Forest Diversity and Management TOPICS IN BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Volume The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume Forest Diversity and Management Edited by David L Hawksworth and Alan T Bull Reprinted from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 15:4 (2006) 123 A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the library of Congress ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 1-4020-5207-3 (HB) 978-1-4020-5207-1 (HB) 1-4020-5208-1 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5208-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved Ó 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Printed in the Netherlands Contents Forest Diversity and Management Introduction D CLOSSET-KOPP, A SCHNITZLER and D ARAN / Dynamics in natural mixed-beech forest of the Upper Vosges 3–33 OSWALDO TÉLLEZ-VALDÉS, PATRICIA DÁVILA-ARANDA and RAFAEL LIRA-SAADE / The effects of climate change on the long-term conservation of Fagus grandifolia var mexicana, an important species of the Cloud Forest in Eastern Mexico 35–47 OLIVARIMBOLA ANDRIANOELINA, HERY RAKOTONDRAOELINA, LOLONA RAMAMONJISOA, JEAN MALEY, PASCAL DANTHU and JEAN-MARC BOUVET / Genetic diversity of Dalbergia monticola (Fabaceae) an endangered tree species in the fragmented oriental forest of Madagascar 49–68 HÉLÈNE GONARD, FRANÇOIS ROMANE, IGNACIO SANTA REGINA and SALVATORE LEONARDI / Forest management and plant species diversity in chestnut stands of three Mediterranean areas 69–82 FRIEDRICH PATRICK GRAZ / Spatial diversity of dry savanna woodlands Assessing the spatial diversity of a dry savanna woodland stand in northern Namibia using neighbourhood-based measures 83–97 BÄRBEL BLEHER, DANA USTER and THOMAS BERGSDORF / Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega Forest, Kenya 99–117 MASASHI OHSAWA and TAKUO NAGAIKE / Influence of forest types and effects of forestry activities on species richness and composition of Chrysomelidae in the central mountainous region of Japan 119–131 ANDREAS HEMP / The banana forests of Kilimanjaro: biodiversity and conservation of the Chagga homegardens 133–157 M.G.P TCHOUTO, M YEMEFACK, W.F DE BOER, J.J.F.E DE WILDE, L.J.G VAN DER MAESEN and A.M CLEEF / Biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities in the Campo-Ma‘an rain forests, Cameroon 159–192 R KINDT, P VAN DAMME and A.J SIMONS / Tree diversity in western Kenya: using profiles to characterise richness and evenness 193–210 GERHARD LANGENBERGER, KONRAD MARTIN and JOACHIM SAUERBORN / Vascular plant species inventory of a Philippine lowland rain forest and its conservation value 211–241 WEIBANG SUN, YUAN ZHOU, CHUNYUAN HAN, CHUNXIA ZENG, XIAODONG SHI, QIBAI XIANG and ALLEN COOMBES / Status and conservation of Trigonobalanus doichangensis (Fagaceae) 243–258 NIALL G BURNSIDE, DAN J METCALFE, ROGER F SMITH and STEVE WAITE / Ghyll woodlands of the Weald: characterisation and conservation 259–278 AI-LIAN ZHAO, XIAO-YONG CHEN, XIN ZHANG and DONG ZHANG / Effects of fragmentation of evergreen broad-leaved forests on genetic diversity of Ardisia crenata var bicolor (Myrsinaceae) 279–291 M.G.P TCHOUTO, W.F DE BOER, J.J.F.E DE WILDE and L.J.G VAN DER MAESEN / Diversity patterns in the flora of the Campo-Ma’an rain forest, Cameroon: tree species tell it all? 293–314 JEAN-REMY MAKANA and SEAN C THOMAS / Impacts of selective logging and agricultural clearing on forest structure, floristic composition and diversity, and timber tree regeneration in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo 315–337 ALFONSO GARMENDIA, SUSANA CÁRCAMO and OSCAR SCHWENDTNER / Forest management considerations for conservation of Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius and White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos populations in Quinto Real (Spanish Western Pyrenees) 339–355 STEVEN M VAMOSI / A reconsideration of the reproductive biology of the Atlantic forest in the Volta Velha Reserve 357–364 ALESSIO MORTELLITI and LUIGI BOITANI / Patterns of rodent species diversity and abundance in a Kenyan relict tropical rainforest 365–380 J LUIS HERNANDEZ-STEFANONI / The role of landscape patterns of habitat types on plant species diversity of a tropical forest in Mexico 381–397 JANE HERBERT / Distribution, habitat and Red List status of the New Caledonian endemic tree Canacomyrica monticola (Myricaceae) 399–406 GRACE NANGENDO, HANS TER STEEGE and FRANS BONGERS / Composition of woody species in a dynamic forest–woodland–savannah mosaic in Uganda: implications for conservation and management 407–435 JÖRN THEUERKAUF and SOPHIE ROUYS / Do Orthoptera need human land use in Central Europe? The role of habitat patch size and linear corridors in the Bialowiez·a Forest, Poland 437–448 BENIGNO GONZÁLEZ-RIVAS, MULUALEM TIGABU, KARIN GERHARDT, GUILLERMO CASTRO-MARÍN and PER CHRISTER ODÉN / Species Composition, diversity and local uses of tropical dry deciduous and gallery forests in Nicaragua 449–467 B BALAGURU, S JOHN BRITTO, S.J., N NAGAMURUGAN, D NATARAJAN and S SOOSAIRAJ / Identifying conservation priority zones for effective management of tropical forests in Eastern Ghats of India 469–483 SWEN C RENNER, MATTHIAS WALTERT and MICHAEL MÜHLENBERG / Comparison of bird communities in primary vs young secondary tropical montane cloud forest in Guatemala 485–515 T.R SHANKAR RAMAN / Effects of habitat structure and adjacent habitats on birds in tropical rainforest fragments and shaded plantations in the Western Ghats, India 517–547 Biodiversity and Conservation (2006) 15:1061–1061 DOI 10.1007/s10531-006-0009-7 Ó Springer 2006 Introduction Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation: Forest diversity and management Natural forests, with a history of ecological continuity extending back for thousands of years, are unrivalled as the treasure store of terrestrial biodiversity on Earth Yet to date there is no fully comprehensive inventory of the above- and below-ground biota of any forest available, even in western Europe However, in conserving natural forests, it is reasonable to assume that the myriads of unnamed bacteria, fungi, insects, mites and nematodes present will be safeguarded along with the trees, provided that the forest structure is maintained But forests are also a key player in the global carbon cycle, and so in the maintenance of the composition of the atmosphere crucial to Life as we know it To endanger and clear forests is at the peril of future generations, but as so many peoples depend on forests for food and wood, the issue of how forests can be used sustainably, in a way that protects the full spectrum of organisms they contain, has to be addressed Sadly, the compensatory planting of new forests, whether for exploitation or conservation, does not fully address the need; the trees, other plants and vertebrates may be secured by such approaches, but the full soil biota, and complete spectrum of organisms associated with a natural forest are unlikely ever to be regained This compilation of peer-reviewed papers, drawn from researchers around the world, examines many different aspects of forest diversity and management They consider forests in diverse locations, including Australia, Cameroon, China, France, Kenya, the Philippines, Poland, Uganda, and the UK The forest types considered vary from banana forests, savannah forests, and tropical rainforest to the much revered ancient oak forest of Bialowieza in Poland The emphasis is on the trees themselves, including effects of logging, changes in management practices, and climate change In some cases the consequences of forest disturbance or destruction on other plants, birds, or vertebrates are reported for particular forests Given the wide range of topics brought together here, this collection should be of particular interest to those involved in teaching forest conservation and management, and requiring a cross-section of current work in the field DAVID L HAWKSWORTH The Yellow House, Calle Aguila 12, Colonia La Maliciosa, Mataelpino, Madrid 28492, Spain E-mail: myconova@terra.es [1] Biodiversity and Conservation (2006) 15:1063–1093 DOI 10.1007/s10531-004-1874-6 Ó Springer 2006 -1 Dynamics in natural mixed-beech forest of the Upper Vosges D CLOSSET-KOPP*, A SCHNITZLER and D ARAN LBFE, University of Metz, Campus Bridoux, rue du Ge´ne´ral Delestraint, 57070 Metz-Borny, France; *Author for correspondence (e-mail: clossetde@hotmail.com) Received: 10 February 2004; accepted in Revised form 22 July 2004 Key words: Mixed beech forests, Age-structure, Architecture, Soil, Light regime, Stand history Abstract Forest dynamics were analysed in the Upper Vosges mountains of north-eastern France in two reserve areas, Frankenthal-Missheimle (FM) and Grand Ventron (GV), located in the Ballons des Vosges Natural Regional Park (Parc Naturel Re´gional des Ballons des Vosges) Two plots of 3000 m2 each were established in mixed beech woodlands located just below sub-alpine beech forests for long-term monitoring The main aim of the study was to interpret how the different species populations in mixed-beech woodlands in the Vosges grow and interact over the long term, and to determine the disturbance history The study combined vegetation description, dendrological and structural data, architectural descriptions and drawings and light distribution and soil analysis Historical information was also taken into consideration Soils in the two plots showed available phosphate P values > 0.14 g kgÀ1, indicating good levels of phosphorus supply for plants, except for A1/C horizon (1Va soil) which corresponds to a medium-fertility soil However, soils were found to be shallow because of the slope, a factor that may limit water availability for adult trees and seedlings As the canopy (composed of existing trees) consists of shade trees, the growth rates for seedlings and saplings (potential trees) depends on the canopy architecture: when growing in sunlit gaps, saplings reach full daylight (canopy height) in less than 100 years When developing in shade (suppressed state), saplings may need up to 150 years before reaching full daylight Alternating periods of rapid and slow growth explain why some trees present a wide range of stem diameters and ages in the area leading up to the canopy (some trees are more than 300-years-old), in contrast with the relatively homogeneous height classes distribution, indicating suppression periods Trees in the FM and GV plots were found to have different growth rates Both study plots developed with similar past disturbance events, the two most important being at the beginning of the 18th century In addition, the forests were regularly affected by smaller disturbances until present Because of the spatial heterogeneity and large range of ages represented, the forest stands within the two natural reserve areas are presently considered to be the bestpreserved sites in the upper Vosges, but their situation near the timber line prevents them from becoming models for forest management at lower altitudes Introduction Unmanaged forests are the last representatives of the pristine landscapes of Europe Unfortunately, they have practically disappeared from European forest panels, with a total of only millions hectares (i.e 1.7% of the total forest area; COST Action E4 1999) These forest relics are located primarily in remote, inaccessible areas, in unproductive regions, hunting reserves or along frontier borders (Peterken 1996; COST Action 1999; Motta et al 2002; [3] 1064 Schnitzler 2002) Apart from Russia, where old-growth forests may reach up to 20,000 km2 (Sittler et al 2000), they are small patches (a mean range of 20– 100 ha) within a larger landscape patchwork of managed forests and various land uses For example, France, with 15 million hectares of metropolitan forest cover, possesses the third largest woody domain in Europe, but only 0.2% (300 km2) of this total are natural forests (Vallauri and Poncet 2003) Most of these are concentrated in mountain regions (the Vosges, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Alps) Studies have demonstrated that these vestiges cannot remain completely independent of their managed surroundings, and are unable to preserve their potential biodiversity (Helle and Jaărvinen 1986) Pollen diagrams have, however, demonstrated that even small ‘virgin’ forests remain stable in composition over hundred of years (Bradshaw and Holmqvist 1999) The main causes of such stability and resilience are the high complexity in structure and architecture associated with the complexity of biotic interactions, which lead to remarkable resistance to climatological events (White 1978; Franks and McNaughton 1991) All remaining natural forests urgently need protection in order to preserve their cultural and scientific value, to protect their wildlife and genetic diversity and to ensure sites for basic research in ecology They also provide the necessary reference data for applied research in forest management and environmental monitoring (Leibendguth 1959; Peterken 1996) The present study looked at several aspects of the forest dynamics and biodiversity of mixed-beech woodlands of the ‘Parc Naturel Re´gional des Ballons des Vosges’ (PNRBV) (Upper Vosges, north-eastern France) The PNRBV has two natural reserves within its boundaries: the Grand Ventron (GV), created in 1995 covering over 1647 ha, and the Frankenthal–Missheimle (FM), created in 1989 with over 746 Their respective elevations (GV: 720– 1204 m; FM : 690–1363 m) correspond to the submontane (400–800) and montane belts (800–1100 altitude) Both reserves harbour typical, often endangered, plant communities (Schwoehrer and Despert 1999; Schwoehrer 1999; Untereiner et al 2002) The impact of human activity has been significant since the French Revolution and includes logging, local fires and the planting of non-indigenous spruce since the 1850s (Garnier 1994, 1998) Ungulate densities are also closely linked to human activity and their populations have increased considerably during the 20th century (ONF 2000; Heuze´ 2002) One of the main objectives of the creation of the PNRBV, within the framework of which the present research was carried out, was to contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of the forests through basic and applied research and the development of innovative methodologies For this reason, our research focused on long-term, forest-monitoring plots situated in strictly protected woodlands of the FM and GV natural reserves which still include small stands of nearly natural woodlands (Gilg 1997) The aim of the study is: (i) to propose and innovate a sampling protocol for long-term studies, [4] .. .Forest Diversity and Management TOPICS IN BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Volume The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume Forest Diversity and Management. .. Biodiversity and Conservation (2006) 15:1061–1061 DOI 10.1007/s10531-006-0009-7 Ó Springer 2006 Introduction Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation: Forest diversity and management Natural forests,... Forest management and plant species diversity in chestnut stands of three Mediterranean areas 69–82 FRIEDRICH PATRICK GRAZ / Spatial diversity of dry savanna woodlands Assessing the spatial diversity