Contains over 200 activities ready for you to try out in your classroom! If you are teaching or learning to teach primary science, this is the toolkit to support you! Not only does it cover the essential knowledge and understanding that you need to know, it also offers over 200 great ideas for teaching primary science – so no more late nights thinking up creative new ways to teach key concepts! In addition, this book offers you practical guiding principles which you can apply to every lesson There are tips on how to ensure each lesson includes both practical and investigative elements and suggestions on how to make your lessons engaging, memorable and inclusive Each chapter is organized around the following structure: ● What science you need to know and understand? ● What science your pupils need to learn? ● What is the best way to teach these topics in the primary classroom at KS1 and KS2? Sample pupil activities are also included and there is coverage of how to deal with common misconceptions within every chapter Alan Cross is Senior Fellow in the School of Education, University of Manchester, UK Adrian Bowden (Travelling Science Limited) delivers science shows to primary aged pupils throughout North West England l a i t n e s Es y r a m i r P e c n e i c S What you need to know ● Great ways to teach science ● In line with QTS standards Cross & Bowden Written in a friendly style, the authors draw on their own teaching experience and understanding of the National Curriculum and QTS standards to provide an essential guide to teaching primary science Essential Primary Science Essential Primary Science Cover design Hybert Design • www.hybertdesign.com www.openup.co.uk Alan Cross & Adrian Bowden Essential Primary Science Essential Primary Science Alan Cross and Adrian Bowden Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup.co.uk world wide web: www.openup.co.uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121–2289, USA First published 2009 Copyright © Cross and Bowden 2009 All rights reserved Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978–0–335234–60–8 (hb) 978–0–335234–61–5 (pb) ISBN- 0–335234–60–7 (hb) 0–335234–61–5 (pb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data has been applied for Typeset by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in the UK by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow To Sue and Sara for their support, encouragement, and suggestions Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction Life processes – plants 16 Life processes – animals 51 Variation and diversity 93 Environment 110 Materials 132 Rocks and soils 173 Forces 187 The Earth in space 217 10 Electricity 245 11 Sound 266 12 Light 284 Appendices Bibliography Index 305 308 311 Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the copyright holders of the following material for permission to reproduce artwork in Essential Primary Science Data Harvest Group Ltd., Eden Court, Leighton Buzzard, Bedforshire LU7 4FY Figure 2.14 Hand-held data logger Figure 3.17 An electronic pulse sensor Millgate House Education Ltd., Unit 1, Zan Industrial Park, Wheelock, Sandbach CW11 4QD Figure 2.11 Concept cartoon The University of Manchester Children’s University, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL Figure 9.8 Page from a website simulation – shadows Sherston Publishing Group, Angel House, Sherston, Malmesbury, Wiltshire SN16 0LH Figure 2.2 A simple drawing of a flowering plant Figure 2.5 A section through a leaf Figure 3.4 The human skeleton Figure 3.5 Structure of the human knee joint Figure 3.6 The human heart Figure 3.8 Components of human blood Figure 3.14 A human tooth Figure 3.15 The digestive system Figure 9.1 Eight planets and Pluto (dwarf planet) orbit our Sun to make up our Solar System TTS Group Ltd., Park Lane Business Park, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire NG17 9GU Figure 2.10 Stereo microscope The authors also wish to thank Gary Holmes for redrawing the artwork for all other figures Appendix 1: Paper Sun, Earth and Moon model or orrery Appendix 2: Simple 3D orrery that can be made by pupils The 3D orrery requires dowelling to be glued upright into the centre of two wooden discs (see diagram) A further wooden disc with a pre-drilled centre hole is then dropped down onto one of the glued discs This second disc must turn freely as this is the base for the Sun A lolly stick or wood strip is then glued to the free-moving disc and at the other end to the other (Earth) disc and dowel You can now add suitable balls or spheres of Plasticine to represent the Sun and Earth The Earth should now orbit the Sun The last feature to add is the Moon, held in place by a stiff wire coiled around the Earth support dowel and shaped to place the Moon in position The Moon should, as long as the wire is not too tight, move so that it orbits the Earth Appendix 3: My science development diary My Science Understanding Date Target Action taken/date completed Target Action taken/date completed My Science Teaching Date Bibliography Ahlberg, J and Ahlberg, A (1993) Funnybones London: Picture Puffin Alexander, R (2004) Still no pedagogy? Principle, pragmatism and compliance in primary education, Cambridge Journal of Education, 34(1), 7–33 Association of Science Education (1990) The Earth in Space Hatfield: ASE Association of Science Education (2001) Be Safe! Hatfield: ASE Barnes, D (1976) From Communication to Curriculum Harmondsworth: Penguin Education Books Baud, D (1987) Developing Student Autonomy in Learning London: Kogan/Page Brown, M.W (2007) Goodnight Moon New York: HarperFestival Cole, J (1992) The Magic School Bus Gets Lost in the Solar System London: Scholastic Publications Cole, J (1995) The Magic School Bus Gets Lost in Space London: Scholastic Publications Darwin, C (1872) The Origin of Species by Natural Selection London: John Murray Department for Children, Schools and Families (2008) The Assessment for Learning Strategy London: DCSF (available online at: http://publications.teachernet.gov.uk/eOrdering Download/DCSF-00341-2008.pdf) Department for Education and Employment/Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (1999) The National Curriculum for Key Stages and London: DfEE/QCA Driver, R (1983) The Pupil as Scientist? Milton Keynes: Open University Press Elstgeest, J (1985) The right question at the right time, in W Harlen (ed.) Primary Science: Taking the Plunge London: Heinemann Flavell, J., Miller P and Miller S (1977) Cognitive Development Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Freedman, C and Cort, B (2007) Aliens Love Underpants London: Simon & Schuster Gipps, C., McCallum, B and Hargreaves, E (2000) What Makes a Good Primary School Teacher? London: Taylor and Francis Goldsworthy, A and Feasey, R (1997) Making Sense of Primary Science Investigations Hatfield: ASE Gott, R and Duggan, S (1995) Investigative Work in the Science Curriculum Buckingham: Open University Press Harding, T (2003) That’s Science: Learning Science Through Songs Stafford: Network Educational Press Harlen, W (1999) Effective Teaching of Science: A Review of Research Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Educational Research (available online at: http://www.scre.ac.uk/pdf/science.pdf) BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 Harlen, W (2006) Teaching, Learning and Assessing Science 5–12 (4th edn) London: Sage Heller, J.R (2007) How the Moon Regained Her Shape Mount Pleasant, SC: Sylvan Dell Hodson, D (1998) Teaching and Learning Science: Towards a Personalised Approach Maidenhead: Open University Press Howe, A., Davies, D., McMahon, K., Towler, L and Scott, T (2006) Science 5–11: A Guide for Teachers London: David Fulton Jelly, S (1985) Helping children raise questions – and answering them, in W Harlen (ed.) Primary Science: Taking the Plunge London: Heinemann McGuigan, L and Schilling, M (1997) Children learning in science, in A Cross and G Peet (eds) Teaching Science in the Primary School: A Practical Source Book of Teaching Strategies Plymouth: Northcote House Mercer, N (1995) The Guided Construction of Knowledge Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Naylor, S and Keogh, B (2000) Concept Cartoons in Science Education Sandbach: Millgate House Education Ofsted (2008) Success in Science London: Ofsted Peacock, G.A (1998) QTS Science for Primary Teachers: An Audit and Study Guide London: Letts Educational Pekmez, E.S., Johnson, P.M and Gott, R (2005) Teachers’ understanding of the nature and purpose of practical work, Research in Science and Technological Education, 23(1): 3–23 Piaget, J (1973) Memory and Intelligence New York: Basic Books Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (1998) A Scheme of Work for Key Stages and 2: Science London: QCA Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2006) Implications for Teaching and Learning from the 2006 National Curriculum Tests – Science, Key Stage London: National Assessment Agency (available online at: www.QCA.org/itl; accessed 20 July 2008) Roden, J (2005) Achieving QTS: Reflective Reader in Primary Science Exeter: Learning Matters Rousseau, J.J (1979) Emile or On Education (trans A Bloom) New York: Basic Books Schulman, L.S (1987) Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the New Reforms, Harvard Educational Review, 57: 1–22 Sharp, J (ed.) (2004) Developing Primary Science Exeter: Learning Matters Sharp, J., Peacock, G., Johnsey, R., Simon, S and Smith, R (2000) Primary Science: Teaching Theory and Practice Exeter: Learning Matters Smith, R and Peacock, G (1995) Investigations and Progression in Science London: Hodder and Stoughton Stenhouse, L (1975) An Introduction to Curriculum Research and Development London: Heinemann Education Training and Development Agency for Schools (2007) Professional Standards for Teachers London: TDA Vygotsky, L.S (1988) Thought and Language (3rd edn) London: MIT Press Wellington, J (1998) Reasons for doing practical work now and their limitations, in Practical Work in School Science: Which Way Now? London: Routledge Wellington, J and Osbourne, J (2001) Language and Literacy in Science Education Buckingham: Open University Press Wenham, M (1995) Understanding Primary Science: Ideas, Concepts and Explanations London: Paul Chapman Yore, L., Bisanz, G and Hand, B (2003) Examining the literacy component of science literacy: 25 years of language, arts and science research, International Journal of Science Education, 25(6): 689–725 Index absorbtion of light in eye 62 of nutrients in gut 66 and heating of atmosphere 117 by materials 144–5 of sound 268 of light 286 acid rain 116, 126 adaptation 17, 19, 52–3, 119–20, 123 addiction 87 adolescence 53 air plant requires 29–30, 38, 47 animal requires 52, 59–60, and sound 266–8, 274, 276–7, 280–1 and pollution 116 as a mixture 135 in soils 174, 184 upthrust 211 ways to teach about 154–6 air resistance 188, 190, 208–9 alcohol 87–8 algae 18, 112 alveoli 60 amino acid 66 amplitude 267–9 amp 247, 249 amphibian 72 animal 51–3, 69 ways to teach about 71–90 animal cell 53 anther 24 aorta 58 artery 58 asexual reproduction 26, 93–4 assessment 5–7, 13–14 atmosphere 113–17 atoms 132–6, 157, 245–6, 250–1 auditory nerve 61, 267 axis of planets and moons 218, 219 ways to teach about 227, 229, 235–6, 239 backbone 55, 84–5 bacteria 59, 65 ways to teach about 78, 129, 182 baking 167 baking powder 169 balance 61, 267 balanced diet 68, 76, 84 forces 190–1 battery 247–50, 252 ways to teach about 254–6, 258–9 bedrock 175 bicarbonate of soda136, 153 biceps 55 biosphere 111 blood 58–61 ways to teach about 81–2, 84–5 blood vessels 58, 60–1 ways to teach about 82 bloodstream 60–1, 63–4, 66 boiling 136 ways to teach about 160, 162 bone 55, 56, 61 312 INDEX bread 66, 128 breathing 59–61 bud 31 bulb, electrical 249–52, 284, 287 ways to teach about 256–9 in plants 26 burning ways to teach about 168 buzzer 248–51 ways to teach about 256–9 capillaries 58 carbohydrate 66 carnivore 79 cartoons 14, 34 cellulose 22, 67 carbon cycle 114–16 Carl Sagan 15 cement 65 cell blood 58–9 human reproduction 94 in plants 21–2, 24 in animals 53–4 respiration 61 electrical 248–9 ways to teach about 254–5 central nervous system (CNS) 63 changing state 135–6 ways to teach about 156 charge, electric 132–3, 245–7 chest cavity 60 chemical changes 136, 167 chlorophyll 17, 20, 21 chromosome 94 circuit and blood 57 electrical 247–52 ways to teach 256–63 clay in soil 48, 174, 182 in pencil lead 262–3 climate change 2, 114, 117 clone 26, 94 cochlea 61, 267–8 colour of blood 58–9 in plants 41 of rocks 176–8 and vision 286, 298, 302 variation and diversity 94, 96 ways to teach about 99–107 comet 224, 226–7 compound 134–5 compression in sound waves 61, 268 ways to teach about 278 concept map 5, 14 condensation 30, 135–6 ways to teach about 157, 161–2 conductors, electrical 247, 250–1 ways to teach about 261–3 conductors, thermal 150 ways to teach about 148–50, 152 conjunctiva 62 constructivism 5, consumer 125 crystals 173, 174, 176, 178 current 245–52 DART (directed activity related to text) 19 day and night 217–19 ways to teach about 229–30 decay, dental 65 of plant and animals174, 175 decibel 276, 80 dental hygiene 65 ways to teach about 78–9 dentine 65 deoxygenated 58 ways to teach about 82 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 94–5 deposition, of water vapour135 of sediment 174 diagram 5, 8, 14 diaphragm 60 diet 67–8 ways to teach about 76, 80 digestive system 65–7 dispersal, of seeds 25 displace, water 190 dissolving 136 ways to teach about 163–4 drag, frictional force 198 drugs 68 ways to teach about 76–7, 87–8 ear 61, 267–8 ways to teach about 271–2, 279–81 ear canal 267–8 INDEX eardrum 267 Earth as biosphere 111, 113–17 and gravity 189–90, 212–13 in space 11, 217–24 ways to teach about 36, 225–42, 289, 305–6 echo 268 ways to teach about 278 eclipse 221 ecosystem 111, 129 explanation 3, 8, 9, 10 effectors 63–4 eliciting 5, 6, 14, 34 electrical conductor 250–1 ways to teach about 261–3 electrical insulator 246–7 ways to teach about 261 electricity 132–3, 245–52 ways to teach about 254–63 electron 132–4, 245–8, 250–1 elements 134 elicitation 5, 14 enamel 65 ways to teach about 78 endocrine 64 energy animals requirements 53, 66, 112 ways to teach about 124–5 plants requirements 19–20, 25 ways to teach about 36, 46 and respiration 19, 61, 66 and particle theory 135 ways to teach about 157 electrical energy 248–51 ways to teach about 254–8 sound energy 266–9 ways to teach about 275 light energy 287 enzymes 65 equinox 223 erosion 181 eustachian tube 267 evaporation in water cycle 114, 162 changes of state 135 ways to teach about 159–62 Every Child Matters 51 evolution 95, 108 excretion 19, 52, 67 313 exercise 69 ways to teach about 75, 82–4, 88–9 extinction 95 eye 61, 62, 68 fair test 36, 45, 73, 89, 129, 145, 146, 150, 159, 160, 165, 180, 181, 184, 206, 207, 279, 289, 298 fabrics ways to teach about 141, 149, 279, 301–2 fat 66, 67 fertilization 24, 54, 94 ways to teach about 43 filtering 135 ways to teach about 163–5, 167 fish 66, 67 floating in air 188 ways to teach about 154, 156 floating in water 190–1 ways to teach about 210–11 flower 14, 17–20, 23–5 ways to teach about 30–1, 33, 35, 38–43, 101, 107 foetus 54 food chain and pyramids 111–13 ways to teach about 124–5, 128 food web 112 forces different types 187–92 ways to teach about 194–213 see also air resistance, balanced, friction, gravity, magnetism, upthrust fossil fuels 117 freezing 135–6 ways to teach about 146, 157, 158 frequency, of sound waves 267, 268, 269 ways to teach about 274 friction 188 ways to teach about 198, 205–8 fruit 33, 66, fuel 115 fungi 18, 63, 111 galaxy 217, 224, 227 gases 132–6 and air resistance 188 and upthrust 211 in breathing 59, 61 in the environment 115, 116, 117 in space 218, 224 314 INDEX ways to teach about 154–7, 161, 167 gaseous exchange 59 genes 94, 95, 96 genetic material 22, 24, 54, 93, 94 genetics 26, 93, 94, 95, 96 ways to teach about – see variation and diversity germination 16, 24–6 ways to teach about 36, 45 glands 53, 63, 64 global warming 110, 114, 115 ways to teach about 126, 127 pollen 24 glucose 20, 22, 61, 66 graph 83, 86 gravity 20, 189, 190 questions about 10 ways to teach about 197, 212, 213 greenhouse effect 116, 117 growth in plants 19, 25, in animals 52, 53, 64–6, 69 ways to teach about 29, 32, 36, 45–8, 77, 86, 90 gum, dental 65 gum disease 78 habitat 53, 111, 112 hardness of rocks 173, 174 ways to teach about 141, 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 180, 181 health 12, 16, 21, 51, 53, 54, 61, 65, 66, 67–9 ways to teach about 46–8, 74–6, 80, 86–90 healthy eating 67, 68 heart 53, 56, 57–8, 60, 64, 69 ways to teach about 81–4 heart beat 83 humus 175 hydrogen 132, 134, 135 ice 135, 224 ways to teach about 147, 148, 158 ICT 10, 31, 41, 46, 78, 106, 120, 150 identical twins 54, 94 igneous rocks 173, 174 inherited 94, 95 ways to teach about 102 infra-red radiation 117 insect 21, 24, 52, 54, 73 inner ear 61, 267 insulation of body 66 of sound 279 thermal 6, 149 electrical 261–3 invertebrate 52, 111, 112 ways to teach about 71, 74, 99, 119, 120, 121, 124 involuntary 64 iris 62 irreversible changes 136 ways to teach about 167 joints, in skeleton 54, 55, 85 keys, for classification 105–7 kinetic energy 250 language 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 larynx 267 leaf litter 77, 119, 120, 175 learning 1–15 leaves 16, 17, 19–22 ways to teach about 29, 30, 32, 33, 38, 45, 105, 123 lens, hand 31 of the eye 62 lichen 18, 112 life cycle 16, 24, 53, 54 ways to teach about 77, 86 light source 284, 285 ways to teach about 288–90, 300 liquids 132, 135, 156 ways to teach about 149, 153, 157, 169 literacy 3, 4, 7, 8, 12 loam 174 loud 267, 268 ways to teach about 273, 275, 276, 280 lungs 57, 58, 59–61, 67 ways to teach about 81 magma 173 magnetic 137, 138, 166, 191–2 ways to teach about 203–5 mains electricity 247 mammal 111 manufactured material 142 mass 189 mastication 65 INDEX materials 2, 14, 28 and sound 62 as particles 132 elements 134 molecules 134 compounds 135 mixtures 135 properties of141 solids, liquids and gases 135 reversible and irreversible changes 136 natural 142 ways to teach about 139–70 medium sound travelling 268 melting 12, 136, 137, 138 ways to teach about 146–9, 156, 157 menstrual 54, 64 metacognition 7, 13 metals 247 metamorphic rock 174 metamorphosis 53 meteorite 223, 227 micro-organisms 128, 174 microscope 31, 32 middle ear 267 minerals, in human diet 66 required for plant growth 20 mirror 285, 286 misconceptions 2, 3, 5, 10–12 mixtures 135 air as a 154 soil as a 174 white light as a 285 ways to teach about 163, 165, 167 mnemonic Mrs Nerg 19 naming planets 241 order of colours 285 modified material 142 molecules 134–6 in air 62, 268, 281 Moon diary 237 Moon 189, 190, 217, 218 eclipses 221 affects 221 gravity 189 phases of 219, 220 ways of teaching about 226–9, 235–41 mutations 95 315 National Curriculum 1, 2, 44, 77, 224, 238, 250, 259 natural selection 53, 93, 95 nervous system 63 neutron 132–4 Newtons 150, 212 ways to teach about 189, 198 nitrogen 134 a plant requirement 20 cycles 115 in acid rain116 in air 135, 154 nucleus in living cells 22, 24 part of an atom 132, 146 numeracy 3, 4, 12 nutrition 19, 64 observation 9, 12 oesophagus 65 oestrogen 64 offspring 77, 94, 95, 108 opaque 140, 284, 285, 287 ways to teach about 297–8 optic nerve 62 orbit electrons in 132, 246 the Moon in 189, 219 planet Earth in 217–18, 222 other planets in 218 comets in 222 asteroids in 223 ways to teach about 226–9, 233, 235, 239, 306 organisms plants as 17, 18, 52 animals as 52 variation of 93 evolution of 94 ways to teach about 99 orrery 229, 239, 305 outer ear 267 oval window 61 ovule 24 ovum 94 oxygen in respiration 19, 61 in photosynthesis 20 transport in body 58 cycle 115 316 INDEX atom 133 an element 134 ways to teach about 81, 83, 154, 169 oxygenated 58 ozone depletion 116 pulse 82, 83 pupil 62 pushing and pulling 187–90 pyramid of numbers 113 questions 3–6, 8–10, 14, 31 parachute 9, 188, 190, 209 parallel circuits 252 ways to teach about 259 parasitic 17, 21, 53 particle theory 135, 136, 156 pedagogy pedagogical content knowledge 11 pelvis 84, 85 permanent changes 136 photographs 33, 40 time-lapse 41 photosynthesis 17, 18–22, 37, 111 pinna 267 pitch, of sound 266, 268, 269 ways to teach about 274, 276, 277 planet as a biosphere 111 Earth orbits the Sun 217, 218 ways to teach about 226, 228, 238–41 planets 218 plant kingdom 16–18 ways to teach about 40, 41 plants and the law 17, 104 plasma 59 platelets 59 pollen 24 pollution 113, 116, 117 population variation within a 93, 94, 95, 108 practical work 12, 13 predator 52, 111, 113 ways to teach about 124–6 prediction prey 113 ways to teach about 125, 126 prism 285 producer 111, 112 ways to teach about 124, 125 proton 132–4 puberty 64 pulmonary circuit 57 pulp of the tooth 65 wood 143 radiation 68, 116, 117, 287 rainbow, colours of 285 receptors 63 rectum 67 reflection of sound 268 of light 284–6 refract 62 reptiles 52 respiration 19, 20, 61, 62, 66, 111 ways to teach about 32, 36 response 63 ways to teach about 45, 89 reversible changes 136 rib cage 60 roots 20, 26 ways to teach about 30, 32, 33, 36–8, 121, 123, 184 rust 169 safety 3, 129, 209, 225, 254, 300 saliva 65 saturated 67, 84, 164 scattering, of light 285, 287 sclera 62 scratch resistant 151 seasons 217, 222 ways to teach about 233, 234 sedimentary rock 173, 174 seeds 20, 24–6 selection, natural 53, 93, 95 semi circular canals 267 senses 6, 61–4 ways to teach about 73, 74, 89 sepal 23 series circuit 247, 252 sex education 54, 69, ways to teach about 77, 87 sexual reproduction 24, 53, 54, 93, 94 shadows 221, 232, 234, 285 sieving 165 simulations 5, 6, 11 sinking 210 INDEX skeleton 54, 55, 115 ways to teach about 84 smoking 61, 87, 88, 89 snow 114, 135 soil 11, 20, 21 ways to teach about 29, 30, 36, 45, 48 Solar System 217, 218, 223, 224 ways to teach about 227, 238, 240 solids 135, 136 ways to teach about 146, 153–7, 163, 165–9 sound travels in 281 sound waves 61, 62, 268, 281 ways to teach about 275, 278 species 17, 19, 24, 26 spectrum, of light 285, 286 speed of sound 268 sperm 54, 64, 94 spin of planets 218 of Moon 219 of Earth 222 ways to teach about 235, 238 springs 188, 199, 200 stamen 24 ways to teach about 42, 43 star 217, 224 static friction 188 electricity 246 steam 135, 136, 162 stem 17, 19, 22 ways to teach about 30, 32, 38, 39 41 stigma 19, 24 ways to teach about 43 stomach 65, 66 subliming 135 Sun 11, 217, 218, 224, 226, 228 conditions for life 20, 52, 111 energy from 112, 162, 284–7 gravity of 189 in Solar System 217–19 and eclipses 221 and seasons 222 ways to teach about 225–35, 239, 240, 295 sunlight 285, 286 harmful effects of 68, 116 ways to teach about 295, 302 switches, electrical 248 ways to teach about 260 317 synovial fluid 56 systemic circuit 57 taste buds 63 teacher confidence 11 teaching methods 2, 7, 11, 14, 15 teeth 64 tendons 56 testosterone 64 tooth decay 65 translucent 287, 297 transparent 62, 140, 286 ways to teach about 297 triceps 55 universe 3, 224 ways to teach about 226 upthrust 188–91 valves, in heart 57, 58 variables 7, 48 vein in mammals 58 leaf 22 ventricle 58 vertebrate 52 vibration in hearing 61, 267 ways to teach about 271, 274, 276, 279, 280 views of science vitamin 21, 52, 66 vocal chords 267 voltage 249–51 volume of sound 268 voluntary 64 waning 220 water 134 condition for life 19, 20 ways to teach about 29, 30, 32, 39, 45, 45, 74, 119, 120 in digestion 66 in the environment 111, 113, 114 phases of 135, 136 ways to teach about 157, 159–161 water cycle 113, 114, 162 water resistance 189 ways to teach about 209 water vapour 116 waterproof material 144, 145 318 INDEX waxing 220 weathering 173 white blood cells 59 woodlice 52 wire 247–52 making a spring 199 Contains over 200 activities ready for you to try out in your classroom! If you are teaching or learning to teach primary science, this is the toolkit to support you! Not only does it cover the essential knowledge and understanding that you need to know, it also offers over 200 great ideas for teaching primary science – so no more late nights thinking up creative new ways to teach key concepts! In addition, this book offers you practical guiding principles which you can apply to every lesson There are tips on how to ensure each lesson includes both practical and investigative elements and suggestions on how to make your lessons engaging, memorable and inclusive Each chapter is organized around the following structure: ● What science you need to know and understand? ● What science your pupils need to learn? ● What is the best way to teach these topics in the primary classroom at KS1 and KS2? Sample pupil activities are also included and there is coverage of how to deal with common misconceptions within every chapter Alan Cross is Senior Fellow in the School of Education, University of Manchester, UK Adrian Bowden (Travelling Science Limited) delivers science shows to primary aged pupils throughout North West England l a i t n e s Es y r a m i r P e c n e i c S What you need to know ● Great ways to teach science ● In line with QTS standards Cross & Bowden Written in a friendly style, the authors draw on their own teaching experience and understanding of the National Curriculum and QTS standards to provide an essential guide to teaching primary science Essential Primary Science Essential Primary Science Cover design Hybert Design • www.hybertdesign.com www.openup.co.uk Alan Cross & Adrian Bowden ... important in science and science education Some science ideas and concepts can be expressed mathematically, but to a far greater extent the medium of learning science ESSENTIAL PRIMARY SCIENCE in.. .Essential Primary Science Essential Primary Science Alan Cross and Adrian Bowden Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education... Science provides one of the most effective tools for doing so Spiritual Numeracy and literacy ESSENTIAL PRIMARY SCIENCE This book is founded on the need for all learners to engage with their science