CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page AFGHANISTAN ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BAHRAIN BERMUDA BOLIVIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAMAICA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA BOSNIA AND HERZOGOVINA KUWAIT BRAZIL MEXICO CANADA THE NETHERLANDS CHILE NEW ZEALAND CHINA NIGERIA COSTA RICA NORTH KOREA CROATIA NORWAY CUBA PAKISTAN EGYPT PERU ENGLAND THE PHILIPPINES ETHIOPIA RUSSIA FRANCE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA GERMANY SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SCOTLAND GHANA SOUTH AFRICA GUATEMALA SOUTH KOREA ICELAND TAIWAN INDIA TURKEY INDONESIA IRAN IRAQ UKRAINE UZBEKISTAN CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page Bermuda Richard A Crooker Kutztown University Series Consulting Editor Charles F Gritzner South Dakota State University Frontispiece: Flag of Bermuda Cover: These arches appear along the seacoast and form naturally when seawater weathers away the limestone rock from underneath Bermuda Copyright © 2002, Updated Edition 2005 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact the publisher ISBN 0-7910-8663-1 (hardcover) Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text and cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Printed in the United States of America Bang 21C 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page Table of Contents Introducing Bermuda Physical Landscapes 17 Bermuda Through Time 37 People and Culture 55 Government 71 Economy 83 Living in Bermuda Today 97 Bermuda Looks Ahead 111 Facts at a Glance History at a Glance Glossary Bibliography Index 114 115 117 119 120 CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page CH.WN.Ber.aFM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:11 PM Page Bermuda CH.WN.Ber.C1.Final.q 12/15/04 1:32 PM Page Approaching Bermuda by air from the south side of the islands, one is struck by the varying shades of blue and green, from light turquoise to dark emerald, that characterize the land and sea CH.WN.Ber.C1.Final.q 12/15/04 1:33 PM Page Introducing Bermuda B ermuda is a small group of islands in the western North Atlantic Ocean It is about 650 miles (1,050 kilometers) from the United States The islands are not associated geologically with the West Indies, which lie more than 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) to the south and southwest Bermuda is a selfgoverning colony of the United Kingdom (consisting of England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and outer islands) Complete with turquoise waters, clear skies, and a mild climate, it is an enchanting place to live Bermuda’s population is so small that an American professional football stadium could seat all of its inhabitants (63,500) This book is one in a series of volumes about major world nations Why is a book about a tiny cluster of isolated islands with a small population included in a series about major CH.WN.Ber.C8.Final.q 12/15/04 2:12 PM Page 111 Bermuda Looks Ahead A s a tiny group of islands 650 miles from the nearest mainland, Bermuda’s existence depends on outside input The country is a colony of the United Kingdom It also depends heavily on imports for everything from food to machinery That Bermudians have survived so well is a tribute to their taking advantage of an Atlantic location As seafarers in the North Atlantic, Bermuda’s inhabitants survived as ship builders and traders in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries In hard times, they resorted to wrecking, smuggling, privateering, and blockade running The twentieth century brought improvements to sea and air transportation As a result, Bermuda turned to exporting vegetables and attracting tourists Most recently, the colony thrust itself into world prominence as a pioneer of offshore banking and finance Today, Bermuda’s GDP is very high 111 CH.WN.Ber.C8.Final.q 12/15/04 2:12 PM Page 112 112 Bermuda for its small population, and unemployment is rare Bermuda has many qualities that are very attractive to tourists and business executives It stands out among nations because it has one of the highest average annual incomes in the world The country has adequate education, health, transportation, and communication facilities The people are friendly and engage in activities that bring them together socially and culturally Bermuda is a politically stable nation as well In addition, the colony has a slow-paced lifestyle, charming landscapes, and natural beauty All these factors combine to make Bermuda an attractive place for banking, investment, and tourism Bermuda faces challenges in the future, as all nations As Bermuda looks ahead, it must deal with three fundamental problems—a housing shortage, an aging population, and global economic competition The first two problems are making living in Bermuda increasingly expensive Bermuda needs more housing to relieve population overcrowding However, there is virtually no land on which to build more homes Bermuda could allow high-rise apartments and condominiums so that more people could live on less land Alternatively, it could fill in shallow lagoon areas to create new land for more one-story and two-story homes Both of these policies would result in more homes, but both would lessen the islands’ natural beauty and thereby drive away tourists and tourist-related jobs Thus, the housing shortage and the high cost of housing that this shortage causes are likely to continue Bermuda’s aging population is also a challenge to its future Because its population is getting older, Bermuda will probably have to raise taxes to help pay for health care, retirement pensions, and a shrinking income tax base Higher taxes will raise even more the cost of living in Bermuda The nature of Bermuda’s role in the global economy will also affect its future Bermudians have a history of self-reliance and independence These qualities enabled them to take CH.WN.Ber.C8.Final.q 12/15/04 2:12 PM Page 113 Bermuda Looks Ahead advantage of Bermuda’s mid-Atlantic location However, in the global economy, economic growth depends increasingly on cooperation rather than on independent action Countries are joining regional economic alliances to compete in this economy The European Economic Community (EEC) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) are two examples Former Premier Jennifer Smith expressed the importance of Bermuda’s participation in the global economy in the following quote: The world is changing and we must change with it Today, living in isolation, separate and apart from the global economy, is not a recipe for success Globalization and the increasing tendency toward regional and hemispheric links make it not only prudent, but also necessary, for countries to form partnerships that foster their mutual interests (Regan 2001) Bermuda’s first economic partnership went into effect in 2003, when the country became a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) CARICOM promotes interregional trade among member countries In 2003, Bermuda also began talks with Cuba to set up cultural exchanges When such exchanges occur, they would allow scholars, writers, and artists to visit each other’s countries in order to share views and ideas Additional economic and cultural ties between Bermuda and the Caribbean region seems likely, as Bermuda and the Caribbean islands have similar colonial experiences and value systems, as well as similar population and economic problems These similarities should make it easier for Bermuda and the Caribbean islands to work together toward common solutions 113 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 114 Facts at a Glance Land and People Official Name Location Area Climate Capital Other Towns or Villages Population Population Density Major Rivers Mountains Languages Religions Literacy Bermuda Bermuda is located in the northern Atlantic Ocean about 650 miles (1,050 kilometers) east of South Carolina (US) 22.7 square miles (58.8 square kilometers) Subtropical; mild and humid Hamilton St George (town) and Somerset and Flatt’s villages 64,935 (July 2004 estimate) 2,991 persons per square mile (1,154 per square kilometer) None None (Low hills separated by fertile depressions) English (official), Portuguese Non-Anglican Protestant 39%, Anglican 27%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 19% 98% Economy Natural Resources Agricultural Products Industries Major Imports Major Exports Currency Limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism Bananas, papayas, oranges, grapefruits, vegetables, eggs, citrus, flowers, Easter lily bulbs, dairy products Tourism, finance, insurance, quarrying, structural concrete products, fishing, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, beauty preparations, ship repairing Machinery, transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals Easter lily bulbs, flowers and re-exports of pharmaceuticals Bermudian dollar Government Form of Government Government Bodies Formal Head of State Voting Rights Parliamentary British overseas territory with parliamentary democracy that includes a Premier, Cabinet, Senate and House of Assembly Executive, legislative, and judicial branches Monarch of England represented by a governor All citizens over the age of 18 can vote 114 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 115 History at a Glance 1503 Juan de Bermudez, the captain of a Spanish vessel, discovers Bermuda 1603 Diego Ramirez, a Spanish galleon captain, spends three weeks on the island repairing his vessel Upon returning to Seville, Spain, he delivers a description and map of the islands to his superiors 1609 The English vessel Sea Venture, wrecks on the reefs of Bermuda All 150 persons on board successfully make it to shore, including Sir George Somers, the ship’s captain Somers claims Bermuda as an English possession 1610 The shipwrecked colonizers leave Bermuda and sail on to Virginia Somers leaves two men in Bermuda, the islands’ first permanent inhabitants 1612 The King of England gives the Virginia Company permission to colonize Bermuda, now known as Somers Isles Colonialists establish town of St George 1614 The Virginia Company decides that Bermuda is a poor investment and surrenders the islands to the English Crown 1615 King of England grants the Somers Islands Company a charter, but Bermuda remains subject to the Crown 1617 The first mention of slaves in Bermuda appears in the record 1620 The first General Assembly (Parliament) convenes in St Peter’s Church, St George 1668 Bermudians sail south and develop the salt industry in the Turks Islands 1684 Bermuda reverts from a colony of the Somers Islands Company to direct rule by the British crown 1775 Bermudians steal gunpowder from the armory in St George and ship it to rebels in British colonies in America 1812 Bermuda suffers the negative economic effects of the AmericanBritish war 1815 Hamilton replaces St George as Bermuda’s capital 1834 England abolishes slavery in Bermuda 1846 Bermuda builds its first lighthouse, Gibbs Hill lighthouse, to end the practice of “wrecking” (looting) vessels stranded on reefs 115 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 116 History at a Glance 1861 The American Civil War starts and Bermudian vessels run the North’s blockade to supply the Confederates 1883 The daughter of Queen Victoria, Her Royal Highness Princess Louise, pays an official visit The visit marks the rise of tourism in the islands 1910 Bermuda declares motor vehicles illegal 1923 Development of the Mid Ocean Club and Castle Harbour Hotel begins 1930 United States passes tariff laws on agricultural produce, which severely damages Bermuda’s agricultural-based economy 1940 Due to the Second World War, American and British military personnel occupy Bermuda’s main tourist hotels 1946 Bermuda repeals the law banning motorcars, despite strong resistance from islanders 1955 Dr E.F Gordon, a Member of Parliament and civil rights activist, dies 1963 The Progressive Labor Party (PLP) is founded 1965 The United Bermuda Party (UBP) is founded 1968 Bermuda holds the first General Election under its new Constitution 1973 Assassins kill Governor Sir Richard Sharples and four others 1987 Hurricane Emily slams into the island, injuring many and causing millions of dollars in damage 1995 A political referendum for independence fails The American and British military bases close 1998 PLP wins the general election for the first time Bermudians make political history, as they elect Jennifer Smith as Premier, the first black woman to win a general election and to lead the government 2003 PLP wins the general election for second straight time The more moderate Alex Scott replaces Jennifer Smith as premier and PLP party leader in a leadership challenge Bermuda becomes an associate (non-voting) member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 116 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 117 Glossary CARICOM: Caribbean Community, an organization for the advancement of trade and economic development in the Caribbean region Commonwealth: The colonies and countries of the former British Empire that makeup the (British) Commonwealth for purposes of mutual security and assistance: the British Monarch as the symbolic head of this association Cash crop: A crop grown by a farmer primarily for sale to others rather than for his or her own use Colony: A territory that is distant from a country having control over it Condominium: An owner-occupied apartment that is in a large building or group of buildings Cricket: A popular British sport played with a leather ball and flat wooden bat by two teams with eleven players each on a large field Teams compete by scoring runs Cruise ship: A ship used to carry a large group of tourists to one or more ports on a designated route Cuisine: French word for food Exports: Goods carried to other countries for the purposes of sale GDP: Gross Domestic Product, which is the value of all goods and services produced by a country Global economy: This term refers to the worldwide exchange of goods and services Good Friday: The Friday before Easter Sunday Great Britain: This is the principal island of the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland, and Wales Groundwater: Water found underground in porous rock strata and soils Hedgerow: A row of shrubs or bushes forming a boundary or fence called a hedge Imports: Goods brought from other countries to sell Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of remains of sea animals, which is mainly hardened calcium carbonate (lime) Mulatto: This is a person with a mixed black and white (Caucasian) ancestry Nature preserve: Natural territory set off limits to human habitation for the purpose of preserving endemic and native plants and animals Parish: This is a district of British local civil government PLP: Progressive Labor Party 117 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 118 Glossary Privateering: This is a type of business venture: the sinking, harassing, or capturing of enemy ships for payment from a country Quarry: A place where building stone is dug up from the ground Rugby: This is English football Two opposing teams play it Players pass, kick or carry an oval ball toward a goal line It is a forerunner of American football Salt works: A place where people mine salt Social club: An association of people who pay dues to be members Members elect officers Clubs’ goals are usually to carry out charitable and recreational as well as social activities Smuggling: The secret transport of a good into or out of a country to avoid paying import or export taxes, respectively UBP: United Bermuda Party United Kingdom: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and outer islands War on terrorism: The United States declared this “unofficial” war against all terrorist organizations and countries that harbor terrorists on September 11, 2001 West Indies: Islands in the North Atlantic between North America and South America Wrecking: Bermudians use this term to describe looting of ships that have wrecked on reefs 118 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 119 Bibliography Ahiakpor, James C W The economic aspects of political independence: the case of Bermuda Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Fraser Institute, 1990 Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary Bermuda Hawthorne, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications, 2000 Bermuda Online Economy of Bermuda depends on international business and tourism [http://bermuda-online.org/economy.htm] accessed on November 15, 2004 Bermuda Government Land Valuation Department [http://www.agri.ns.ca/landval_lv/default.htm] accessed November 13, 2004 Bernhard, Virginia Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda 1616-1782 Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999 Central Intelligence Agency The World Fact Book 2001 Washington, D.C.: The U.S Government Office, Superintendent of Documents, 2001 Hannau, Hans W., rev by William Zuill Bermuda in Full Color London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1994 Manning, Frank E Black Clubs in Bermuda: Ethnography of a Play World Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1973 Regan, Nigel “Bermuda must forge strategic alliances,” Bermuda Sun, November 9, 2001 Wilkinson, Henry Campbell Bermuda from sail to steam: the history of the island from 1784 to 1901 (2 vols.) London: Oxford University Press, 1973 World Gazetteer Bermuda 2001 [http://www.gazetteer.de/r/r_bm.htm] accessed on November 15, 2004 Zuill, W.S The Story of Bermuda and Her People, 3rd ed London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1999 119 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 120 Index Aging population, 84, 94-95, 112 Agriculture, 12, 31-32, 42-43, 49-50, 52, 73, 84-86 Airport, 60, 106 American Indians, 57, 67 Anglican Church, 67 Animal life, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28-31, 32-33, 35, 38-39 Architecture, 12, 63, 98-99 Area, 17, 18, 52 Automobiles, 93, 104-106 Baseball, 107 Bats, 28 Beaches, 17, 20-22, 64 Bermuda International Airport, 60, 106 Bermuda shorts, 12, 100-102 Bermuda Triangle, 12-13, 15 Bermúdez, Juan de, 38 Birds, 27, 28, 39 Blacks, 56, 57 and employment, 53, 77 in government, 78-79 influence of, 66-67 and segregation, 73-74 and slavery, 44-45, 48, 56, 57, 67 Blockades, 47-49, 111 Brendan, St., 37 Britain and American Civil War, 47-49 and American Revolution, 46 and colonial status, 11, 12, 39-43, 45, 71, 72-73, 111 and government, 71-81 and independence, 75, 78, 79-80 influence of, 12, 31, 64-66, 98-99, 103, 107 and military bases, 92 and privateers, 47, 111 and slavery, 45, 56, 57 and War of 1812, 46-47 and World War II, 52, 53 Buses, 105-106 Cahow, 27, 28, 39 Capital, 61 Caribbean Common Market, 113 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 113 Casuarina, 31 Cats, 32 Caves, 17, 23, 28 Cedar tree, 27, 28, 31, 32, 38 Chain restaurants, 78, 102 Chief of state, 76, 78 Christianity, 67 Churches, 67-69 Climate, 9, 15, 17, 24-26, 99 Cockroaches, 32 Codfish, 43, 102 Colonial status, 11, 12, 39-43, 45, 71, 72-73, 111 Communications, 103-104, 112 Constitution, 59, 75-76 Coral reefs, 12, 17, 19-20, 26, 28-31 Cost of living, 84, 92-94, 112 Cottage colonies, 64 Cricket, 64, 107 Crystal Caves, 23 Currency, 32 Deliverance, 40, 41 Dinghy races, 109 Dress, 12, 91, 100-102 Easter lily, 49, 50, 86 Economy, 10, 11, 12, 20, 45-52, 53, 61, 64, 77-78, 81, 83-95, 111-113 Education, 102-103, 112 Elbow Beach, 22 Elections, 73-74, 77 Elizabeth II, Queen, 78 Emily, Hurricane, 26 Employment, 53, 77, 84, 87, 91, 112 English language, 64, 66 Evergreen shrubs, 12, 31 Executive branch, 76 Exports, 43, 49-50, 86, 91, 111 Cabinet system, 76 120 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 121 Index Ferries, 106 Field hockey, 107 Fishing, 23, 29-31, 39 Fish pots, 30-31 Flatts Village, 63 Flowers, 31, 49, 50, 86 Food and diet, 12, 32, 43, 49, 50, 85-86, 91, 93, 102, 111 Forts, 12 Forty Thieves, 73 Fruits, 31-32, 86 Future, 95, 111-113 Golf courses, 53, 61, 64, 85 Gombey, 67 Gordon, Pamela, 78 Government, 9, 12, 59, 69, 71-81, 112 Governor, 73, 75, 76 Gross domestic product, 84, 111-112 Grouper, 30-31, 86 Gulf Stream, 25, 26 Holidays, 41, 64-65, 67, 107 Homes and housing, 19, 53, 61, 77-78, 93-94, 98-99, 112 Horseshoe Bay, 22 Hotels, 51, 52, 64, 83, 89 Hurricanes, 15, 25-26 Imports, 85, 91, 92-93, 111 Income, 83, 84, 85, 111-112 Independence, 75, 78, 79-80 Industries, 84-87 See also Agriculture; Fishing; Quarrying; Tourism International business, 11, 12, 53, 61, 81, 83, 89-90, 91, 95, 111, 112 Islands, 9, 18 Islas Demonios, 38 Judicial branch, 73, 77 Kites, 107 Hamilton, 18, 22, 61, 106 Harbors, 18, 19 Health care, 84, 94, 103, 112 Hills, 17, 18, 22 History, 10, 11, 37-53 and cash crops, 31-32, 42-43, 49-50 and colonization, 71, 72-73 and discovery, 37-39 and hogs, 32, 39 and maritime industry, 45-49, 57, 63, 73 as navigational landmark, 38 and rats, 32 and Sea Venture, 39-41 and slavery, 44-45, 48, 56, 57 and Somers Island Company, 41-43, 45, 71-72 and Turks Islands salt trade, 43 and winter vegetables, 49-50 and World War II, 52-53 and wrecking, 43-44, 111 Hog penny, 32 Hogs, 32, 39 Lagoons, 17, 20, 28-29, 112 Landscape, 17-24 Language, 64, 66 Legislative branch, 75-77 Lifestyle, 12, 97-109, 112 Limestone, 17 and caves, 17, 23, 28 and construction, 86, 99 and coral reefs, 12, 17, 19-20, 26, 28-31 and hills, 17, 18, 22 and houses, 19 and limestone caps, 18-19 and quarrying, 86, 99 and sea cliffs, 17, 22, 27, 28 and sinkholes, 23 and streams, 22-23, 99 Limestone cap, 18-19 Location, 9, 11, 83, 106, 111, 113 Louise, Princess, 51 McDonald’s, 78, 102 Mahicans, 57 121 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 122 Index Main Island (Grand Bermuda), 18, 21, 22, 59 Mangrove swamp, 26, 28 Marine life, 20, 23, 28-31 Maritime industry, 45-49, 57, 63, 73 Mid-Ocean Club, 64 Military bases, 52, 91-92 Moore, Richard, 42 Mopeds/scooters, 105 Motto, 41 Mulattos, 57 Municipalities, 61, 63 Natural resources, 11, 20, 39, 84, 91 See also Agriculture; Limestone Nature preserves, 26-27, 53, 61, 85 Newspapers, 103-104 Onions, 12, 43, 49, 50, 86 Origins, 12, 18-19 Palmetto, 27-28 Parishes, 60, 72, 73 Parliamentary system, 72-73, 75-77 Patience, 40, 41 Peak, The, 18 Pembroke parish, 59-60 People, 11-12, 55-57, 59, 84, 94-95, 112 Pirates, 47 Plant life, 12, 17, 20, 31-32, 38, 49, 50 Political parties, 73, 74-75, 77-79, 80 Politics, 77-78 Population, 9, 18, 53, 56-57, 59, 112 Population density, 12, 59-60 Premier, 75, 76, 78-79, 113 Princess Hotel, 51, 52 Privateers, 45, 47, 111 Progressive Labor Party, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80 Quarrying, 86, 99 Radio, 104 Railroad, 106-107 Rainfall, 25-26, 99, 100 Ramirez, Diego, 38 Rats, 32 Religion, 67-69 Rim Reef, 10, 20 Road system, 104 Rugby, 107 Saint George’s Parish, 60 St David’s Island, 18, 60, 72 St George, 18, 26, 42, 49, 61, 63 St George’s Island, 18, 60, 72 Salt, 43 Sea cliffs, 17, 22, 27, 28 Sea Venture, 39-41 Service economy, 90-91 Settlement patterns, 61, 63-64 Shipbuilding, 45-46, 111 Shipwrecks, 13, 15, 19, 32, 38, 43-44 Skink, 27, 28 Slavery, 44-45, 48, 56, 57, 67 Smith, Jennifer, 78-79, 113 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 50 Smuggling, 45, 46-48, 63, 111 Snapper, 30-31, 86 Soccer, 107 Social clubs, 98, 107 Somerset drawbridge, 63-64 Somerset Village, 63-64 Somers Island Company, 45, 71-72 Somers, Sir George, 39-41, 63 Somers Island Company, 41-43, 45 Spain, and discovery, 32, 38-39 Sports, 22, 23, 53, 61, 64, 85, 98, 107-108 Sugarcane, 42 Taxes, 92-93, 95, 112 Taxis, 106 Television, 104 Tennis, 107 Terrorism, 95 Toad, 32-33 Tobacco, 42-43 Tobacco Bay, 22 122 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 123 Index Tourism, 11, 12, 17, 20, 23, 50-52, 53, 63, 64, 73, 81, 83, 84, 87-89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 103-104, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112 Trade, 85, 86, 91, 111 Trade unions, 74 Transportation, 104-106, 111, 112 Tree frogs, 33, 35 Tropical Bird (Longtail), 28 Tropical storms, 25-26 Tucker’s Town, 64 Turks Islands, 43, 45 Twain, Mark, 51, 55, 97, 104-105 Vacation homes, 94, 98 Vegetables, 12, 43, 49, 50, 86, 111 Villages, 12, 63-64 Virginia Company, 39, 41-42 Voting rights, 73-74, 77 United Bermuda Party, 75, 77, 78, 79 Yacht racing, 108-109 War of 1812, 46-47 Water supply, 99-100 West Indies, 53, 56, 67, 77 Whites, 56-57, 73 World War II, 52-53, 105 Wrecking, 43-44, 111 123 CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 124 Picture Credits Frontispiece: Flag courtesy of www.theodora.com/flags page: 8: 10: 13: 14: 16: 21: 24: 29: 30: 33: 34: 36: © Bettmann/Corbis Carl & Ann Purcell/Corbis Lawson Wood/Corbis 21st Century Publishing Eye Ubiquitous Tony Arruza/Corbis Lake County Museum/Corbis Tom Brakefield/Corbis Japack Company/Corbis Courtesy of Richard A Crooker 21st Century Publishing Museum of the City of New York/ Corbis 40: Lawson Wood/Corbis 48: The Mariner’s Museum/Corbis 51: 54: 58: 62: 65: 68: 70: 79: 80: 82: 90: 96: 101: 108: 110: Cover: Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis 124 Carl & Ann Purcell/Corbis Catherin Karnow/Corbis Tony Arruza/Corbis Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis Dave G Houser/Corbis Lee Snider/Corbis Catherine Karnow/Corbis Associated Press World Wide Photos Associated Press World Wide Photos Robert Holmes/Corbis Dave G Houser/Corbis Jan Butchofsky-Houser/Corbis Bob Krist/Corbis James A Amos/Corbis Robert Holmes/Corbis CH.WN.Ber.zBM.Final.q 12/15/04 1:05 PM Page 125 About the Author DR RICHARD A CROOKER is a geography professor at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania, where he teaches physical geography, oceanography, map reading, and climatology He received a Ph.D in Geography from the University of California, Riverside Dr Crooker is a member of the Association of American Geographers and the National Council for Geographic Education He has received numerous research grants, including three from the National Geographical Society His publications deal with a wide range of geographical topics He enjoys reading, hiking, bicycling, kayaking, and boogie boarding CHARLES F (“FRITZ”) GRITZNER is Distinguished Professor of Geography at South Dakota University in Brookings He is now in his fifth decade of college teaching and research During his career, he has taught more than 60 different courses, spanning the fields of physical, cultural, and regional geography In addition to his teaching, he enjoys writing, working with teachers, and sharing his love for geography with students As consulting editor for the MODERN WORLD NATIONS series, he has a wonderful opportunity to combine each of these “hobbies.” Fritz has served as both President and Executive Director of the National Council for Geographic Education and has received the Council’s highest honor, the George J Miller Award for Distinguished Service In March 2004, he won the Distinguished Teaching award from the American Association of Geographers at their annual meeting held in Philadelphia 125 ... needing a boat world nations? Bermuda is included because it is one of the wealthiest nations in the world Described here is how geography and history converged to create the nation of Bermuda as... first Bermuda onions (mild flat onion) They made the first Bermuda shorts (commonly called Bermudas) (Bermuda grass, however, did not originate in Bermuda; it comes from Eurasia and Australia.) Bermuda. .. Page Table of Contents Introducing Bermuda Physical Landscapes 17 Bermuda Through Time 37 People and Culture 55 Government 71 Economy 83 Living in Bermuda Today 97 Bermuda Looks Ahead 111 Facts at