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English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering PREFACE Further from its own justification, teaching and learning English has increasingly occupied high interests from Vietnamese in the globalization race Practical languages for various contexts are likely to work as the core of this interaction Given this situation, English for specific purposes (ESP) courses have been incorporated into foreign language curricula of higher education institutions in Vietnam It is compulsory for students to complete ESP modules before graduating By having the objectives of the ESP teaching and learning the internal teaching material “English for civil and industrial construction” is compiled to fulfill the needs of the students This can also serve as a reference for engineers, architects, workers and anyone who concern with the industrial and civil construction field Based on English proficiency of the students and the ESP course requirements, the materials are careful selected and designed The textbook involves authentic materials with job-related content which reproduce an immersion environment and provide realistic contexts for tasks that relate to learners’ major Vocabulary, grammar structures that are common used in the expert-field included in this ESP material This textbook also offers various tasks and activities in order to help learners use language skills more effectively in the industrial and civil construction context The internal teaching material contains units with different topics: The procedure of building construction, Site investigations and Soil mechanics, Building materials, The design process, Foundations, Structures, Water supply and Quality and Safety during Construction Grammar bank and glossary are attached at the final pages of the textbook The structure of each part listed as follow: Articles/ texts with Reading comprehension check Vocabulary Writing tasks Speaking activities Video clips with listening tasks Articles/ texts for Further reading 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering We hope that this textbook can be a practical and useful ESP teaching material for practitioners in industrial and civil construction field in general and for students at University of Transport Technology (UTT) in specific Although during the compiling process the teachers at industrial and civil construction department supported us a lot, the textbook still has some unavoidable limitations Correspondingly, we expect to receive feedback from the readers to improve this material in the future We appreciate Ministry of Transport, University of Transport Technology, Foreign Language Department, Industrial and Civil Construction Department for supporting us to complete this textbook We are also very grateful to teachers at UTT and at many other universities for valuable contributions to this textbook Editors 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION UNIT SITE INVESTIGATIONS AND SOIL MECHANICS 17 UNIT BUILDING MATERIALS 34 UNIT THE DESIGN PROCESS .51 UNIT FOUNDATIONS .68 UNIT STRUCTURES .79 UNIT WATER SUPPLY 90 UNIT QUALITY AND SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION 106 GLOSSARY 130 FURTHER READING 140 REFERENCES 176 CONTENTS 177 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering UNIT THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION STARTER Use these statements to fill the suitable blanks in the diagram DESIGN PHASE CONSTRUCTION PHASE Client reviews estimate and Construction begins construction drawing Construction complete Project is assigned to designer and Project is assigned to construction is entered into design schedule supervisor Designer published costs estimate to client 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering READING READING When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meets the client and discusses his requirements After visiting the site, the architect draws up preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost, submits them to the client for his approval If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design, which shows the exact dimension of every part of the building At this stage, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building When they submit their tenders or 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering prices, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one and helps him to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor Work now starts on the building As construction proceeds, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the building is being constructed according to his plans and that the materials specified in the contract are being used During the building period, the client pays the bills from the contractor Subsequently, the contractor completes the building and the client occupies it For six months after completion there is a period known as the “defects liability period” During this period, the contractor must correct any defects that appear in the fabric of the building Finally, when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes full possession of the building (CHRIS HENDRICKSON, Project Management for Construction, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA l52l3, 2008) Task 1: Answer the questions What does an architect to have the final design for a building? ………………………………………………………………………………… Who are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building? ………………………………………………………………………………… Who helps the client to choose the best contractor? 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering ………………………………………………………………………………… What does the architect when the construction proceeds? ………………………………………………………………………………… What is the client’s task during the building period? ………………………………………………………………………………… When does the client occupy the building? ………………………………………………………………………………… When does he take full possession of the building? ………………………………………………………………………………… Task 2: Complete this flow diagram Use the information from the text ARCHITECT CLIENT appoints an architect a) for a building gives architect, his b) visits c) approves e) draw up d) f) them into the final design suggest changes CONTRACTOR chooses a constructor signs constructor with the j) submits tender signs constructor with the i) assits his client in a selecting a g) help client h) start work on k) pays m) from contructor p) the building r) of the building makes n) submits l) to client o) the building make sure that the building completed according to the contract corrects defects in the building during the q) VOCABULARY VOCABULARY Find a word or an expression in the passage which means To be given the job of designing a building………………………………… 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering To offer to a client for his consideration…………………………………… To combine into a whole…………………………………………………… To offer to some work at a certain price………………………………… To look at the building work in detail at regular intervals………………… An interval of time after the building has been finished during which the contractor is responsible for correcting any faults in it……………………… To have complete ownership of the building……………………………… LISTENING Task 1: Here are Mega Construction projects of the world Work in pairs to put the name of these projects into correct pictures Kingdom Tower in Arab Saudi World Trade Center in New York- USA Crystal Island in Moscow- Russia Shanghai Tower in Shanghai- China The Falconcity of Wonders in Dubai- UAE 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering Task 2: Listen and fill the blanks (focus on the numbers) World's Mega Construction Projects - as part of the travel series by Geo Beats Around the world, we keep building structures that are taller and bigger than the existing ones Here are five current mega construction projects Number is the Kingdom Tower in Saudi Arabia Upon it’s expected completion in 2017 It will have an approximate height of (1) ………………….feet, making it the tallest building in the world With a budget of nearly (2) , the tower will have more than (3) ………………… floors, including apartments, office space, and condominiums Number - The Falconcity of Wonders in Dubai With an area of (4) ………………… sq feet, this mega construction project would host the replicas of (5)………………… wonders of the world such as Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower, and The Great Wall In addition, it will feature a theme park, educational institute, sports facilities, and approximately (6)…………………… residential units The project is expected to complete between 2015 and 2017 Number is the Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, China Upon its completion in 2014, this (7)……………………… feet structure would be the second tallest building in the world The 121-story tower will have plenty of dinning, entertainment, and office space options The mega construction project has a budget of (8)……………………… Number is the Crystal Island in Moscow, Russia With an approximate height of (9)………………………… feet, this "tent-like" structure will comprise of apartment buildings, hotel, office, shopping, exhibition & performance space Number is the World Trade Center, which is part of the new World Trade Center complex in New York City Upon its completion in 2015, the (10) …………………… feet tall building would not only be the tallest building in New York City but also in the US Which one of these is your favorite? 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering …………………………………………………………………………… 10 What became known as Post-modern by the 1980s? …………………………………………………………………………… 11 What have made tall buildings possible in the twentieth century? What became a reality? …………………………………………………………………………… RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS In technically developed countries the building industry, comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades building engineers and architects, 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering managerial staff and designers employs a considerable proportion, of the available labor force Building industry including residential (public) and industrial constructions holds a considerable place in the National Economy and is being carried on a large scale It is the largest single industry in the country The problems of construction have grown into major, political issues in most countries Housing is prominent, among the factors affecting the level of living The improvement of the housing represents a concrete and visible rise in the general level of living In many countries, residential construction has constituted at least 12 percent and frequently more than 25 per cent of all capital formation The ever-growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups – for residential houses and industrial buildings Present-day designs for residential constructions envisage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as well as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fittings Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing, machines, etc A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, food processing plants, mines, office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities exhibitions halls, etc Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques But in general they may be divided into classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend upon the types of buildings Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames, glass walls and prefabricated 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering standardized mass produce parts Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows Windows can be enlarged to the extent that they constitute a large fraction of the wall area Task 1: Circle the correct answers to complete the following sentences Modern industrial buildings have demonstrated the advantage of _ a) hot-water supply and panel heating b) reinforced concrete arches, metal frame, glass walls and prefabricated parts c) all modern conveniences for a dwelling d) heating and ventilation systems Industrial type of construction involves _ a) better built and equipped flats and houses b) theatres, cinemas, museums, etc c) factories, mines, office buildings, etc d) housing Present-day designs for residential construction envisage _ a) movement of machinery and persons b) application of metal frames and glass walls c) all modern conveniences d) windows as large as the wall area CONCRETE Mass or plain concrete dates from very early days It was employed by the Egyptians, Romans and Greeks in the construction of aqueducts and bridges, in the construction of roads and town walls Romans used it even in under-water 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering structures some of which have survived until our time A large part of the Great Chinese Wall (the 3rd century before our era) was also built of concrete The concrete remains of the foundations of buildings built several thousand years ago have been found in Mexico As cement was not known in those times, concrete was made of clay and later of gypsum and lime Nowadays concrete is made, in up-to date machinery with very careful regulation of the proportion of the mix The idea of strengthening concrete by a network of small iron rods was developed on the 19th century, and ferro-concrete was introduced into engineering practice It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete Concrete is the very building material which led to great structural innovations The most important quality of concrete is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of high quality Cement is made of limestone and clay It is burnt (calcined) at high temperature and ground up into powder Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement are obtained Portland cement, blast furnace cement is suitable for putting up marine structures Concrete is made by mixing cement, water, sand and gravel in the right amount As soon as it is thoroughly mixed it is poured into forms that hold it in place until it hardens The crystals forming in the process of making concrete stick together in a very hard artificial stone Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about twenty-eight days The process is called concrete curing The characteristics of concrete depend upon the quality of the materials used, grading of the aggregates, proportioning and amount of water The most important requirements for concrete are: it should be hard, strong, durable, fire-resistant and economical Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete (ferro-concrete) where it is necessary to introduce steel Plain of mass concrete can be used for almost all building purposes Ferro-concrete us used in buildings bridges and arches, dams 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering and dock-walls, for structured under water, for foundations, columns, girders, beams The use of concrete and ferro-concrete is almost universal Ferro concrete Builders now produce two types of new building materials: alkali-slag concrete and silica concrete In alkali-slag concrete cement is replaced by a mixture of granulated blast-furnace slags and sodium and potassium compounds The fillers can be sand or sandy loams containing various amounts of clay, which usually cannot be used with conventional cement The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures Silica concrete is light, fire-resistant and acid-proof It contains no cement whatever Silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in under water constructions The term “Concrete” is used to describe a dense material composed of cement and aggregate mixed with water The density of the aggregate: Therefore there is a broad division of concrete types into: a) Dense concretes – composed of heavy aggregates b) Light-weight concretes – composed of light aggregates The aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse in order to reduce the amount of void space to be filled by cement There are “cellular” concretes made by using materials which foam of form gas during the mixing of the concrete These give a product of very light weight, because after setting it contains a large number of small voids The reduction in weight is accompanied by a considerable decrease in strength Another type of light weight concrete is made by “entraining” air bubbles in the mix to which a substance has been added to keep the bubbles stable during setting Task 1: Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) Correct the false statements T F Concrete is made from three different materials Coarse aggregate ranges in size from 20 mm to 40 mm 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering The minimum thickness of the finished concrete is 100 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should not be greater than 25 mm When the reinforcing rods are close together, the maximum size of aggregate used should be 10 mm Cover is the thickness of concrete between the reinforcing rods The reinforcing rods are placed near the bottom of the rib of a concrete beam Stalling can occur in a solid concrete slab when the cover to the reinforcement is greater than the maximum size of the coarse aggregate Then the minimum horizontal distance between reinforcing rods is 15 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should be less than 12 mm Task 2: Read the following and then describe the behavior of concrete Curing Concrete becomes hard by the chemical combination of cement and water, during which process it is necessary to prevent as far as possible evaporation of the water from the surface of the concrete; this is called “curing”, and is accomplished by covering the concrete, as soon as it can be done without damaging the surface, with damp cloths, wet straw, wet sand, etc., kept wet by sprinkling, or by immersing in water Hardening The strength of concrete under favorable curing conditions increases with age Hardening is very rapid in the early stages, but continues more slowly for an indefinite period amounting to years 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering SEWERAGE The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century The development of human society, the growth of civilization and social and technical progress has resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources The rivers, lakes and ground waters contain today a considerable amount of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution "Sewage" includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer or similar structure The physical infrastructure, including pipes, pumps and channels used to convey sewage from its origin to the point of eventual treatment or disposal is termed sewerage In the past the word "sewage" also meant what is now called "sewerage" Possibly because of that, the word "sewerage" is often mistakenly used to mean "sewage" Figure 5: Sewage system 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering The waste products that result from the daily activities in a community are of two general types: namely, the liquid waste, known as sewage and the solid wastes, known as refuse The different wastes of which sewage is composed are the following: the wastes from lavatories, baths, sinks, and laundry tanks in residences, institutions, and business buildings; certain liquid wastes from various types of manufacturing or industrial plants, and, in many communities, the surface run-off that results from storms or street flushing operations Sewage may also be divided according to its source into the following three classes The sewage from residences, institutions and business buildings is called domestic sewage, sanitary sewage or house sewage; that resulting from manufacturing or industrial processes is known as industrial waste; and that form runoff during or immediately following storms is called storm sewage A combination of domestic sewage, industrial waste and storm water is called combined sewage Figure 6: Sewage treatment process Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering the health of the community and also prevent decomposition of the materials of animal or vegetable origin and the subsequent production of nuisances and odors The removal of all kinds of sewage is usually accomplished by means of sewers The sewers are placed in the streets at several feet below the ground surface The general process of removing sewage is designated as sewerage and the entire systems of sewers including a sewage treatment plant are known as a sewerage system The method of sewage treatment to be adopted in a particular case will depend almost entirely on local conditions It may consist only of the discharge of the raw sewage into a stream or a large body of water The usual methods of sewage treatment consist either of preliminary treatment alone or of primary treatment followed by secondary treatment During primary treatment the larger and heavier solid particles settle out from the liquid These solid particles that settle out form a slimy paste which is known as sludge 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering The partly clarified sewage that has been given primary treatment generally contains much decomposable materials Therefore, further treatment which may be used with either primary or secondary treatment is disinfection or the killing of the most of the bacteria in the sewage by means of chemicals Task 1: Read the passage and answer the following questions Is there any difference between the words "sewerage" and "sewage"? ………………………………………………………………………… Has the composition of natural water resources remained the same since the ancient time? ………………………………………………………………………… What kind of products does modern sewerage include? ………………………………………………………………………… What does sewerage system contain of? ………………………………………………………………………… What are the different wastes of which sewage is composed? ………………………………………………………………………… What is the difference between the sewage and refuse? ………………………………………………………………………… What is a sewerage system? ………………………………………………………………………… What are the usual methods of sewage treatment? ………………………………………………………………………… Why is disinfection used while treating the waste? ………………………………………………………………………… 10 The method of sewage treatment will depend almost entirely on local conditions, won’t it? ………………………………………………………………………… Task 2: Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), correct those ones which are false T F The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the last century Solid waste products disposed of usually via a pipe 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering The products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution are discharged into the environment The rivers, lakes and ground waters are not contaminated very much today Sewerage is the chemical infrastructure Sewage may also be divided according to its source into several classes The method of sewage treatment to be adopted in a particular case is the same in any situation Sewerage system is the entire systems of sewers including a sewage treatment plant CONCEPT OF GREEN BUILDING Construction, maintenance and use of buildings have significant impact on environment People’s concern about environment and energy has necessitated the development of the concept of green building A green building is broadly defined as the building which is sited, designed and operated to reduce negative environment impacts and has a profound positive impact on natural environment, economy, health, productivity and society over its life cycle International Green Building Conference 2015 banner 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering The green building is evaluated by holistic approach where each component is considered in context of the whole building and its social and environmental impacts The important components of green building are: materials, energy, water and health LEED credit categories The materials to be used in the green building should be ecofriendly These should be obtained from local renewable resources with minimum embodied energy and should be causing minimum waste during its use These should be recyclable Such materials will reduce greenhouse gas emissions Green buildings use reclaimed materials i.e., use of materials which have been used in previous buildings Materials such as bricks, doors, windows, frames etc can be used for another purpose depending on the size and strength, in the new building This reduces the embodied energy and reduces environment impacts Toxic materials such as paints, preservatives, thickeners, thinners and driers can cause indoor pollution and are harmful to human health These should be replaced by ecofriendly natural products Conventional building material and green building material The green buildings conform to energy efficient guidelines They use 4060% less energy than baseline buildings Solar panel can meet the hot water requirements and efficient lighting Natural day light reduces electricity requirement during day time Heating and cooling costs of such buildings can be reduced by passive solar designs The energy performance rating of windows, doors and skylights is done in terms of potential for gaining and loosing heat and transmitting sunlight into the building Insulation for heat is an important factor for energy efficient building During day time the material absorbs heat and the outer exposed side keeps the inside cool while during night time it radiates the absorbed heat to the interior Green house components 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering A green building also can have green roof system The roof can provide natural substrate and processes for plant growth A water proof layer (material for water retention) and proper drainage helps plant growth and at the same time protects the roof and building from damage Green roof structure Reducing energy consumption and saving energy will reduce fossil fuel consumption and thereby reduce the threat of global climate change In green buildings the use of ecofriendly construction material with low embodied energy helps in reducing carbon emission This is an important consideration as the building sector contributes a substantial percentage of green house gases Carbon emission can further be reduced by reducing energy consumption for heating, cooling and lighting and use of energy efficient gadgets Reduction in energy consumption in green building will not only reduce global warming and pollution but will also provide financial savings as the cost of fast depleting fuel will increase in near future Green building savings Water requirement in the green building is minimized Water is used efficiently by employing water efficient appliances like low flush toilets, waterless urinals etc The waste water is treated and used for gardening and flushing by the use of double plumbing system Permeable pavements and rainwater harvesting technology help in recharging ground water Green buildings can help residents avoid various types of diseases causing by indoor pollution It provides sufficient air circulation and state air is replaced by fresh one The non-toxic materials and breathable walls help maintain good indoor air quality Moreover, green buildings with proper ventilation for air circulation are good for health and well being Natural day light while reduces electricity requirements, also improves productivity e.g., students studying in day light classrooms are known to perform better (20-26% better) than those study with least day light Health gains from improved indoor air quality 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering Buildings are evaluated on the basis of a number of parameters of environmental importance Different ratings are given to such green buildings A completed building may be rated with different levels as Leadership in Energy and Environment Design certified Silver, Gold or Platinum “Platinum rating” is the highest rating for green buildings Rating systems of LEED (Source: C.P KAUSHIK, 2010, Environmental Engineering, Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Age International Publishers) Task 1: Read the article and answer the following questions What is “green building” defined in the article? ……………………………………………………………………… How is a green building evaluated? ……………………………………………………………………… What are important components of green buildings? ……………………………………………………………………… What types of material should be used in green buildings? ……………………………………………………………………… Is toxic material suitable for green buildings? Why? ……………………………………………………………………… How many percentages of energy can a green building saved in comparison with baseline buildings? ……………………………………………………………………… How can we reduce electricity requirements in green buildings? ……………………………………………………………………… What does “it” refer to? ……………………………………………………………………… Does reducing energy consumption affect global climate change process? How? ……………………………………………………………………… 10 How can we save the water requirements in green buildings? ……………………………………………………………………… 11.Why are green buildings good for health of residents? ……………………………………………………………………… 12 How many levels may a green building is rated? Which is the highest one? ……………………………………………………………………… 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering Task 2: Here is a drawing introducing some factors of a green building Try to find these Vietnamese equivalents of these factors REFERENCES Cumming J 1985, English for Science and Technology Architecture and Building Construction, Longman, Hendrickson C 2008, Project Management for Construction, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA l52l3 Hiep NM 1999, Scientific English for Architecture Students, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh city, College of Architecture Jakeman V & McDowell C 1996, Cambridge Practice Tests for IELTS 1, Cambridge University Press Kaushik CP, 2010, Environmental Engineering, Basic Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Age International Publishers Khanh VTQ 2013, English for Civil engineering, Construction and Urban Planning Majors, Hanoi Architecture University, Construction Pub Massengarb, J & Rehbel, K 2010, “The Design Process” in The Architecture Handbook, Chicago Architecture Foundation Monash University 2007, Grammar for Engineer, Language and Learning online, viewed 30th June 2016, http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/grammar/engineering/parallelstructure/index.xml Scott, JS 1975, Civil Engineering, Longman 10 The Constructor - Civil Engineering Home, Site investigation or soil exploration, viewed 30th June 2016, 154 English for Civil and Industrial Construction Engineering http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/site-investigation-or-soilexploration/312/ 11 Thomas, CW 1996, Plan and Section Drawing, International Thomson Publishing Inc 12 Tomlinson, MJ 1980, Foundation Design and Construction, Pitman, Britain 13 Карлова TM 2012, “Building a House” in English for Specific Purposes 154