MEDIEVAL PRACTICES OF SPACE M E D I E V A L ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^n SERIES EDITORS RITA C O P E L A N D BARBARA A HANAWALT DAVID WALLACE Sponsored by the Center for Medieval Studies at the University of Minnesota Volumes in the series study the diversity of medieval cultural histories and practices, including such interrelated issues as gender, class, and social hierarchies; race and ethnicity; geographical relations; definitions of political space; discourses of authority and dissent; educational institutions; canonical and noncanonical literatures; and technologies of textual and visual literacies Volume 23 Edited by Barbara A Hanawalt and Michal Kobialka Medieval Practices of Space Volume 22 Michelle R Warren History on the Edge: Excalibur and the Borders of Britain, 1100-1300 Volume 21 Olivia Holmes Assembling the Lyric Self: From Troubadour Song to Italian Poetry Book For more books in the series, see pages 263-64 M E DIE VA L PRACTICES or SPACE BARBARA A HANAWALT MlCHAL KoBIALKA EDITORS Medieval Cultures, Volume 23 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Chapter is reprinted from Daniel L Smail, Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999) Copyright 1999 Cornell University Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press Copyright 2000 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Medieval practices of space / Barbara A Hanawalt and Michal Kobialka, editors p cm — (Medieval cultures ; v 23) Papers from a conference held in April 1997 Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8166-3544-7 (HC : acid-free paper) — ISBN 0-8166-3545-5 (PB : acid-free paper) Civilization, Medieval Space (Architecture)—Social aspects—Europe— History—To 1500 Public spaces—Europe—History—To 1500 Space and time—Social aspects—Europe—History—To 1500 Space and time—Religious aspects Space and time—Psychological aspects Literature, Medieval Space and time in literature Visual perception in literature I Hanawalt, Barbara II Kobialka, Michal III Series CB353 M424 2000 307—dc21 99-050793 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 10 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction BARBARA A HANAWALT AND MlCHAL KOBIALKA ix Signs of the City: Place, Power, and Public Fantasy in Medieval Paris MICHAEL CAMILLE i The Linguistic Cartography of Property and Power in Late Medieval Marseille D A N I E L LORD SMAIL 37 Spaces of Arbitration and the Organization of Space in Late Medieval Italian Cities CHARLES BURROUGHS 64 Architecture and the Iconoclastic Controversy ANDRZEJ PIOTROWSKI 101 Staging Place/Space in the Eleventh-Century Monastic Practices MICHAL KOBIALKA 128 Space and Discipline in Early Medieval Europe V A L E R I E I J F L I N T 149 Theatrical Space, Mutable Space, and the Space of Imagination: Three Readings of the Croxton Play of the Sacrament D O N N A L E E Dox 167 Dramatic Memories and Tortured Spaces in the Mistere de la Sainte Hostie JODY ENDERS 199 Becoming Collection: The Spatial Afterlife of Medieval Universal Histories KATHLEEN BIDDICK 223 10 Poetic Mapping: On Villon's "Contredictz de Franc Gontier" TOM C O N L E Y 242 Contributors Index 261 265 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In organizing the conference "The Medieval Practices of Space" in April 1997 and in producing the subsequent volume, Barbara A Hanawalt and Michal Kobialka gratefully acknowledge the support of the College of Liberal Arts, the Center for Medieval Studies, and the Carl D Sheppard Fund of the University of Minnesota Research assistants play a major role in organizing the conferences of the Center for Medieval Studies and in following through later with editorial work on the books that arise from these conferences The editors thank Anna Dronzek, Amy Brown, Kristen Burkholder, Darren Bayne, Jonathan Good, and Noel Delgado for their work related to Medieval Practices of Space Anne Mattson, the graduate administrative assistant of the Center for Medieval Studies, was particularly helpful throughout the conference planning and the production of the volume VII This page intentionally left blank INTRODUCTION BARBARA A HANAWALT AND MlCHAL KOBIALKA Ever since the word "space" lost its strictly geometrical meaning, it has acquired and been accompanied by numerous adjectives or nouns that defined its "new" use and attributes Mental space, ideological space, literary space, the space of the imagination, the space of the dreams, Utopian space, imaginary space, technological space, cultural space, and social space are some of the terms that have emerged alongside the Euclidean, isotropic, or absolute space With the publication of Henri Lefebvre's La Production de I'espace in 1974 (the English version, The Production of Space, was published in 1991), the possibility that space can be produced altered how one talks about and envisions that which used to be an empty area Lefebvre's triad of spatial practice (perceived), which embraces production and reproduction of each social formation, representations of space (conceived), which are tied to the relations of production and to the order, hence knowledge, that these relations impose, and representational spaces (lived), which embody complex symbolism dominating, by containing them, all senses and all bodies, has changed not only how one studies the history of space but also the history of representations as well as of specific representational practices It is therefore not surprising that the uses and definitions of space are proliferating and becoming increasingly important as a subject matter as well as an analytical tool for a number of different disciplines including those studying the Middle Ages In the area of cartography, for instance, it is quite apparent that medieval maps divided space differently than modern ones In the great mappae mundi, Jerusalem was placed at the center of the map and the crucified Christ was often superimposed on the map to divide the space The continents were ranged around the circle of the map with important cities or countries noted Pilgrimage maps depicted the routes in a linear fashion rather than following the actual terrain In cathedrals, the use of the internal space changed frequently, with perhaps the most dramatic being the erection IX POETIC MAPPING analysis," it is better to be nurtured on cooked bread (pain cuit) The wind that begins the refrain is convected from the lady who, before passing a grandiose fart (pet), is more distended than a "velimeux escarbot" (poisonous or poisoned scarabee) The explosion brings peace (paix) to the establishment In the irony of that auratic moment is contained an irenic eternity "Tous deux yvres dormons comme un sabot" [Drunk together we sleep snugly as in a shoe] When they arise the wind returns, "Quand le ventre luy bruyt," or when a monstrous rebirth of the world is about to take place Her belly grumbles with signs of a miraculous birth of an unearthly being Nonetheless, the poet emphasizes, it is better to be inside the space of the bordeau than outside The inversion of the spatial condition of the "Contredictz" shows that rather than looking in from without, the poet is confining himself to the laws and rules of the bordeau, where he lives in a place whose perimeters are felt in the multiple inflections of the four repetitions of the refrain that describe the tavern as a brothel, a port, a world (or polis), and a wooden panel on which is engraved the poem or an icon (or map) of the space of its action In the narration of a world being engendered from the ventre, within the bordeau recurs the figure of the wooden sign that, like Margot's belly, flattens the poet-servant as might either a plank or a mappa mundi in the style of the didactic image that appeared in a first printed edition of Isidore de Seville's ftymo/ogiae.14 Or, it can be inferred from comparison with the Contredictz and its source that it is an axe (ais), a flat wedge of iron The articulation of the climatic disturbances and the cold that follows the seasonal changes of the poem (in which the first stanza, as spring, leads to summer in the second, etc.) yields a warmth of an inner space protected from the winter, wherein "Tous deux ivres" (1.1615) (the two protagonists) sleep for the duration of the winter (ivre), snug as a bug in a rug, close to the optical center of the poem The protective warmth of the interior gives way to a spatial arrangement of circular enclosures that move from the omphalos of the ventre to the world-bordeau that seems to have no borders For that reason the comparison of Margot to a creature more swollen than a velimeux or venimeux escarbot requires study in terms of its spatial and cartographical latency.15 At issue is the creation of a world from a universal condition of corruption, in which the cloacal residue of the world is stored up in the space surrounding—but also within—the body of the bloated scarabee 255 256 TOM C O N L E Y In their prudent reading Rychner and Henry, noting that "several texts attest for escarbot," the unquestioned sense of the "shit-beetle" (coleoptera that lives in dung), it can perhaps be admitted that the scarabee can be "swollen, stuffed with excrement," in that its gluttony is well known."16 It would be pointless, as legions of critics have shown, to wonder if the simile of the insect to Margot's belly is licit simply because the spatial register of the text causes its grammar to exceed its borders The scarabee is evoked as both the insect and its world, its inner matter and its food for rumination being of the same essence In lines 1611-1613 are the contours of the phantasm of the world-as-dungheap or, no less, as a mountain of concentric circles of excrement dropped by a monstrous or divine creature above An orography or a relief map of the earth's lower depths is obtained from the image produced of the poem as world In "Margot" a cartography of poetic space is given from the relation of a center and a periphery of a caricatural world-theater in which the poet lives His world is all at once a local space (a bordeau), a city at the edge of the sea, and a map panel There is no escape from its confines, even if it englobes cosmographic space at large By contrast, the world of "Franc Gontier" is one of exclusion into which the poet has been confined As in "Margot," it articulates the city and the country in accord with the seasons and their winds We witness the creation of an uncanny poetic area, which might be called a subjective orography, in the inflections of the relation of the poet to the space from which he seeks isolation or into which he burrows Unlike poetry that imagines topographical spaces in its referential field or drafts pictures of nostalgic retreat, as does much of Philippe de Vitry's poem that is recalled through Villon, in Le Grant Testament the ballad itself becomes a mapped form of non-places The ballads that give order to the form by way of punctuation are not merely machines that reiterate a refrain and end with an envoy but are especially, in the overall cosmography that is being drawn as a whole, evidence of a latent but surely affective cartography To explore further the impulse that maps out subjectivity in Villon's poem, it would be necessary to navigate along the lines that tie the more properly geographical ballads of the beginning to the network, in which figure "Gontier" and "Margot," to other poems that plot the ground of a national and local space in a future envisioned to be less denatured than that of the present POETIC MAPPING Nonetheless "Gontier" and the ballads with which it is associated are inflected by emotive intensity that originates in the expression of exclusion from or incarceration in a latent map Such is the effect of a poetic space whose arena is a field of tension born of a paradoxical separation from the space created in the process of writing Such, too, is Villon's "Petit enffant j'ay oy recorder: II n'est tresor que de vivre a son aise." Zumthor had evoked the "aiz" or the closed space of the paradise garden to be the vanishing point at which adventure and lyrical drive are aimed In "Franc Gontier" it is flattened and local, a space of exclusion, which invokes the drama of being severed into the vital process of living with the world and encountering it as a helter-skelter of zones and heterotopias In this way the poem seems to crystallize much of what at the outset of this paper was fathomed about the relation of medieval space to adventure Adventure, understood after the twelfth century as a new movement of enterprise in the garb of chivalric ideals,17 was also an effect of compensation for, if not a denial of, the domestication of alterity In this light adventure could be fancied as what would control and pacify areas of fear extending between the imagination and the physical apprehension of the world The forest, a figure that harbors the unknown and the pleasures and fears of alterity, was the arriere-pays toward which the enterprising knights set forth In Villon's poem the illusions of that other space are felled with an axe of irony With it comes new paths and itineraries we can make by way of cultivating medieval space in the world in which we move NOTES Paul Zumthor, La Mesure du monde: Representation de I'espace au Moyen Age (Paris: Seuil, 1993), p 363 Further references to this work will be made in parentheses Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans David Nicholson-Smith (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1991), stands as a benchmark for a history and anthropology of space The central chapter on "differential" space seems to work out Michel Foucault's vital treatment of heterotopias, published as "Des espaces autres" in his Dits et ecrits: 1954-1988, ed Daniel Defert and Francois Ewald, vols (Paris: Gallimard, 1993), vol 4, pp 752-62 It appears that Lefebvre's remarks on literature and space derive much from two of Foucault's seminal essays of 1964, "Le Langage de I'espace," and "La Folie, absence de 1'oeuvre," in Dits et ecrits, vol i, pp 407-511; 412-20 In the former text, Foucault anticipates much of what Zumthor states about poetic space Space, he argues, is not just a metaphor in literary language, but it is what is transported or translated in language A reasoned critique of 257 258 TOM C O N L E Y Lefebvre and his tradition is offered in Michael Curry, The Work in the World: Geographical Practice and the Written Word (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), pp 175-209 Zumthor himself shows how the space of the New World inspired fear and how, as a result, it had to be domesticated and controlled "After 1500, most of Columbus's followers will be men as much of science as of adventure The stakes of their expeditions no longer include a correct knowledge of the globe, but a confirmation of human mastery over Creation, of the domestication of extension" (p 253) In The Darker Side of the Renaissance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), Walter Mignolo shows how the unknown had to be integrated into a language of everything that was known Mignolo argues that Johannes Ruysch's map of the new world of 1508 betrays an "unconscious arrogance and deep belief that what for him was not known had to be, of necessity, new; that whatever was not known to him, naturally did not exist" (p 264) In a study of Montaigne's "De Cannibales," in Heterologtes: Discourse on the Other, translated by Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), Michel de Certeau has shown that Europeans' fear of the savages derives from their nomadism: they lack a place or space that can be tagged with a name and hence precipitate a collapse of boundaries (pp 70-72) that the colonizer will have to remap according to policies of domination See also Jean-Fra^ois Lyotard, The Inhuman: Reflections on Time (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), p 119 Here the author recoups some of the general hypotheses about spatio-temporal compression studied in David Harvey's The Condition of Post-Modernity (London: Basil Blackwell, 1989) The conclusions here are close to those of Yi-Fu Tuan in Topophilia (1974; reprint, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp 129-49,m which the flattening of the world's volume in planispheric representations marks the shift from "cosmos to landscape." A similar tension, it will be shown below, inheres in Villon's poetic space A M F Gunn, The Mirror of Love: A Reinterpretation of "The Romance of the Rose" (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1951); Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans Williard R Trask (reprint, Princeton: Princeton/Bollingen University, 1973), pp 117-27; and especially David Kuhn, La Poetique de Franfois Villon (Paris: Armand Colin, 1965), to which this study will make copious reference The concept of "passification" in the name of things irenic or pacific belongs to Jacques Lacan and is alertly glossed in Teresa Brennan, History after Lacan (London: Routledge, 1993), pp 12-15 Pierre Guiraud argues for the permanently transitional state of the text in Le Testament de Villon, ou Le Gai savoir de la Basoche (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), pp 113-15 Its mobility owes much to the concurrently scriptural and typographical character of the verse Jacques Le Goff, L'Imaginaire medieval (Paris: Gallimard, 1974), pp 130-36 "Non-place" is chosen to invite comparison of the places cited in Le Testament to what Marc Auge calls non-lieux of our age The latter are zones to which one gains access but that are uninhabitable "Places" have identitarian value, and are relational and historical in quality, whereas the non-place resists anthropological analysis and, contrary to Baudelairean modernity, "does not integrate older places," in Non-lieux: Introduction a une anthropologie de la modemite (Paris: Seuil, 1992), p 100 The transcription is taken from Jean Rychner and Albert Henry, eds., critical edition of Le Testment Villon, vols (Geneva: Droz, 1974), i: 117,11 1473-1506, and adapted POETIC MAPPING according to Kuhn's orthography in which modern punctuation, in order to approximate its status as a manuscript or in an incunabular book, is reduced to a minimum 10 Studied in Kuhn, La Poetique, pp 372-80 He reproduces de Vitry from A Piaget, Romania 27 (1898): 63-64: Soubz feuille vert, sur herbe delitable Lez ru bruiant et prez clere fontaine, Trouvay fichee une borde portable Ilec mengeoit Gontier o dame Helayne Fromage frais, laict, burre, fromaigee, Craime, matton, pomme, nois, prune, poire, Aulx et oignons, escaillongne froyee Sur crouste bise, au gros sel, pour mieulx boire Au goumer beurent et oisillon harpoient Pour resbaudir et le dru et la drue, Qui par amours apres s'entrebaisoient Et bouche et nez, polie et bien barbue Quand orent prins le doubc mes de nature, Tantost Gontier, haiche au col, ou boys entre; Et dame Helayne si met toute sa cure A ce buer qui queuvre dos et ventre J'oy Gontier en abatant son arbre Dieu mercier de sa vie seiire: 'Ne scay', dit-il, 'que sont pilliers de marbre, Pommeaux luisans, murs vestus de paincture: Je n'ay paour de traison tissue Soubz beau semblant, ne qu'empoisonne soye En vaisseau d'or Je n'ay la teste nue Devant thirant, ne genoil qui s'i ploye 'Verge d'uissier jamais ne me deboute, Car jusques la ne m'esprend convoitise, Ambicion, ne lescherie gloute Labour me paist en joieuse franchise; Moult j'ame Helayne et elle moy sans faille, Et c'est assez De tombel n'avons cure.' Lors je dy: 'Las! serf de court ne vault maille, Mais Franc Gontier vault en or jame pure [Under green leaf, on a cushion of grass,/Noise sounding and near a clear fountain/I found erected a portable sign./There Gontier was eating with Lady Helen/Fresh cheese, milk, butter, yogurt./Cream, pudding, apples, nuts, prunes, pears,/Garlic and onion, curdled milk on toast with sea salt in order better to drink./At the meal they drank and birds chirped/To inspire the lover and his beloved,/ Who in their frolics then kissed about/Their mouths and noses, pol- 259 260 TOM C O N I E Y ished and nicely bearded /When they were filled with the sweet goods of nature/Then Conner, his axe hanging from his collar, enters the woods/And Lady Helen takes a doth to wipe him clean/Of the sweat covenng his back and belly/I hear Gontier, felling his tree,/Thanking God for a life so secure /"I can't say," he says, "what marble piers may be,/Shmy newels, walls clothed with paintings /I fear not treason woven/Under good looks nor being poisoned/By golden vessels My head is never bared/Before a tyrant, nor is my knee bent in homage /The writer's plume doesn't bother me/Because I covet nothing/Of ambition or gluttonous lechery/Plowing the earth fills me with joyous freedom,/! love my Helen and she, without fail me /And that's enough Of a tomb we have no need "/And so I say, "Alas' Serfdom in the court is worthless,/But Franc Gontier is worth pure gold and gems "] 11 The profane figures are held in the text to remind the reader of the spatial dialectic that links national and corporeal space in the final lines of the quatrain Villon pronounced at the foot of the gallows Or d'une corde d'une toise Mon col saura que mon cul poise, is here figured in the visual contiguity of the gratte-cul to the recurring verb playing on the gravity of the debate In line 910, following the refrain of the Pnere pour nostre dame, the legator leaves to his love "une chiere rose," a silken (but also shitful) object 12 Jean Dufournet translates une bise tostee as a "roast" m his edition of the Poesies (Pans Garmer/Flammanon, 1984), p 229 13 Kuhn La Poetique, p 372, remarks that this ballad counts among those whose wealth owes to the changing meanings of the refrain The shadmgs confer the poem with a "spacious truth" comparable to the ballad in "Old French" (11 388-412) that bnngs similar variety to the poetic texture In this poem he shows that the images are so delicious that "everyone knows it is easier to be gone with the wind by being taken up by the pictur esque" dimension (p 374) He does not study the wind that blows in the paragrammar 14 The figure of the world-as-panel is reviewed by Rychner and Henry, eds , Le Testment Villon, 226 Rodney Shirley includes a figure of Isidore's mappa mundi, m The Mapping of the World (London The Holland Press, 1983), p 15 Pierre Level's edition of 1489 prints "venimeux" in place of "velimeux" Because orthography is mobile and because variation of season is one of the enduring elements of the textual reason, both connotations can be read together The poem defies the unilateral reading imposed by Rychner and Henry that tends to betray editorial habits, inherited from the tradition of the critical edition, moving in the direction of a lexical cleansing of the text 16 Rychner and Henry, eds , Le Testment Villon, vol 2, p 225 17 See Michael Nerlich The Ideology of Adventure Studies m Modern Consciousness, trans Ruth Crowley, vols (Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1988), ch i and material pertaining to Chretien de Troyes CONTRIBUTORS KATHLEEN BIDDICK is professor of history at the University of Notre Dame, where she also teaches in the Gender Studies Program Her book The Shock of Medievalism considers the intersections of disciplinarity, periodization, and pleasure in medieval studies CHARLES BURROUGHS is associate professor of art history and director of the Center of Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Binghamton University (SUNY) He has published diverse studies of early modern Italian architecture, urbanism, and visual culture, including The Italian Renaissance Facade: Structures of Authority, Surfaces of Sense, a book on the anthropology of the architectural facade in Italy from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries MICHAEL CAMILLE is Mary f Block Professor of Art History at the University of Chicago His latest books include Mirror in Parchment: The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England and The Medieval Art of Love: Objects and Subjects of Desire He is currently working on gargoyles and a study of street signs in medieval France TOM CONIEY is professor of Romance languages at Harvard University He is the author of The Self-Made Map (Minnesota, 1996) and Film Hieroglyphics (Minnesota, 1991), and he has translated several works, including Michel de Certeau's Culture in the Plural and Gilles Deleuze's The Fold, both published by the University of Minnesota Press DONNALEE Dox is assistant professor of theatre history at the University of Arizona JODY ENDERS is professor of French at the University of California at Santa Barbara She has written extensively on the interplay of rhetoric, medieval literature, performance theory, and law She is the author of The Medieval Theater of Cruelty and Rhetoric and the Origins of Medieval Drama VALERIE I J FLINT is currently G F Grant Professor of History at University of Hull, U.K Among her many publications are the books 261 262 CONTRIBUTORS The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe and The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus BARBARA A HANAWAIT is the King George III Professor of British History at Ohio State University Her books include Growing Up in Medieval England: The Experience of Childhood in History and "Of Good and III Repute": Gender and Social Control in Medieval England She has edited numerous books for the Medieval Cultures series MICHAL KOBIALKA is associate professor of theatre at University of Minnesota He is the author of a book on Tadeusz Kantor's theatre, A Journey through Other Spaces: Essays and Manifestos, 1944-1990, and a book on theatre and drama in the early Middle Ages, This Is My Body Representational Practices in the Early Middle Ages He is the editor of Of Borders and Thresholds: Theatre History, Practice, and Theory (Minnesota, 1999) ANDRZEJ PIOTROWSKI is associate professor in the College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture at the University of Minnesota He is coeditor, with Julia Williams Robinson, of the forthcoming Discipline of Architecture (Minnesota, 2001) He focuses on the interconnections between representation, epistemology, and architectural design and is currently working on a book tentatively titled Space and Image DANIEL LORD SMAII is assistant professor of history at Fordham University He has published on various subjects related to medieval law and society and is the author of Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille MEDIEVAL CULTURES Volume 20 Karen Sullivan The Interrogation of Joan of Arc Volume 19 Clare A Lees Tradition and Belief: Religious Writing in Late Anglo-Saxon England Volume 18 David Matthews The Making of Middle English, 1765-1910 Volume 17 Jeffrey Jerome Cohen Of Giants: Sex, Monsters, and the Middle Ages Volume 16 Edited by Barbara A Hanawalt and David Wallace Medieval Crime and Social Control Volume 15 Kathryn Kerby-Fulton and Denise L Despres Iconography and the Professional Reader: The Politics of Book Production in the Douce "Piers Plowman" Volume 14 Edited by Marilynn Desmond Christine de Pizan and the Categories of Difference Volume 13 Alfred Thomas Anne's Bohemia: Czech Literature and Society, 1310-1420 Volume 12 Edited by F R P Akehurst and Stephanie Cain Van D'Elden The Stranger in Medieval Society Volume II Edited by Karma Lochrie, Peggy McCracken, and James A Schultz Constructing Medieval Sexuality 263 264 Volume 10 Claire Sponsler Drama and Resistance: Bodies, Goods, and Theatricality in Late Medieval England Volume Edited by Barbara A Hanawalt and David Wallace Bodies and Disciplines: Intersections of Literature and History in Fifteenth-Century England Volume Marilynn Desmond Reading Dido: Gender, Textuality, and the Medieval "Aeneid" Volume Edited by Clare A Lees Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages Volume Edited by Barbara A Hanawalt and Kathryn L Reyerson City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe Volume Edited by Calvin B Kendall and Peter S Wells Voyage to the Other World: The Legacy of Button Hoo Volume Edited by Barbara A Hanawalt Chaucer's England: Literature in Historical Context Volume Edited by Marilyn f Chiat and Kathryn L Reyerson The Medieval Mediterranean: Cross-Cultural Contacts Volume Edited by Andrew MacLeish The Medieval Monastery Volume i Edited by Kathryn L Reyerson and Faye Powe The Medieval Castle INDEX Abbey of St Genevieve, Abraham, 199 Accolti, Benedetto, 73 Adam and Eve, Aethelwold, 131, 141-42 Albert!, Leon Battista; rules of perspective, 129, 232; treatise on architecture 70, 87-88 Alberti family, 80 Albert of Saxony, 178, 181, 186 Altdorfer, Albrecht, 234 Altieri; treatise on weddings, 69 Ambrose, 134 Annius of Viterbo; Borgiana Lucubratio, 232 Anselm, Saint, 132; Cur Deus Homo 138-40, 143-44; Proslogion, 135; 1072 collection of prayers 137-39 Appia, Adolphe, 176 Arbitration; medieval, 68 Architecture: Byzantine, xii, 104, 106, 120-22; in churches, xvii; Gothic, 101-2; Romanesque, 101 Aristotle; 129; Categories, 133; De Cado, 186; doctrine of substance, 134; interpenetration of space and bodies, 186; theory of the cosmos, 168, 184-85, 189; topos idios, 133 Artaud, Antonin, 176 Artisans, 38, 45, 49, 52 See also Craftsmen Atget, Eugene, 4, 25 Augustine, Saint, 134, 137; theory of vacuum, 187 Aycart, Peire, 43 Beckwith, Sarah, 208 Bedos-Rezak, Brigitte, 12 Belting, Hans, 229 Benalius, Bernardinus, 226 See also Printing Benedict, Saint, 156, 159-60 Benedictines, 153; customaries, of 158, 164, 173 Benjamin, Walter, 25, 27; theory of "empty time," 236 Berengar, 132-34, 136 Berengar-Lanfranc Eucharist controversy, 132, 135,139-40, 143-44 Black Death, 58 Blau, Herbert, 203 Boccaccio, Giovanni; Decameron, 72-73 Bocchi, Achille, 82 Boileau, Etienne; Livre de metiers, 21 Bologna, 70, 72, 76, 82, 85; university of, 88 Bourdieu, Pierre, x Bracciolini, Poggio, 73 See also Notaries Bradwardine, Thomas, 187,189 Brook, Peter; The Empty Space, 168 Brothels, xvi See also Prostitutes Brown, Peter, 106 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 87-88 Bruni, Leonardo, 73 See also Humanists Buck-Morss, Susan , 26 Buridan, John, 186 Burke, Peter, 65, 81 Burroughs, Charles, 49 Bury St Edmunds, xv, 169, 173, 191 Byzantium, 101 Babylon, xi, 247-48, 252 Bacon, Roger; Compendium of the Study of Theology and De Signis, 23-24, 26 Baptism, 132 Barasch, Moshe; Icon: Studies in the History of an Idea, 102, 104 Barnsley, Sidney, 112-13 Baudelaire, Charles, 27 Bausch, Pina, 183 Cain and Abel, 161-62 Cardinal Giovanni See Leo X, Pope Carmelites, 199, 202 Carnival, 83, 85 Cartography, 43, 46; Provencal, 48, 52 See also Maps Casey, Edward S.; The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History, 265 INDEX 266 Cassian, Institutes, 151, 153 Cathedrals, ix, Notre Dame, 1, 9, 11, 15, 28 Catherine, Saint, 15 Cellim, Benevenuto, Perseus and Medusa, 84 Chadwick, Henry, 133 Charlemagne, 163, Admomtio Generahs, 163-64 Charles of Anjou, 57 Chaucer, Geoffrey, Choay, Franchise, The City and the Sign An Introduction to Urban Semoitics, 11, 24 Churches, Byzantine, 109,114, 117 Civitatis orbis terrarum, 234—46 Cluny, 131 Cohen, Gustave, 217 Copeau, Jacques, 176 Council of Chalons, 163 Council of Constance, 208 Council of Nicea, 132 Council of Pans, 163 Craftsmen, 42, 49 Craig, Gordon, 176 Croxton, Play of the Sacrament 167-68, 171,174, 176-78 182-83, 185-86, 188-90, 201, 216 Crusades, 224 Customs of Fleury, 157-58 Davidson, Clifford, 176 de Certeau, Michel, x, 48, The Practice of Everyday Life, 128,131, 143, 223, on "strategy" 230, 234 de Garland, Mathilde, de Jandun, Jean, Tractatus de laudibus Panisus, 26 de Metz, Gilbert, 16 de Meung, Jean, Le Roman de la rose, 245, 249 Demus, Otto, Byzantine Mosaic Decoration Aspects of Monumental Art in Byzantium, 106-9,115 de Ripa, John, 187 de Rome, Gilles, Livre du gouvernement des princes, 20 de Salluce, Thomas le Chevalier errant, 20-21 de Vigneulles, Philippe, 212 de Vitry, Philippe, Les Ditz de Franc Gontier, 249-50, 256 de Vogue, Adalbert, 151, 153-54 Diez, Ernst, 115 Dominicans, of S Maria Novella, 73, 187 Dunstan, Bishop, 131,141-42, feast of, 141 Durer, Albrecht, 230, Self-Portrait, 231 Edgar, King, 131 Edward 1,170 Einstein, Albert, theory of relativity, 176 Eucharist, nil, xv, 134, 136, 143-44, m Croxton, 168-69, 172,178, 180, 200, 202, 204-6, transubstanhation, 173-74, 181, 185-86,188, 190 Eynsham Customary, 151 Excommunication, xvii Fez, 24 Ficmo, Marsiho, 232 Flamel Nicolas 18 Flamel Pernelle 18 Florence, 64-66, 71-72, 74-76, 78, 80-82, 85-86 Folz, Hans, 233 Foreman, Richard, 183 Foucault, Michel x, The Order of Things, 101, 129 Fradenburg, Louise, "Criticism, Anti-Semi asm, and the Prioress's Tale," 217 Franciscans, 28, and Church of S Croce, 79 Fructuosus of Braga, Rule of 149-50, 158 Garner, Stanton B , 171, 203 Gawain and the Green Knight, Genet, Jean, Querelle, 25 Geography, imago mundi, 224 See also Maps Ghibellmes, 71 Gibson, Gail McMurray, 170,173 Goffman, Ervmg, 203 Golden Legend, xi, 5-8, 15 Gospel, 106 Goux, Jean-Joseph, 231 INDEX Grant, Edward, 191 Great Schism of 1054, 101 Greece, 107-8 Gregory of Tours, 42 Gregory the Great, 105, 134 Guilds, 21, 66; lawyers', 73 Haidu, Peter, 215 Haussmann, Baron, 27, 49 Heisenberg, Werner, uncertainty principle of, 176 Holkot, Robert, 187 Holy Lance, 227 Hours of Peter of Brittany, 6-7 Hugo, Victor; Notre Dame de Paris, 22 Humanists, 72-73, 87; German, 232; Nuremberg, 233 Humbert, Cardinal, 132-33 Hundred Years' War, 246 Iconoclasm See Iconoclastic controversy Iconoclastic controversy, xii, 102, 105, 116, 120 Iconography, 168, 172 Infessura, Stefano, 70-71 Investiture Controversy, 224 Isaac, 199 Isidore de Seville, 150; Etymologiae, 255; Regula Monachorum, 152 Islam, 55, 106 Israel, xvi Italy, 64, 81 Jerusalem, ix, xv, xvi, 224, 228-31, 233, 246 Jesus Christ; xii, 6-7, 13, 15, 105, 107, 108, 134, 143-44, 169, 175, 180; Christological argument, 106, 116; face of, 115; Feast of Corpus Domini, 73; five wounds of, 170, 181; Imago Pietatis, 170, 199, 204; on mappae rtumdi, ix Jews; xiv, xv, 28, 168-69, 174, 179-80, 199, 201, 202-3, 233; anti-Semitism, 199-202, 217-18; conversion of, 172-73, 177, 181, 185-86,188, 190-91; fountain of 47-48; quarter in Marseille, 44; synagogues of, 234; Talmudic; 236, women, 205 See also Croxton: Play of the Sacrament; Mistere de la Saints Hostie Johan de Massilia, 43 John of Damascus, Saint, 105-6; On the Divine Images: Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images, 106, 115 See also Iconoclastic controversy John of Garland; Morale scolariu-m, 26 Judas, 25, 153,199, 203-4 Julian, Saint: xi, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14-15, 17, 25; the Hospitaller, 1; "La Paternostre Saint Julien," 8; patron of fishmongers, 8; patron of hostels, 8; wife of, 1, 27 Julian the Confessor, Saint, Julian the Martyr, Saint, Julien le Pauvre, Saint, Julius II, 71 Kandinsky, Wassily, 176 Kantor, Tadeusz; "The Milano Lessons: Lesson 3," 175, 183 Kent, F W., 79-80 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane, 68 Koberger, Anton, 233 Kuhn, David, 248, 253 Lanfranc, 134, 136, 141-44; archbishop of Canterbury, 140; Constitutions, 132, 141, 144; Liber de corpore et sanguine Domini, 133 Lawyers, 64-65, 72-73, 83, 85, 88 Lazare, Saint, See also Leprosy Lazarus, 17 Lefebvre, Henri; La Production de I'espace, ix, 28 Leo X, Pope, 71, 82, 83, 85 See also Medici Leprosy, 6-8, 16; patron saint of, Libri Penitentiales, 151, 161-62 Loggias; xii, 67, 75, 76, 81, 86; of Alberti family, 79-80; Florentine, 78; Loggia dei Lanzi, 77-83; Loggia del Consiglio Maggiore, 84; private, 77; of Rucellai family 79-80 See also Porticos Lollards, 170, 181,188 267 INDEX 268 London, 22, 28 Luke, Saint, 107 Lupton, Julia Reinhard, 236 Male, Emile, 13 Maps; ix, 37, 44, 51, 56, 59, 256; mappae mundi, ix, xv, 45, 224; notaries', xi, 52; pilgrimage, ix; verbal, 38 See also Cartography Marco Polo, 28 Marriage, 17, 67, 69, 132; betrothals; 75, contracts, xii; Roman rituals of, 68 Marseille, 37-39, 41-42, 44-46, 49, 52-53, 56-59; Jewish quarter of, 44 Martin, Edward James; A History of the Iconoclastic Controversy, 105 Marlines, Lauro, 64—65, 73 Marville, Charles, Matthew of Montmerency, Maxmilian, Emperor, 233-34 Medici: anti-Medicean republic, 84; Cosimo, 80, 86; coup of 1434, 73; Lorenzo the Magnificent, 71, 82; marriage alliance with Rucellai, 86; palace of 80-81 See also Leo X, Pope Merchants, 72, 169, 201 Milan, 72 Mills, David, 175 Miracula Scmcti Dunstani, 140, 142 Mistere de la Sainte Hostie, 199-203 See also Croxton: Play of the Sacrament Monasteries; Benedictine, 74 Monastery of Hosios Loukas, 107-10,112, 115-21 Monasticism, 149-50; discipline in, xiii; Norman, 131 Moneychangers, 38 Musee de Cluny, 26 Naples, 39; king of 70, 78 Nativity, 108-9 Nesbit, Molly, Newgate prison, xvi New Historicism, 199, 215 New Testament, 106 Newton, Sir Isaac, Principia, xi, 176 Nicholas II, Pope, 132-33 Nichols, Stephen, 175 Nirenberg, David, 200 Norman Conquest, xiii, 140, 142-43 Notaries; 39, 41, 44-47, 50-51, 54, 56, 58, 73; at betrothals, 67, 69; cartography of, 41, 57; casebooks of, 39, 52; in Italian cities, 66; sociology of, 57; transactions of, 69, 72, 75, 85-86, 88 Nuremberg Chronicle, xv, xvi, 223-24, 226-30, 232-33 Oresme, Nicholas, 187 Origen, 102 Oswald, Bishop, 141^-2 Ovid; Metamorphoses, 249 Padua, 70, 85 Panofsky, Erwin; Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, 101 Papin, Yves, 13 Paris, x, xvi, 1-2, 4-8, 12-15, 18, 20, 25, 29, 247, 250, 254; Left Bank, 1, 5, 14, 17, 23-24; Right Bank, 16-17, 24 Pentecost, 228 Peter, Saint, 138, 207, 210, 228 Petrarch, F., 232 Pile, Steve; The Body and the City, 17 Pilgrimages, xvii, 150; penintental, xiv, 161-62 Plato, 129 Plotinus, 102 Poliziano, Angelo, 85 Pontormo, Jacopo, 82 Porticos: for judicial transactions, xii; for legal transactions, xii; for reconciliation ceremonies, 66-67, 69-71, 76-77, 81-82, 86 See also Loggias Printing, 22, 225 Prostitutes, 27-28, 254-55 Provencal, 45-48, 51-52, 59 Provence, 39, 51 Pseudo-Dionysius, 102-3; The Symbolic Theology, 104-7, 113, 119-20 Pseudo-Siger of Brabant, 188 Ptolemy; Ceographica, 232 INDEX Quern quaeritis, 130; in tenth century, 140; in eleventh century, 140, 142-44 Raphael, 71 Ravenna, 116, 118, 120 See also San Vitale Regularis concordia, xiii; eleventh-century copy, 129-32; tenth-century copy, 130-32, 140, 142 Reims, 15 Renaissance; 64, 66, 71, 81, 86, 88; Italian cities in, 49; Italian theaters in, 171; notions of vraisemblance in, 170; perspective in, 188, 244; theater in, 174 Rey-Flaud, Henri, 202, 215 Rimbaud, Arthur, 251 Rolevinck, Werner; Fasciculus temporum, 224-25 Roman law, 53 Rome, 66, 68-71, 76, 81-82, 85-86, 246 Rucellai family, 79-80; Giovanni, 80, 86; marriage alliance with Medici, 86; palace of, 86 Rule of Saint Benedict, xiv, 131, 137, 141-42, 149-52, 154-62, 164 Rule of the Master, 150-56, 164 Saint Jacques de 1'Hopital, 26 Salutati, Coluccio, 72-73, 77 See also Humanists San Vitale, 116-20 Sautman, Francesca Canade, 13 Scarry, Elaine, 201, 217 Schedel, Hartmann, 232-34 Scherb, Victor, 216 Scholasticism, 102, 134 Schultz, Robert, 112-13 Sculpture, 1, Seine, the river, Shaw, Diane, 28 Sixtus IV, Pope, 70-71 Smaragdus; Expositio, 158 Stallybrass, Peter, 27 States, Bert, Great Reckonings in Little Rooms, 203 Strozzi palace, 81 Tafuri, Manfredo, 83 Tax registers, Tertullian, 102 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 187 Tonnies, Ferdinand, 56 Trade, xiii, 48, 83; Florentine, 84 Trajan, Emperor, 82-83, 85 Tumbull, David, 59 Tydeman, William, 173 Universities: 72; of Bologna, 88; Paris, 4, 23-24 Varchi, Benedetto, 76 Vasari, Giorgio, 82-84 Venice, 84 Vie de Saint Denis, 20 Villon, Francois: La Ballade de la Grosse Margot, 253-56; La Ballade desfemmes du tempjadis, 246, 249, 254; Contredictz de Franc Contier, xvi, 242, 245-49, 253-57; Grant Testament, 245-46, 249, 251-53, 256; La Prierepour nostre dame, 249, 254; "Pet au Deable," 17; street signs and, 27 Virgin Mary, 12-14, 109, 130, 143, 199, 201, 207, 229 Vitruvius, 232 Vogel, Cyril, 160, 162 Von Bergamo, Foresti; Supplementum chronicarum, 226 Von den Brincken, Anna-Dorothee, 224 Wagner, Richard; Bayreuth theater, 171 Whorf, Benjamin, 48 Wigley, Mark, 27 William the Conqueror, 131 Wilson, Robert, 183 Women; x, 26-27, 45-46, 49, 56-57, 235; in Contredictz of Franc Gontier, 247-48, 252; Covinens Raymbaud, 50; dowries, 75, 233; in Mistere de la Sainte Hostie, 200-201, 203-6; Sabine, 69 Zumthor, Paul; La Mesure du monde, 242-45, 257 269 ... Mental space, ideological space, literary space, the space of the imagination, the space of the dreams, Utopian space, imaginary space, technological space, cultural space, and social space are... chapters on the medieval practices of space draw attention to the shifting uses of space and the lack of stability of concepts of space in the Middle Ages The practice of space encompasses its uses,... Monastic Practices MICHAL KOBIALKA 128 Space and Discipline in Early Medieval Europe V A L E R I E I J F L I N T 149 Theatrical Space, Mutable Space, and the Space of Imagination: Three Readings of