversity conservation and, 140–141 crime and violence reduction and, 144 density as advantage in, 149 economic benefits of, 144–145 healing and, 143–144 mental health, stress reduction and, 141–142 overcoming fossil fuel dependence and, 135–138 overview of, 127–128, 153 role of in repair of bioregional systems, 146–152 Singapore and, 148–152 sociophyschological benefits of, 141 urban fabric and, 128–135 water management and, 138 water quality and, 139 wilderness and, 129–130b bioregional fabric, 131t, 132–133 bioregions, 127 birds, green roofs and, 141 Blagg, Linda, 110–111 Blanc, Patric, 134 blockchain software, 27, 30–31, 31f, 37–38 Bloomberg, Michael, 97 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), 23–24, 24t Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety, 95 The Blue Economy (Pauli), 40 Bo01, 46f book exchanges, 115 Boston, Massachusetts, 93, 102 Bostrom, Nick, Boulder, Colorado, 152, 153f Brisbane, Australia, 84 Bristol, United Kingdom, 129–130b British Columbia, Canada, 184 BRM See Basic raw materials Brög, Werner, 84 Brown, David, 117 Buehler, Ralph, 67 buildings, emissions, energy and, bus rapid transit (BRT) systems, 62 businesses biophilic urbanism and, 153 disaster recovery and, 124 inclusiveness and, 105–106 partnerships and, 22 regenerative cities and, 176 transit and, 86 business-owned utilities, 38–39 Busselton, Western Australia, 37–38 Butler, Tamika, 94 butterflies, 141 Byrne, Josh, 34, 35f, 122 C1 Espresso (Christchurch), 113–114 C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, 2, California, 42–43, 47, 55–56 California Global Warming Solutions Act (2006), 43 Calthorpe, Peter, 183 Canada, 72, 73t Canterbury Earthquake Redevelopment Authority, 116 cap-and-trade programs, 43 Carbon Challenge, 166 carbon dioxide removal, 160–161 carbon nanofibers, 164b Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance, carbon neutrality, 44–45 carbon positive approach, 164 carbon sequestration, 136 Carbon Tracker Initiative, 49 Cardboard Cathedral (Ban), 112f, 113 Carius, Alexander, 91 Carrick, Kristina, 117 cars competition of with transit, 71–74 reducing demand for, 83–86 reducing use of by 50%, 76–80 cement, 164b Center for Transit-Oriented Development, 82 change, resilience and, 11 Charlotte, North Carolina, 93 Cheonggyecheon River (Seoul), 142f Chicago, Illinois, 133, 134 China decoupling in, 15–18, 17f electric bicycles in, 94 plug-in electric vehicles in, 55f projected power costs in, 28f transit in, 71 Christchurch, New Zealand, 108, 109– 117, 111f Christchurch Cathedral, 112–113 Christchurch: Resilient City (Beatley, Newman, and Blagg), 110–111 Ciliwung River Slum (Jakarta), 187–189t Cira Green (Philadelphia), 147 “The Circular Economy” issue of Nature, 164 Cities Safer by Design, 95 citizen utilities, 27, 32 City Biodiversity Index (CBI), 150 City Parks Alliance (Washington, DC), 97 “City-Level Decoupling” (UNEP), 103 civil society forces, overview of, Clean River Act (Washington, DC), 139 Clear Paddock Creek (Sydney), 152 climate action plans, 43 climate change, 117–118, 118–123, 121f climate entrepreneurship, Climate Protection Agreement (U.S Conference of Mayors), Clinton Global Initiative, 41 Collapse (Diamond), 6–7 collective works of art, 8–9 communities biophilic urbanism and, 153 disaster recovery and, 125 inclusiveness and, 106 partnerships and, 22 regenerative cities and, 177 renewable energy and, 51 transit and, 87 Community Solar program (Sacramento), 42 community-supported agriculture, 114 compressed natural gas, 58 index Connecticut, 109–110 construction methods, 164b Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility (University of Guelph), 140 Cooperative Research Centre for Low Carbon Living, 34, 35f Copenhagen, Denmark, 66f, 67 costs of transit vs cars, 71–74 creative spirituality, crime reduction, 144, 145t critical natural capital, 158–159 Crofskey, Sam, 113–114 Cuba, 100 culture, transit and, 75–76 Curtin University, 184 cycle-powered cinema, 115 Dalziel, Lianne, 116 dance-o-mat, 115 Davis, Benjamin, 76 decoupling of wealth from emissions cities driving, 25 overview of, 14–18, 15f transit leverage, 77f, 78 Deepwater Horizon disaster, 110 definitions of resilience, Delhi, India, 137b DeMarco, Tom, 143 demonstration projects, 40 Denmark, 15–18, 16f, 24–25, 24t density, 68–70, 80, 136, 149 Denver, Colorado, 5–6 Depave, 152 desalination, 119–120 design, importance of, 181–182 Desmond, Matthew, 98, 99 despair, 180 developing world, 102–105 Dhaka, Bangladesh, 137b Diamond, Jared, 6–7 digital jobs, 74–75 digital planning tools, 182–183 disaster preparedness programs, 108 disaster recovery creating better future for city during, 109–117 overview of, 107–109, 124–125 slow-moving disasters and, 117–123 smart technologies, fossil fuels and, 123–124 241 242 index Disch, Rolf, 41 discrimination, 99–100 disruptive processes, 27 distributed power systems, 27, 32–38 drinking water, access to, 90–91 Dryline (Manhattan), 122–123 durable carbon, 164 Dutzik, Tony, 76 earthquakes, 107, 108, 109–117, 111f eco-coaches, 84 EcoDistricts, 41 ecological capital of Europe, 41 ecological resilience, 11–12 economics, 89–91, 144–145, 145t education, 83–84 El Hierro, Spain, 47 electric bicycles, 55, 94 electric trains, 56 electric vehicles, 49, 54–56 electricity microgrid, 109–110 electrocardiogram research, 141–142 embrittlement, 59 emergency management plans, 108 emissions, 14–18, 15f, 90 The End of Automobile Dependence (Newman and Kenworthy), 65 energy consumption, 136–138, 167–168, 170 energy efficiency, 83 EnergyPlus buildings, 164b Enterprise Community Partners, 99 Enterprise Green Communities program, 99 entrepreneur rail model, 79–80 entrepreneurship, environmental footprints, 158, 183 environmental guardrails, 158 Europe plug-in electric vehicles in, 55f projected power capacity in, 31–32 projected power costs in, 28f transit in, 71, 72–73, 73t Evicted (Desmond), 98 Ewing, Reid, 81 existential threats, The Experience of Nature (Kaplan and Kaplan), 142 extended metabolism model, 103 farmers’ markets, 114 FasTracks program, 5–6 fear, 1–2, 6, 179, 181 feedback, 183 feed-in tariffs, 50 fight-or-flight response, 144 financial crashes, Fink, Jonathan, 153 first way technologies, 163 “first-mile” issue, 64 Flannery, Tim, 118, 163 Flint, Michigan, 90–91 food miles, 58 food prices, 56 food resilience, 114 forest bathing, 144 forestry, urban and bioregional, 164b formaldehyde, 140 Forum Vauban, 48 fossil fuel dependence, 135–138 France, 31–32 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, 41 freedom, 60 Freiburg, Germany, 41–42, 166 freight, 58–59 Fremantle, Australia, 45, 56, 57f Friedel, Robert, 8–9 Fromm, Erich, 128 fuels See Fossil fuel dependence; Oil; Renewable fuels fugitive carbon, 164 The Future We Want, The City We Need (UN-Habitat), 184 Gap Filler, 114–115, 125 Garden City 2.0, 114 gardens See Solar gardens Gardens by the Bay (Singapore), 149 gas, renewable, 58–59 GDP See Gross domestic product Gehl, Ingrid, 95 Gehl, Jan, 82, 95–97 geoengineering, 159–164, 176 Germany, 31, 134 Gilbert, Richard, 57 Ginfle high-rise condominiums (Addis Ababa), 189–190t Global Designing Cities Initiative, 95 GNI See Gross national income GOD See Green-oriented developments Gondwana Link (Western Australia), 45 Google, 54 Gorringe, Tim, governments biophilic urbanism and, 153 disaster recovery and, 124–125 inclusiveness and, 101–102, 106 partnerships and, 22 regenerative cities and, 176–177 renewable energy and, 50 transit and, 87 Gravel, Ryan, 96–97b gray water systems, 120 green building standards, 41 Green City, Clean Waters (Philadelphia), 147–148 green roofs, 133–134, 138, 140–141, 147 green streets, 148 green walls, 134–135, 135f, 138 Greenest City 2020 Action Plan (Vancouver), 146 Greenfleet, 45 Greenhouse Friendly, 45 Greening the Rubble, 115 green-oriented developments (GOD), 83 grids See Power grids gross domestic product (GDP), 14 gross national income (GNI), 14 growth, regenerative, 179–186 Habitat III Conference, 89–90 Haiti earthquake, 10, 91f Hall, Peter, Hammarby Sjöstad, 166 Hanover, Germany, 48 Harbour Co-Op building, 116 Hawaii, 47 hazard mitigation, 108–109, 163 healing rates, 143–144, 145t health, 89–90, 93, 94, 98–99 heavy rail, 79–80 Heliotropic House, 41 high-rise buildings, 104–105 high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology, 39–40 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 137b Hobbs, Richard, 11–12 HOME GR/OWN initiative, 146 index Honolulu, Hawaii, 47 hope, 1, 179 Hopetoun, Western Australia, 33 hospitals, 143–144, 145t Hotel Victoria (Freiburg), 42 housing, 92, 98–99 hydrogen economy, 59 hydrogen fuel cells, 59 ICMA See International City/County Management Association IEA See International Energy Agency improvement, culture of, inactivity, 94 incentives, 43–45, 50 inclusive cities Atlanta Beltline and, 97b defining, 92–98 in developing world, 102–105 healthy housing and, 98–99 importance of, 89–92 overview of, 89–92, 105–106 planning and policy for on global scale, 101–102 “The Inclusive City” (Schreiber and Carius), 91 India, 15–18, 17f, 29f, 71 Industrial Revolution, industry, 38–40, 50 See also Businesses infrastructure Australia and, 181 bicycling and, 93–94 blockchain software as, 37–38 inclusiveness and, 90–91 in power grid vs distributed power systems, 33 regenerative cities and, 175 safety and, 94–95 slums and, 104 innovation, 8–9, 21 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 4–5 International City/County Management Association (ICMA), 101 International Energy Agency (IEA), International PARK(ing) Day, 148 International Solar Energy Society (ISES), 41–42 International Style, 166 243 244 index investment, 23–24, 24t iron fertilization, 161 Ivan (hurricane), 100 J Max Bond Center on Design for the Just City, 96–97 Jackson, Richard, 92 Jackson, Tim, 15 Jacobs, Garrett, 101 Jakarta, Indonesia, 103–104, 187–189t Japan, 55f, 144 Jefferies, Margaret, 116 Jenkins, Bryan, 113 Jevons paradox, 83 Journal of Cleaner Production, 184 Kaplan, Rachel and Stephen, 142 Karachi, Pakistan, 137b Katrina (hurricane), 10, 11f, 99–100, 110 Katz, Bruce, 10 Kellert, Stephen, 129–130 Kenworthy, Jeffrey, 65 Khoo Teck Puat (KTP) Hospital (Singapore), 141, 150 knowledge economy, 74–76 Kopplin, Andy, 100 Kronsberg district (Hanover), 48 Kyoto Protocol, 9, 45 LandCorp, 36, 37f landscaping, 164b Last Child in the Woods (Louv), 142–143 “last-mile” issue, 64 leadership, importance of, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, 41, 44 levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), 28f–29 light rail, 79–80 Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 157 liquefied natural gas, 58 Lister, Tim, 143 lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems, 33–34, 58 Litman, Todd, 90, 101 Living Buildings Challenge, 41 living carbon, 164 Los Angeles, California, 5, 6f Louv, Richard, 142–143 Lyle, John Tillman, 14 Lyttelton, New Zealand, 116 magic gates, 118 Malmö, Sweden, 45, 46f Malthus, Thomas Robert, 157 Mandurah line (Perth), 79 market forces, overview of, Martin, Jane, 148 Matthews, Victoria, 112–113 McFarlane, Don, 118–119 Measure M, Megiddo, 107 Mekong River, 117 Melbourne, Australia, 146, 152, 184 mental health, 141–142 metabolism See Urban metabolisms methane power, 40 microgrids, 37–38, 109–110 Millennium Development Goals, 18 Millennium Park (Chicago), 134 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 146 mitigation, 108–109, 163 mobile phones, 76 Modi, Narendra, 71 Moore, Justin Garrett, 106 Moore, Susan, 11–12 Morris, Matt, 114 Mumbai, India, 137b Mumford, Lewis, 8–9 My Wild Church, 130b My Wild Neighborhood, 130b My Wild School, 130b My Wild Street, 130b National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 135, 140 National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO), 94, 95 National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore), 150 natural disasters, 10, 100 See also Disaster recovery; Specific natural disasters natural gas, 26, 40 See also Renewable gas The Natural Step, 158 Nature Play areas, 143 Neolithic Revolution, New Orleans, Louisiana, 99–100, 110 See also Katrina (hurricane) New Urban Agenda, 89–90 New York City, 2, 93, 96–97, 122–123 New Zealand, 70, 70f See also Specific cities Newcastle, United Kingdom, 45 Newman, Peter, 12, 65, 110–111, 117, 141 Newman-Kenworthy hypothesis, 81 Nickels, Greg, nongovernmental organizations, 51 North Terrace Solar Precinct (Adelaide), 43 O-Bahn, 62 Obama, Barack, 100 obesity, 94 off-ramps, 61 oil, 3, 76–80 100 Resilient Cities (100RC), 2–3, One Planet Living accreditation system, 41, 45 Ontario, Canada, 47–48 Ooooby, 114 Oxford Principles, 161–163 Pallet Pavilion, 115 Paris Agreement, 3, 4, 10 Paris terrorist attacks (2015), 2, 3f Park Connector Network (Singapore), 149 Parker, Bob, 107, 111, 117 parklets, 148 parks, 96–97, 148 Pauli, Gunter, 40 Pavement to Parks program (San Francisco), 148 Peabody Energy, peak car, 65–68, 65f pedestrian-oriented developments (POD), 82 Peeples, Doug, 110 peri-urban fabric, 131–133, 131t Perl, Anthony, 57 Perth, Australia basic raw materials used in, 169, 169f citizen utilities in, 32 metabolism of resources and waste flows in, 191–192t net positive energy in, 166 solar power and, 33–34, 36–37 transit in, 78–79 TravelSmart and, 84–85 urban metabolism of, 169–171, 170f water supply of, 118–123, 121f White Gum Valley, 36, 37–38, 37f, 41, 121–122, 166 index Peryman, Bailey, 114 Peterborough, United Kingdom, 166 phase-out strategies, 3–4 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 147–148 phytoremediation, 139 planes See Aircraft planetary boundaries, 155, 157–159, 176 planning, 101–102, 171, 175, 182–183 Plant*SF, 148 “Planting Healthy Air” study (The Nature Conservancy), 137b plastics, 164b plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), 54, 55f POD See Pedestrian-oriented developments policy, 101–102 pollution, 139–140 polycentric cities, 81 pop-up malls, 115 Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 10 Portland, Oregon, 77f, 152 poverty, 18, 90 power grids, 32–38, 109–110 Power Ledger, 37–38 PPP See Public-private partnerships precinct-scale development accreditation systems, 41 preparedness, 108 private car use, 65, 65f productivity, workplace, 142–143, 145t profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaires, 143 Project Lyttelton, 116 Prosperity without Growth (Jackson), 15 prosumers, 38–39 public plazas, 97 public-private partnerships (PPP), 82 Pucher, John, 67 race, inclusiveness and, 92 rain trees, 136 rain gardens, 152 random acts of wildness, 130b rebound effect, 83 Reconnecting America, 82 recovery, 108 recycling, 120 regeneration, 128, 164–167 regenerative cities energy and, 170 245 246 index growth and, 179–186 ideal, 165 overview of, 13–14, 13f support for, 184 urban metabolism and, 170–171 regenerative design, 14 Regenerative Neighborhoods Program (British Columbia), 184 regulatory forces, 4, 83 Reid, Walter, 11 renewable energy current global trends in, 25–32, 26f driving forces in transition to, 23–24, 24t fate of power grids in transition to, 32–38 industry and, 38–40 initiatives, buildings, and urban development and, 40–49 overview of, 23–25, 49–51 peak car and, 65 regenerative cities and, 175 renewable fuels, 56–60 See also Biofuels; Renewable gas renewable gas, 58–59 Renne, John, 110 resilience, for all citizens, 99–100 resilience thinking, 11 resilient cities, overview of, 12–13, 13f Resilient Cities Network, resilient design, 181–182 response, 108 Re-START Container Mall, 115 reurbanization, 69–71, 69t Reynolds, Ryan, 114–115 Rieselfeld area (Freiburg), 42 Riverdale Initiative for Solar Energy (RISE), 48 roofs, green, 133–134, 138, 140–141, 147 rooftop gardens, 44 rooftop solar power in Australia, 33–34 current trends in, 26–27 industry and, 38 in United States vs Australia, 30–31, 31f Sabatier process, 40, 59 Sacramento, California, 42 Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), 45, 47 Sacramento Zoo, 42 Sadik-Khan, Janette, 96 safety, 62–64, 94–95 Salingaros, Nikos, 144 Salt, David, 11 San Diego, California, 43 San Francisco, California, 43, 148 Sandy (hurricane), 10, 99, 109–110 Schreiber, Franziska, 91 SDG See Sustainable Development Goals Seattle, Washington, 147 second rail revolution, 66 Sehgal, Parul, 99 Seoul, South Korea, 142f serpentine rock, 164b sewage recycling, 120 shinrin-yoku, 144 Singapore, 136, 141, 146, 148–152 Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity (SI), 150 sky gardens, 44 slums, 102–105, 102f, 187–190t smart technologies, 123–124 Smith, Evan, 113 Smith, Neil, 99, 100 SMUD See Sacramento Municipal Utility District social infrastructure, 114–115, 116 social movement, biophilic urbanism as, 146 Söderlund, Jana, 146 Solar Cities program, 43 Solar Fabrik, 41 solar gardens, 39b solar mallees, 44 solar parklets, 56, 57f solar power See also Rooftop solar power costs of, 30, 30f electric vehicles and, 54 industry and, 38–40 projections for, 49 scale of, 47 trends in, 25, 26f in United States, 26–27 solar radiation management, 160–161 solar storage, 33–34 Solar Tower, 41 solar urbanism, 44 solar-ready housing developments, 43 SolarRegion Freiburg program, 41 Solidia Cement, 164b South Africa, 162t Southern Railway (Perth), 78 space stations, 140 spatial efficiency, 60–61, 61t speed, 78–79 See also Time spirituality, 9, 112–113 STAR Community Rating System, 44 Steer, Andrew, Stockholm Royal Seaport, 166 storm water management ordinances, 147 storm water runoff, 138 stranded assets, street lamps, 43–44 streets, green, 148 stress reduction, 141–142 Sustainability and Cities (Newman), 12 sustainable cities, overview of, 12–13, 13f Sustainable DC, 134 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), 18, 21, 159 Sutton, Roger, 115–116 Sweden, 45, 166 Switzerland, 134, 162t Sydney, Australia, 44, 135f, 152 tax increment financing zones, 97b taxes, technology and construction innovation (TCI), 169, 169f Teferi, Zafu, 104–105 terrorism, Theory of Urban Fabrics, 53, 167 third way technologies, 163, 164b 30 Days Wild campaign, 130b Thrive Research Hub (University of Melbourne), 184 time savings, 60–62, 61t, 71–74, 73t Times Square (New York City), 96 tipping points, 159, 160–161f TOD See Transit-oriented developments Tokyo, Japan, 81f tolerable windows, 157 “Top Ten Urban Innovations” report (World Economic Forum), 20–21 Toronto, Ontario, 47–48, 135, 140, 147 Totem Power, 56 traffic congestion, trains, 62 See also Electric trains index transit competition of with cars, 71–74 disaster recovery and, 110 health benefits of, 93–94 increased funding for, 5–6, 6f knowledge economy, urban culture and, 74–76 overview of, 86–87 peak car and, 66 reducing car and oil use and, 76–80 reducing travel and, 80–83 urban regeneration vs urban sprawl and, 68–71 transit cities, metabolism of, 167–171, 172–174 transit-oriented developments (TOD), 63–64, 80–83 Transportation Alternatives, 97 travel, reducing, 80–83 travel time budget, 68–71, 70f TravelSmart, 84–85 tree-planting initiatives, 45, 47 trees, 97, 136, 137b, 146 Trump, Donald, UberPool, 61, 76 Ulrich, Roger S., 141–142 Understanding Katrina blog (Smith), 100 United Kingdom, 32, 44–45 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 103 United Nations Human Settlement Programme, 102 United States biophilic urbanism and, 146 current renewable energy trends in, 26 decoupling in, 15–18, 16f plug-in electric vehicles in, 55f projected power costs in, 29f rooftop solar power in, 31, 31f transit in, 72, 73t transit-oriented developments in, 82 University of California, Davis, 166 University of Canterbury, 114 University of Guelph, 140 urban biodiversity, 150–151 urban density, 68–71, 71 urban fabrics biophilic urbanism and, 128–135, 131t differences between three types, 172–174 247 248 index metabolisms of, 167–171, 169f, 170f transit and, 68–71, 68f, 69t urban footprints, 183 urban geoengineering, 163–164, 164b, 176 urban heat island (UHI) effect, 133–134, 136–138 urban impact analysis, 180 urban metabolism modeling, 164–166 urban metabolisms overview of, 156–157, 156f, 176–177 in Perth, Australia, 191–192t regeneration and, 164–167 in slums, 187–189t of three urban fabrics, 169–171, 170f ways to become more regenerative, 171, 172–174t, 175 urban rail, 66 urban resilience, 10–12, 108 urban sprawl, 5, 68–71 urbanization, 8–10 U.S Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, utility-scale solar power, 39–40 Vancouver, British Columbia, 146 Vauban area (Freiburg), 42, 48, 166 Växjö, Sweden, 45 vehicle occupancy, 61 vehicle to grid (V2G) power transfers, 54 Venderwerker, Amy, 91 Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 93 Vietnam, 117 violence reduction, 144, 145t Vision Zero Network, 95 Vista Carbon Challenge, 166 volatile organic compounds (VOC), 140 Walker, Brian, 11 walking, 67, 75, 81f, 94 walking cities, 167–171, 172–174, 185 walking school bus concept, 85 Wallington, Tabatha, 11–12 walls, green, 134–135, 135f, 138 Walsh, Martin, 102 Washington, DC, 77f, 134, 146–147, 147 Washington, Tracie, 99–100 waste, regenerative cities and, 171, 175 Water Corporation of Western Australia, 118–119, 121 “Water Forever” (Water Corporation of Western Australia), 121 water resources biophilic urbanism and, 138–139 Perth, Australia and, 118–123, 121f regenerative cities and, 171, 175 water-sensitive urban design, 152 wealth, 14–18, 15f weather, 123–124 West Village (UC Davis), 166 White Gum Valley (WGV), Western Australia, 36, 37–38, 37f, 41, 121–122, 166 wilderness, 129–130b William McDonough, 164–165 Wilson, E O., 128–129 wind power costs of, 30, 30f desalination using, 119–120 trends in, 25–26, 26f turbines and, 48 in United States, 26 wind farms and, 47 Wolman, Abel, 156 workplace location, 92 Yarragadee aquifer, 119, 120 Yellowstone to Yukon bioregion, 127 zero-mains water, 121–122 ARCHITECTURE | URBAN PLANNING What does it mean to be a resilient city in the age of a changing climate and increasing inequity? As urban populations grow, how we create efficient transportation systems, access to healthy green space, and lower-carbon buildings for all citizens? In this fully updated and revised edition of Resilient Cities, Newman, Beatley, and Boyer examine these questions by drawing from research and looking at new initiatives and approaches from around the world This edition is organized around the characteristics that make a city resilient— one that is: § Invested in renewable and distributed energy; § Designed around efficient urban fabrics that allow for sustainable mobility; § Inclusive and healthy; § Biophilic, with naturally adaptive systems; § Prepared for disasters; § Striving for an efficient and regenerative metabolism Resilient Cities, Second Edition explains the importance of each element of a resilient city and why these need to be considered together Drawing from extensive research and examples, the authors show the potential for creating cities that are not only resilient, but striving to be regenerative Most importantly, the book is about overcoming fear and generating hope in our cities despite political obstacles PETER NEWMAN is the Professor of Sustainability at Curtin University His recent books include The End of Automobile Dependence and People Cities TIMOTHY BEATLEY is Chair of the Department of Urban and Environmental Planning and Teresa Heinz Professor of Sustainable Communities at the School of Architecture at the University of Virginia His recent books include Handbook of Biophilic City Planning & Design and Blue Urbanism HEATHER BOYER is VP/Executive Editor at Island Press Cover design: Bruce Gore, Gore Studio Cover photo: Urban Plaza, Denver, Colorado by Peter Newman Washington | Covelo | London www.islandpress.org All Island Press books are printed on environmentally responsible materials ... Resilient Cities: Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence, DOI 10.5822/ 978-1-61091-686-8_1, © 2017 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer resilient cities: overcoming fossil fuel dependence cities. .. and free book giveaways Click here to join now! Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE Resilient Cities OVERCOMING FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE Second Edition Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley,... cities but on humankind Diamond specifically focuses on cities He suggests that there are many lessons to be resilient cities: overcoming fossil fuel dependence learned from the history of cities