Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15 EARTH’S OLDEST ROCKS DEVELOPMENTS IN PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY Advisory Editor Kent Condie Further titles in this series B.F WINDLEY and S.M NAQVI (Editors) Archaean Geochemistry D.R HUNTER (Editor) Precambrian of the Southern Hemisphere K.C CONDIE Archean Greenstone Belts A KRÖNER (Editor) Precambrian Plate Tectonics Y.P MEL’NIK Precambrian Banded Iron-formations Physicochemical Conditions of Formation A.F TRENDALL and R.C MORRIS (Editors) Iron-Formation: Facts and Problems B NAGY, R WEBER, J.C GUERRERO and M SCHIDLOWSKI (Editors) Developments and Interactions of the Precambrian Atmosphere, Lithosphere and Biosphere S.M NAQVI (Editor) Precambrian Continental Crust and Its Economic Resources D.V RUNDQVIST and F.P MITROFANOV (Editors) Precambrian Geology of the USSR 10 K.C CONDIE (Editor) Proterozoic Crustal Evolution 11 K.C CONDIE (Editor) Archean Crustal Evolution 12 P.G ERIKSSON, W ALTERMANN, D.R NELSON, W.U MUELLER and O CATUNEANU (Editors) The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events 13 T.M KUSKY (Editor) Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks 14 M LEHTINEN, P.A NURMI and O.J RÄMÖ (Editors) Precambrian Geology of Finland: Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield Outcrop photograph of Earth’s oldest rocks – folded migmatitic orthogneiss of the 4.0–3.6 Ga Acasta Gneiss Complex in the Slave Province, northwestern Canada The Eo- to Paleoarchean tonalitic protoliths were affected by multiple events of migmatization and deformation from the Paleoarchean through to the Neoarchean Scale bar in centimetres Photo by T Iizuka (Frontcover) View to the southwest from the northeast part of the 3.8–3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt, of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex, towards the mountains around Godthabsfjord, West Greenland, in the far distance, over 100 km away In the foreground, strongly deformed cherty metasedimentary rocks display strong subvertical planar fabrics and steeply-plunging lineations that formed during Neoarchean orogeny In the middle distance on the left are blackweathering amphibolites derived from basaltic pillow lavas 3.7 Ga tonalitic gneiss form the light coloured terrain in the centre and right middle distance For a description of this area, see the paper by Nutman et al in this volume Photograph by John S Myers (Backcover) Developments in Precambrian Geology, 15 EARTH’S OLDEST ROCKS Edited by MARTIN J VAN KRANENDONK Geological Survey of Western Australia Perth, Australia R HUGH SMITHIES Geological Survey of Western Australia Perth, Australia VICKIE C BENNETT Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National University Canberra, Australia Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-444-52810-0 ISSN: 0166-2635 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 07 08 09 10 11 10 DEDICATION M.J Van Kranendonk would like to dedicate this book to his father, Jan, for dinnertime stories of the stars and planets that inspired him with a lifelong interest in natural science, and to his son, Damian, for continued inspiration on how to live life, and why This page intentionally left blank vii CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS D BAKER Equity Engineering Ltd., 700-700 West Pender Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6C 1G8 R.L BAUER Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA (bauerr@missouri.edu) R.W BELCHER Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01, Matieland 7602, South Africa V.C BENNETT Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia (vickie bennett@anu.edu.au) A.W.R BEVAN Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia (bevana@museum.wa.gov.au) M.E BICKFORD Department of Earth Sciences, Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1070, USA (mebickfo@syr.edu) C.O BÖHM Manitoba Geological Survey, Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines, 360-1395 Ellice Ave., Winnipeg MB, Canada, R3G 3P2 (Christian.Bohm@gov.mb.ca) G.R BYERLY Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4101, USA (gbyerly@geol.lsu.edu) A.J CAVOSIE Department of Geology, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 9017, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA (acavosie@uprm.edu) K.R CHAMBERLAIN Dept of Geology and Geophysics, 1000 E University, Dept 3006, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA (kchamber@uwyo.edu) D.C CHAMPION Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (David.Champion@ga.gov.au) C CLOQUET INW-UGent, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium viii Contributing Authors K CONDIE Department of Earth & Environmental Science, New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA (kcondie@nmt.edu) B CUMMINS Moly Mines Pty Ltd, PO Box 8215, Subiaco East, Western Australia 6008, Australia J.C DANN 90 Old Stow Road, Concord, MA 01742, USA (jcdann2@yahoo.com) J DAVID GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill, Université du Québec Montréal, C.P 8888, succ centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8 G.F DAVIES Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia (Geoff.Davies@anu.edu.au) C.Y DONG Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Centre, Beijing 100037, China A DZIGGEL Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstrasse 2, 52062 Aachen, Germany (adziggel@iml.rwth-aachen.de) C.M FEDO Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA (cfedo@utk.edu) D FRANCIS Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University and GÉOTOP-UQÀM-McGill, 3450 University St., Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2A7 C.R.L FRIEND 45, Stanway Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 8HU, UK A GLIKSON Department of Earth and Marine Science and Planetary Science Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia (Andrew.glikson@anu.edu.au) W.L GRIFFIN Key Centre for the Geochemical Evolution and Metallogeny of Continents (GEMOC), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia (bill.griffin@mq.edu.au) T.L GROVE Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (tlgrove@mit.edu) V.L HANSEN Department of Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, 231 Heller Hall, 1114 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA (vhansen@d.umn.edu) S.L HARLEY Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, UK (Simon.Harley@ed.ac.uk) Contributing Authors ix R.P HARTLAUB Department of Mining Technology, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5G 3H2 (rhartlaub@gmail.com) L.M HEAMAN Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, 4-18 Earth Science Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E3 (larry.heaman@ualberta.ca) A.H HICKMAN Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St., East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia H HIDAKA Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Sciences, University of Hiroshima, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima 739-8526, Japan A HOFMANN School of Geological Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa (hofmann@ukzn.ac.za) K HORIE Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Sciences, University of Hiroshima, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, HigashiHiroshima 739-8526, Japan; Department of Science and Engineering, The National Science Museum, 3-23-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan D.L HUSTON Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (David.Huston@ga.gov.au) T IIZUKA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan (tiizuka@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp) B.S KAMBER Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada, P3E 2C6 (bkamber@laurentian.ca) N.M KELLY Grant Institute of Earth Science, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, UK A.F.M KISTERS Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X 01, Matieland 7602, South Africa (kisters@sun.ac.za) T KOMIYA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan A KRÖNER Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany (kroener@mail.uni-mainz.de) J LAROCQUE School of Earth and Oceanic Sciences, University of Victoria, P.O Box 3055, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P6 D.Y LIU Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China; Beijing SHRIMP Centre, Beijing 100037, China 1294 constrictional strain 329 contact-style metamorphism 333 contamination 119, 327, 357, 358, 361, 363, 407, 472, 524, 811, 814, 827, 835, 836, 846, 847, 908, 909, 1089 continental crust 4, 6, 9, 11, 13–15, 17, 76–78, 82, 85–89, 109, 120, 123, 146, 147, 185, 188, 195, 216, 218, 219, 254, 280, 282, 303, 307, 357, 358, 382, 384, 407, 408, 445, 465, 471, 472, 481, 522, 525, 526, 568, 642, 679, 696, 697, 749, 790, 811, 817, 826, 830, 835, 837, 939, 983, 1013, 1024, 1034, 1037–1042, 1045–1048, 1051, 1053–1056, 1059, 1064, 1087, 1106 cooling rates 42, 56 Coonterunah Subgroup 339, 340, 342 – geochemistry 342 Copper Hills district 434 core accretion model 22 core complex 333, 334, 520, 672, 1000 corona 988, 993, 996, 997, 1003 Corunna Downs Granitic Complex 371–375, 378, 384, 386 Coucal Formation 339 cratonic geotherm 1017 cratonic keel 1032 crustal 82, 84, 140, 404, 405, 408, 665, 666, 983, 1011, 1039, 1057, 1059 – assimilation 326, 357, 361, 400 – components 161, 170, 275, 280, 326, 367, 400, 784 – cycling 365 – evolution 127, 146, 272, 339, 363, 408, 409, 455, 528, 664, 971, 973, 1034 – growth 271, 369, 370, 446, 447, 450, 773, 790, 1034, 1040, 1041, 1045, 1059, 1106, 1112 – melting 323, 332, 364–367, 405, 408, 449, 661, 748 – plateau 988, 993, 1002, 1005, 1006 – plateaux 988, 993, 1002, 1005, 1006 – recycling 365, 923, 1115 – rocks 4, 82, 110, 127, 186, 216, 273, 474, 679, 796, 943, 1032, 1034, 1107 cummingtonite-amphibolite 223, 240 Subject Index cumulate zone CV chondrites 537 45 dacite 313, 326, 342, 348, 350, 351, 354, 357, 361, 364, 366, 367, 422, 500, 516, 529, 572, 611, 628, 796, 801, 815, 821, 823, 824 dacitic tuff 509, 511 Daldyn Terrane 16, 827 De Grey Supergroup 309, 310, 370, 413, 440, 859, 1050 deformation 9, 14, 16, 61, 62, 113, 115, 134, 142, 151, 156, 157, 161, 167, 170, 177, 188, 190, 192, 196, 198, 245, 260, 282, 284, 294, 296, 299, 300, 320, 327, 329, 331, 333, 465, 471, 473, 519–523, 530, 613, 614, 619, 672, 696, 702, 703, 708, 710–712, 714, 719, 721–723, 725, 726, 748, 781, 783, 790, 863, 958, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1009, 1050, 1055, 1067, 1077 – belts 988, 993, 998, 1007, 1009–1012 delamination 645, 1034, 1044, 1046, 1053, 1059, 1061, 1064 δ 13 C 855, 858, 876, 978 δ 18 O 978–983 δ 34 S values 855 Denman Glacier 153, 156, 157 depleted mantle 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 142, 168, 172, 248, 325, 345, 475, 568, 569, 641, 642, 784, 830, 1031, 1107, 1115 deposits 93, 123, 244, 307, 313, 314, 318, 341, 351, 411, 413, 415, 416, 420–423, 425, 427–430, 433, 434, 436–450, 500, 502, 528, 532, 557, 559, 561, 574, 577, 603, 699, 700, 704, 705, 756, 824, 826, 849, 852, 855, 871, 877, 880, 881, 883, 885, 891, 893, 907, 958, 991, 996, 1006, 1045, 1056, 1067, 1071 – epithermal 411, 413, 444, 446, 450 – porphyry 413, 434, 438, 444, 445, 449, 450 detachment 328, 334, 613, 615, 679, 697, 701, 706, 1046 detrital zircon 14, 756, 765, 767, 768, 772 Dharwar Province 17 Subject Index diamonds 13, 242, 244, 248, 569, 942, 958, 1013, 1032 diapir 331, 522, 613, 620, 645, 697, 988, 996, 997, 1002 diapiric 996, 997 diapirism 308, 331, 471, 1011 dike 550, 555 diogenites (HED) 41, 53 disk instability model 22 dome-and-keel 307, 311, 327, 329, 334, 335, 671, 697, 859, 1049 domes 5, 177, 330, 334, 335, 415, 474, 528, 619, 669, 672, 696, 697, 701, 725, 746, 821, 824, 860, 1010, 1043 doming 329, 683, 703, 708, 725, 726, 862, 996, 998, 1045 Dongshan complex 262 D’Orbigny 41, 52 downwelling zones 1110–1114 Dresser Formation 880, 957–959 Duffer Formation 313–316, 320, 326, 327, 339, 340, 346, 348, 350–355, 358–362, 366, 372, 400, 413, 415–417, 420, 427, 428, 433, 437, 439 Dugel gneiss 284–289, 292–294, 302 dunite 42, 214, 216, 318, 513, 537, 1013, 1024–1026, 1031, 1040, 1100 dynamical stratification 66, 69 Eagle Station 54 Eagle Station grouplet 42 Eagles Nest 50 early crust formation 364 early life 853, 855, 856, 860, 877, 917, 946 early mantle depletion 248 Early Solar System chronology 58 East Pilbara granites 392, 397, 400 East Pilbara Terrane (EPT) 12, 13, 307, 309–311, 315, 318, 323, 324, 327, 329–331, 333, 335, 340, 358, 359, 369–371, 383, 384, 392, 395, 404, 406, 408, 409, 411, 415, 420, 434, 449, 856, 858, 859, 865, 866, 870, 880, 1037, 1045, 1046, 1048–1050, 1054, 1088, 1094 Eastern Ghats granulite belt 17 1295 Eastern Goldfields Superterrane 113, 119, 443, 444 eastern Hebei 254 eclogite 13, 61, 65–68, 157, 187, 196, 216, 365, 367, 465, 642, 648, 649, 651, 698, 1024 Efremovka 45, 48, 52 ejecta 1087–1103 electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 899, 916 electron paramagnetic pesonance (EPR) spectroscopy 916 elemental sulphur reduction 950, 963 Emeishan 1056, 1057 Enderby Land 11, 166, 174, 175, 178, 180, 185 endogenous intrusion 528, 544 enstatite 37 – chondrites 26, 37, 48, 59 Eoarchean 187, 188, 192, 195, 197, 203, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218 – rocks 218, 256, 271, 775, 780, 841, 1110 – supracrustal rocks 219, 220, 248, 249, 251, 252, 262, 271–273, 455, 456, 775, 777–779, 781, 787, 790, 791, 843, 848, 852, 1067, 1079, 1080, 1109, 1110, 1113, 1116 εHf 765 εNd (Nd isotopes) 639 εSr (Sr isotopes) 639 eucrites 24, 41, 53 Eurada Gneiss 285, 288, 301, 302 eutectic 646 evaporite 502, 575, 577, 1045 exogenous processes 923 exotic terranes 308, 486, 525, 1114 extension 167, 275, 320, 335, 407, 430, 447, 457, 519, 557, 570, 610, 613, 661, 676, 680, 700, 703, 708, 727, 737, 754, 756, 757, 769, 773, 837, 1000, 1006, 1007, 1010, 1012, 1051, 1057, 1059–1061, 1110 extraterrestrial dust 925, 936–938 1296 Fe isotopic compositions 240, 249 felsic – crust 244, 323, 332, 333, 345, 355, 357, 358, 362, 363, 384, 400, 408, 662, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1111–1115 – geochemistry 339 – volcanic rocks, petrogenesis 358 – volcanics 613 – volcanism 488, 491, 500, 523, 524 Fig Tree 704, 708 Fig Tree Group 483, 509, 520, 701–704, 706, 714, 715, 719, 726 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis 858, 888 fissure 550, 552 flow – fields 528, 532, 533, 535, 540, 544–546, 566 – lobes 528 – top 542 fluid source 700, 727 fluid-absent melting 644 fluid-mobile elements 628 fluids 49, 62, 63, 82, 134, 316, 430, 438, 439, 441, 443, 447, 542, 546, 549, 557, 563, 566, 589, 600–602, 605, 621, 704, 725–727, 862, 876, 877, 886, 889–891, 924, 948, 954, 959, 969, 978, 994, 1005, 1017, 1030, 1051, 1073 foundering 61 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy 899, 908, 916, 917, 920 fractional crystallisation 42, 358, 392, 400, 404, 407, 408, 648, 652, 658, 664, 665, 667 Fyfe Hills 173–175, 177, 178 gabbro sills 223, 235, 244, 248 Gage Ridge 152, 169, 173, 174, 178, 182–184, 186 garnet xenocrysts 1013 Gavido block 17 geodynamic 307, 525, 607, 608, 644, 645, 661, 662, 664, 665, 671, 688, 1037, 1046, 1049, 1051–1053, 1068 – processes 671 geotherm, apparent 652 Subject Index geothermal gradient 652, 666, 703, 714, 723 giant planets 22 Gibeon 54 Gibson 50 glaciations 944, 946, 990 gneiss domes 267, 701, 725 Gobbos deposit 434, 437, 445 gold 699, 703, 704, 706, 710, 721, 725 – deposits 5, 428, 439, 444, 449, 699, 700, 703, 704, 706, 718, 725–727 – mineralization 699, 702–704, 706, 708, 710, 714, 716, 717, 719, 722, 723, 725–727 – mines 726 Gondwana 149, 151, 185 granite-greenstone belts 3, 5, 256, 997 granite-greenstone terrains (terranes) 16, 457, 748, 754, 795, 989, 998, 1007, 1009–1012, 1037, 1046, 1067, 1106 granites 3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 102, 105, 113–115, 117, 120–123, 128–132, 134, 136, 144, 158, 160, 166, 185, 187, 192, 195–197, 203, 241, 269, 270, 282, 284, 296, 298, 299, 301, 332, 334, 358, 363, 365, 366, 369–372, 375, 378, 382, 384, 386, 387, 392, 393, 395, 397, 400, 402, 404–409, 413, 417, 420, 433, 445, 447, 449, 461, 465, 481, 574, 614, 620, 630, 633, 635, 664, 676, 677, 701, 703, 708, 709, 714, 726, 731, 733, 735, 737, 739, 740, 743, 746–748, 750, 756, 764, 771, 794–796, 798, 801, 812, 819, 821, 835, 837, 838, 1059, 1062, 1068, 1070, 1077, 1079, 1106 granodiorite 17, 129, 131, 153, 157, 166, 185, 271, 299, 323, 369, 371, 372, 384, 434–437, 456, 458–460, 481, 491, 573, 607, 609, 614, 628, 630, 635, 649–651, 659, 664, 666, 743, 747, 754–756, 758, 763, 771, 836, 1072, 1074, 1077–1079, 1094, 1095 granulite-gneiss belts granulite-gneiss terranes 795 Great Dyke of Zimbabwe 1055 Subject Index Great Falls tectonic zone 775–778, 788, 789, 791 Great Lakes tectonic zone (GLTZ) 731, 733, 737, 746, 748 greenstone 15, 607, 615, 618 – belts 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 113, 115–117, 119–121, 123, 219, 220, 249, 250, 256, 278, 307, 420, 428, 460, 523, 524, 526–528, 533, 567, 568, 573, 574, 601, 603, 604, 670, 701–704, 706, 725, 727, 749, 794, 795, 818, 821, 836, 837, 870, 974, 997, 1010, 1038, 1041, 1047, 1049, 1052, 1064, 1071, 1076, 1077, 1094 grey gneiss 17, 187, 607, 608, 619, 621, 757, 798, 801, 803, 805, 807, 808, 811–817, 819, 821, 824, 836, 837 growth faults 313, 331, 559, 860, 862, 880, 885 Grunehogna 149, 153, 157 Guarena 48 gypsum 860, 862–864 H-group chondrites 48, 49 Hadean 6, 75, 91, 102, 110, 127, 136, 137, 143, 146, 147, 184–186, 939, 1034, 1041, 1107, 1109, 1115 – Hf model ages 146 – zircon xenocrysts 146 halite 49 Hammerhead zone 416, 417 Hazelby deposit 427 heat flow 70–72, 1042, 1109, 1114 heat transport 63 HED 41, 42, 53 Hf 765, 773 – isotope 77, 79, 86, 87, 765 – isotopic model ages 143, 146 Hf-W 25, 55–57 high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 916 high-grade gneiss terrains 1106, 1113, 1115 high-μ mantle 785, 788 high-μ mantle reservoir 790, 791 high-μ reservoir 787 high-μ signature 84 1297 Hoggar Massif 14 Hooggenoeg Formation 495, 518, 555 horizontal tectonics 333, 696 hotspot 1043–1045, 1113 howardites 41, 53 Hudson Bay Terrane 220, 1070, 1071 hydropyrolysis (HyPy) 909, 911, 916–918, 920 hydrothermal 703, 718, 726 – alteration 601 – circulation 315, 420, 602, 860, 876, 877, 954, 959 hydrothermal alteration 320, 399, 420, 519, 571, 860, 862 I-type (granite) 620 I-Xe 48, 53, 58 – ages 47, 48 IAB irons 54 ichnofossils 856, 877 Igloo deposit 438 Illaara greenstone belt 115 impact 988, 1087–1103 – deposits 499, 509, 515 – melting 64 Indian Craton 17 inflation 528, 537, 546 inflationary model 544 initial 26 Al/27 Al 45, 46 initial 129 I/127 I 49 Innersuartuut 966 internal geochemical differentiation 364 intracrustal melting 407, 479, 526, 661, 666, 1113 iron formation 12, 220, 241, 249, 282, 290, 509, 675, 758, 764, 780, 781, 1049, 1053, 1068, 1071, 1076 iron meteorites 32, 41, 54, 55, 57 isocon analysis 584 isopachous lamination 868, 869 isotope 757, 765 – dilution 932, 968 – fractionation 927, 929 isotope records – barite 971 – carbonate 971 1298 – chert 971 – kerogen 971 – seawater 971, 972 Isua 976 – greenstone belt 197, 841, 843 – supracrustal belt 4, 12, 81, 82, 188, 192, 196–198, 210, 212, 214, 216, 971, 975, 979 Isuasphaera isua sp 843 Itsaq Gneiss Complex 11, 187, 188, 196, 210, 965, 1110 Ivrea-Verbano zone 1038 Jack Hills 12, 121, 275, 281–283, 285, 290, 292, 293, 295–304, 1107 – age of deposition 95, 96 – general 91–96 – metamorphism 94, 95, 97 – metasediments 93, 95, 96, 100 – W74 site 93–96, 98, 100, 109 Jimberlana and Binniringie 1055 Jimperding metamorphic belt 117 Johnstown 53 Julesburg 56 Jupiter 22 juvenile crust 1046–1048 juvenile (isotopic systematics) 639 K chondrites 39, 40, 49 K/U ratios 26 Kaap Valley suite 513 Kaapvaal Craton 6, 13, 17, 18, 81, 307, 446, 447, 453–457, 459–463, 486, 491, 523, 525, 526, 569, 571–574, 667, 672, 701, 703, 727, 859, 897, 942, 971, 1017, 1020, 1024–1026, 1029, 1031, 1048, 1052, 1088, 1090, 1094, 1095, 1098–1100, 1106, 1111–1115 Kaduna 14 Kaidun 48 Kakangari 39 Kangaroo Caves deposit 420, 422 Karelian Craton 16 Kelly Group 315, 316, 323, 326, 329, 355, 358, 427, 859, 865, 897–899, 901–903, 920, 977, 1050, 1094 Subject Index Kemp Land 154, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 185 – Coast 152 Kenorland 1055 Kerguelen plateau 1045 kerogen 855, 858, 871, 875–877, 897–901, 903, 905–907, 909, 911, 916–920, 975, 978 Khairpur 48 Khondalite 253 Khondalite Belt 253 Kimberley Block 453 Komati Formation 474, 477, 492, 524, 533 Komati Tuff 535 komatiite 11, 13, 15, 80, 81, 197, 247, 250, 256, 313, 316, 318, 325, 342, 344, 345, 432, 449, 460, 472, 479, 484, 492, 494–496, 502, 505, 507, 513, 521–524, 527–530, 532, 533, 535, 537–542, 544, 545, 549, 555, 557, 563, 566–569, 572, 575, 576, 588, 590, 591, 594, 598, 602, 662, 702, 749, 821, 1041, 1045, 1050–1052, 1070, 1072, 1075, 1076, 1090, 1091, 1094, 1109 – Al-depleted 247 – Al-undepleted 247 komatiitic andesite 575, 585 komatiitic basalt 247, 313, 314, 316, 318, 325, 492, 495, 496, 506, 529, 530, 532, 533, 535, 546, 547, 549, 550, 552, 555, 557, 559, 561, 563, 566, 567, 570, 575, 578, 579, 586, 588, 590, 592, 598, 599, 1053 Kromberg Formation 502, 519, 559 Kromberg suite 502 Kuranna Terrane 13 L-tectonites 329 Labrador 81 Ladoga Terrane 16 Lambert 149, 154 Lambert Province or Terrane 157 laminar flow 528, 544 Landes 50 large igneous provinces (LIPs) 1041, 1045 late heavy bombardment 938 Subject Index late heavy meteorite bombardment (LHMB) 75, 1106, 1109 lava – channel 528, 537 – rise 528, 540 – tube 537, 567 Lennon’s Find deposits 416 Lennon’s Find district 413, 417 life, origin 946, 947 Lightning Ridge deposit 434 Limpopo belt 13 lineations 168, 177, 179, 300, 330, 334, 335, 567, 676, 697, 708, 764 lithosphere 61, 62, 66, 72, 85, 326, 332, 335, 365, 367, 447, 527, 644, 698, 791, 987, 988, 990, 993, 995, 996, 998, 1000–1002, 1006, 1007, 1031, 1034, 1042–1048, 1055, 1059–1062, 1083, 1084, 1106, 1112–1114 lithospheric keel 335, 727, 1032, 1110, 1112–1114 lithospheric stacking 1031 lode-gold deposits 428, 444, 447 lodranite 40, 49, 50 long-lived radionuclides 44 low-P, high-T metamorphism 727 low-temperature metamorphism 613 Lu-Hf 76, 82, 84 – isotopic 765 lunar magma ocean 27 Lützow-Holm 149, 154 mafic lapilli tuff 505 mafic-ultramafic lava 611, 661 Magan terrane 827 Magellan altimetry 993 Magellan data 990 magma ocean 64, 76, 87, 88 magmatic arc 527, 661, 1056, 1064 magmatic blooms 791 main-group pallasites 42, 54 Man Craton 14 Manitoba 751, 752, 756, 767, 773 mantle 7, 24–26, 28, 61–72, 75, 77–79, 81, 82, 84–88, 102, 140, 172, 184, 203, 216, 219, 220, 248, 269, 335, 362, 370, 527, 570, 639, 642, 659, 660, 667, 826, 1299 835, 925, 937, 938, 941, 942, 954, 974, 989, 990, 1001, 1002, 1006, 1011, 1012, 1016, 1020, 1027, 1037, 1038, 1040–1043, 1045–1048, 1050, 1051, 1055, 1058, 1059, 1062, 1064, 1105, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1112, 1113 – convection 61, 62, 64–66, 70, 85, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1061, 1064, 1097, 1109, 1110, 1114 – cool Hadean 88 – domain 85 – overturn 88, 1032, 1034, 1038, 1046 – plume 13, 62, 113, 255, 309, 327, 328, 332, 333, 335, 365, 367, 405–407, 445–447, 527, 568, 835–838, 874, 988, 993, 998, 1000–1002, 1006, 1012, 1037, 1038, 1041–1046, 1048–1055, 1058–1061, 1064, 1094, 1112–1114 Mapepe Formation 509 Marmion terrane 1077, 1078 Marquette Iron Range 738, 746 Mars 22–24, 26, 27, 32, 62, 75, 86, 87, 990, 994, 1109 mass-dependent isotope fractionation 929–933, 954, 956, 963 mass-independent isotope fractionation 925, 930–932, 942, 944, 954, 965, 968 massive sulphide 318, 411, 413, 416, 418, 421, 425, 427, 441, 442, 447, 574, 603, 855, 877, 936, 962, 1051 Mather terrane 152, 162, 164, 167, 170, 185 Maud 149, 154 – Province 156 Mawson Block 156, 157, 185 Maynard Hills greenstone belt 115, 117 Meeberrie gneiss 97, 284–289, 293, 294, 302 melting, differentiation and core formation 43 Mendon Formation 519, 523, 563 Mercury 26, 27 Mesoarchean 751, 752, 754, 763, 765, 767, 769, 771–773, 1079–1081 mesosiderites 32, 35, 41, 42, 56 1300 metabasalt 642, 643 metamorphic – ages 49 – conditions 714, 719, 726 – core complexes 330, 333 – evolution 700, 722, 726 – grade 4, 15, 275, 278, 293, 300, 420, 422, 470, 701, 706, 719, 721, 726, 754, 757, 765, 847, 906, 916, 979 – gradient 714, 725 – isograds 715 – setting 700, 726 – sub-types 35 metamorphism 32, 59, 669, 673–675, 678–682, 684, 687, 688, 696, 697, 699, 702, 704, 714, 719, 722, 723, 727 metasomatic processes 1024 meteorite classification 33, 34 meteorites 21, 23–26, 31–35, 37, 39–45, 47–49, 51–57, 75, 76, 509, 511, 926, 927, 937, 938, 1040 methane 876, 889, 943 microbial sulphate reduction 944, 945, 949, 951, 953, 955, 957, 958, 969 microfossil 13, 188, 855–858, 875–877, 879, 897–899, 901, 904, 905, 916, 919–921 microgranular mafic enclave (MME) 618 microkrystite spherules 1087–1103 micrometeorites 936 Middle Marker 495, 555 mineralization 320, 415, 420, 422, 425–427, 430, 433, 434, 438–441, 699, 700, 702–704, 706, 708, 710, 711, 714, 716–727, 755 mineralizing fluids 699, 704, 726 mineralogy of chondrites 33 mines 705 mingling 546 Minnesota River Valley (MRV) 14, 731, 733, 735, 737, 738, 744, 748–750, 1078 Minnesotan orogeny 1083 Miralga Creek deposit 434, 439, 445 Miranda 28, 29 Mn-Cr 48, 54, 55, 58 Moama 53 Subject Index Moho 1040 Mokoia 47 Mongolia 1057, 1059 Montana metasedimentary province (MMP) 776, 777, 779, 780, 784, 785, 788, 789 Montevideo Gneiss 735, 737, 739, 740, 743, 747 monzonite 481, 614 Moodies Group 483, 516, 520, 704 Moon 26, 27, 938, 1109 – formation 76 MORB 5, 77, 82, 86, 88, 242, 244, 248, 309, 325, 342, 345, 357, 395, 569, 646–648, 772, 814, 941, 950 Morton Gneiss 733, 735, 736, 741–744, 746–748 Mount Bruce Supergroup 308, 413, 440, 859 Mount Edgar Granitic Complex 371, 375, 378, 384, 386 Mount Egerton 41 Mount Goldsworthy deposit 440 Mount Narryer 9, 12, 91, 97, 100, 121–123, 275, 278, 280, 282, 284, 285, 288–295, 298–304, 939 Mount Padbury 56 Mount Sones 152, 169, 174, 178–180, 182–184, 186 Msauli Chert 507 Muccan Granite Complex 371, 372, 389 Murchison 47 Murray 47 Napier Complex 11, 152, 154, 166, 167, 170, 172–174, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186 Narryer 91–93, 97, 110 – quartzites – Terrane 12, 121, 275, 280, 282–285, 290, 294, 299, 301, 303, 304 NASA Magellan mission 988, 990 Nb-enriched basalts 310, 406 Nd 756, 759, 765, 767, 769, 771–773 – isotope 757, 761 – isotopic 758, 771 – isotopic compositions 236, 248 Subject Index 1301 – model ages 12–15, 17, 127, 142, 254, 308, 324, 475, 746, 756, 765, 771, 781, 784, 788, 801, 811, 812, 816, 824, 826, 1070–1072 Negrillos 56 Neoarchean 285, 288, 290, 293–295, 297, 300, 301, 304, 1081–1083 Neptune 22 New Consort 704, 706, 710, 714, 723 – gold mine 699, 700, 704, 706–708, 716, 719, 720, 726 non-chondritic meteorites 32, 35, 40, 43 Nondweni greenstone belt 571 North Atlantic Craton 11 North Caribou Superterrane 1071–1076 North China Craton (NCC) 12, 251 North Pole barite deposits 411, 413 North Pole district 433 North Pole Dome 313, 329, 413, 414, 439, 440, 860, 862, 875, 880, 1088 North Snowy block (NSB) 776, 777, 780, 781 Northeastern Superior Province 219, 220 Northern Superior orogeny 1081 Northern Superior superterrane 1068, 1070 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy 899, 908, 916, 917, 920 Nuuk 214 – region 187, 188, 195, 197, 198 Nuvvuagittuq 219, 220, 223 – belt 1070 NW China 1056 Omolon 54 – Terrane 16 Onot granite–greenstone domain 798 Ontong Java 1045 Onverwacht Group 467, 470, 474, 479, 483, 528, 701, 702, 704, 706, 708, 714–716, 718, 719, 722, 726, 1112 Opatica terrane 1078 ophiolite 218, 527, 559, 568–570, 794, 1017, 1031, 1056, 1059 ophiolitic peridotites 1017 ordinary chondrites 38, 47, 55, 56, 59 ore and alteration assemblages 719–721 Oregon Trail structural belt (OTSB) 776, 777, 781–783, 788 Orgueil 37, 47 origin of life 249, 946, 947 orogenesis 333, 512, 621 orogenic 195 – collapse 621, 661 – gold deposits 699, 700, 703, 718, 727 – massifs 1017 orogeny 113, 137, 146, 195, 196, 282–284, 295, 298, 1024, 1083 Ortonville granite 735, 743, 746, 747 osumilite 166 oxygen 944, 977 – isotope compositions 38 – isotopes 37, 930, 971, 976, 978 – isotopic compositions 39 Oygarden Group 152, 166, 170–173 oceanic – arc 13, 611, 733 – island arc 310, 526 – plateau 13, 332, 357, 358, 405, 406, 447, 568, 603, 645, 661, 662, 666, 811, 836, 838, 1048, 1051, 1053, 1054, 1059, 1064, 1071 ocelli 546, 549 Olekma – granite–greenstone terrane 821 – Terrane 15 olistostrome breccia 313, 318, 862, 1088, 1094 olivine spinifex 494, 515, 542, 545 P-T – conditions 648, 650, 664, 669, 676, 678, 682, 683, 699, 702, 714, 724 – estimates 674, 676, 679, 681–683, 685, 686, 688, 714, 817, 1074 – evolution 714 – paths 331, 714 pahoehoe flow fields 542 Paleoarchean 17, 77, 80–82, 84, 85, 357, 370, 395, 411, 423, 441, 443, 446, 447, 449, 461, 525, 737, 738, 746, 751, 765, 767, 771, 773, 775, 780, 781, 798, 821, 826, 837, 1030, 1034, 1106, 1114–1116 1302 – detrital zircons 765 – Nd isotope 765 – zircon detritus 773 – zircons 767, 773 Paleoproterozoic 251, 282, 283, 288, 293, 297, 303 pallasites 32, 35, 40–42, 54, 55 Panorama – deposits 420 – district 443 – Formation 339, 355 partial convective overturn 333, 334, 406, 697, 1011, 1050 partition coefficient (Kd ) 628 Pb-Pb 53 Pb-Pb age 44, 45, 48, 50–53, 58, 59 107 Pd 54 107 Pd-107 Ag 55 Pecora Escarpment 91002 49 peridotite 85, 187, 188, 197, 216, 218, 236, 364, 460, 513, 659, 818, 1017, 1022–1025, 1027–1029, 1031, 1033, 1034, 1040 – abyssal 1017, 1031 peritectic minerals 644 phosphate 48, 50 photochemistry 931, 932, 934, 935 photolysis 934, 937, 945, 959 phylogenetic tree 946, 948, 950, 957 Pietersburg Block 453 Pilbara 633, 635, 664, 665, 979, 1087–1103 Pilbara Craton 6, 12, 188, 307, 309, 339, 340, 342, 362–367, 369, 370, 404–406, 408, 411, 413, 416, 427, 428, 434, 436, 440, 441, 443–450, 481, 499, 506, 507, 571, 600, 603, 648, 666, 697, 700, 855, 856, 858, 859, 879, 880, 897, 898, 904–908, 916, 918, 945, 971, 974, 998, 1032, 1033, 1037, 1046, 1048, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1088, 1094–1096, 1098, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1112 Pilbara Supergroup 13, 310, 311, 313, 320, 323, 325, 332, 340, 355, 357, 364–367, 370–372, 393, 400, 413, 855, 857, 859, 875, 877, 971, 978, 1050, 1112 Subject Index pillow basalt 5, 11, 313, 496, 497, 499, 503, 506, 559, 575, 576, 579, 581, 598, 856, 858, 874, 877, 1110 pillows 528, 546, 561 plagiogranite 621 planetesimals 23, 24 plate tectonics 6, 7, 61–63, 65, 70, 72, 75, 88, 255, 272, 309, 447, 526, 569, 633, 666, 669, 776, 987, 988, 990, 1011–1013, 1031, 1034, 1046, 1061, 1087, 1105–1107, 1114, 1115 plume 62, 113, 123, 196, 255, 309, 327, 328, 332, 333, 335–337, 365–367, 405–407, 409, 445–447, 449, 499, 511, 525, 527, 568, 569, 835, 837, 838, 874, 988, 993, 998, 1000–1002, 1005, 1006, 1011, 1012, 1032, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1040–1046, 1048–1056, 1058–1062, 1064, 1084, 1112–1114 Pluto 21 plutonic blooms 790 Porpoise Cove 219, 220 – supracrustal sequence 12 – terrane 749 potassic 122, 269, 327, 355, 366, 370, 386, 402, 406, 437, 506, 516, 526, 614, 629, 635, 642, 643, 664–666, 701, 703 potential mantle temperature 644 pressure-release melting 65, 66 primitive achondrites 32, 40 primitive silicate mantle 24 primordial crust 76, 87 Prince Charles Mountains 149, 158, 159, 185 prograde metamorphism 35, 39, 43, 47 Proterozoic 95, 295–300 Prydz 154, 170 – Bay 149, 154, 157, 162 – Belt 156, 162, 185 244 Pu 50 pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) 899, 908, 916 pyroxene pallasites 42 pyroxene-spinifex 533, 546, 550, 555 Subject Index quartz-diorites 187, 204, 205, 210, 216, 218 quartzite 9, 11, 12, 17, 79, 95, 115–117, 120–123, 158, 162, 179, 267, 268, 272, 275, 278, 284, 289–293, 296–298, 303, 304, 316, 342, 572, 577, 704, 756, 777, 779–781, 783, 788, 790, 795, 818, 827, 843, 1072 Quingzhen 59 R (Rumuruti) chondrites 39, 49 Raman spectroscopy 898, 902, 904–908, 917, 919, 920 rapakivi 323, 1059 Rauer 149, 154, 156 – Group 162, 164 Rauer–Prydz Bay 154 Rayner 149, 154, 156, 174 – Province 156, 166, 167, 170, 185 Rb-Sr 14, 16, 45, 47–49, 53, 59, 158, 162, 175, 177, 275, 285, 291, 296, 299, 300, 331, 457, 458, 460, 461, 472, 573, 710, 739, 781, 1057, 1101, 1102 Re-Os 55 – age 54 – isotopic system 1028 – systematics 1028 187 Re-187 Os 54 recumbent isoclinal folds 329 refertilization process 1024 refractory mantle source 326 Reguibat Rise 14 rhenium-depletion (TRD ) model ages 1028 rhyolite 310, 318, 326, 327, 345, 354, 359–361, 415, 422, 460, 506, 574, 577, 591, 597, 628, 738, 749, 1076 ribbon-terrain fabric 1003 ribbon-tessera terrain 993, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1009 rift 611 rifting 123, 337, 519, 520, 523–525, 559, 569, 662, 750, 1038, 1044, 1048, 1051, 1053, 1059, 1061, 1064, 1071, 1076, 1077, 1094, 1106, 1114 ring faults 331, 428, 433, 434, 447, 450 Rodinia supercontinent 1055, 1056 1303 Ruker 149 – Terrane 153, 154, 158, 159, 161, 167, 185 Rumuruti 49 Sacawee block 781–784, 788, 789 Sacred Heart granite 735, 743, 747, 748 sagduction 1011 Saglek–Hebron block 11 Sainte Marguerite 48, 55 Sand River gneisses 13 Sandspruit Formation 487 sanukitoid 5, 659, 1084 Sao Francisco Craton 17 Sao Jose Campestre Massif 17 sapphirine 166, 179 Saturn 22 Schapenburg schist belt 620 Schoongezicht Formation 515 Seafloor Alteration 601 seawater 973–975 Sebakwe protocraton 14 secular change 6, 1105 secular evolution 366, 1032, 1033 Serra de Mage 53 Sete Voltas Massif 17 Shallowater 41, 47, 49, 50, 53 Sharyzhalgay basement uplift 796 Shaw Granitic Complex 371, 375, 378, 397, 400 Shaw Granitic Complexes 378 Shay Gap-Sunrise Hill deposit 440 shear zone 63, 282, 283, 295, 299, 309, 331, 335, 413, 428, 430, 432, 433, 447, 453, 454, 468, 471, 519, 520, 570, 614, 615, 619, 621, 662, 670, 672, 681, 684–686, 688, 696, 698, 699, 703–706, 710, 712, 714, 723, 725, 726, 735, 748, 764, 781–783, 790, 796, 819, 1074, 1076, 1078, 1081 Sheba 705 – gold mine 704, 706 Shebandowanian orogeny 1083 sheet flow 528, 537, 546, 549 Shengousi complex 266 shield terrain 993 1304 shock metamorphism 43 short-lived radionuclides 43, 44 SHRIMP 6, 14, 15, 17, 98, 115, 136, 166, 168, 170, 179, 195, 214, 256, 257, 262, 263, 278, 280, 284, 310, 323, 475, 477, 479, 574, 739, 743, 779, 821, 823, 824, 829, 1075 Si isotopes 971, 979, 980 Siberia 16 Siberian Craton 793, 838 Silica Vein 883 silicate – differentiation 76, 80, 81 – inclusions in group IAB irons 41, 50 – inclusions in group IAB-IIICD irons 40 – inclusions in IAB-IIICD irons 50 silicate-bearing irons 40 silicification 578, 585, 597 sill 532, 557, 559 Singhbhum Craton 440 Singhbhum Province 17 Sino-Korean Craton 1047, 1059–1061 slab breakoff 661 slab melting 327, 364, 402, 404, 409, 644, 645, 1051, 1052 Slave Craton 9, 18, 75, 81, 773, 777, 790, 1026, 1032, 1107 Slave Province 122, 127, 135, 443 Sm-Nd 12, 53, 56, 77, 79, 82, 119, 120, 136, 143, 158, 168, 175, 177, 239, 248, 278, 284, 302, 371, 375, 407, 472, 475, 477, 479, 574, 710, 746, 765, 788, 793, 808, 811, 824, 825, 827, 829–832, 835, 847, 848 – age 49, 56, 113, 161, 288, 293, 297, 309, 739, 788, 824, 826, 827, 831, 836, 848 – systematics 51, 183, 302 snow line 22 solar – luminosity 925, 935, 943 – nebula 21 – photosphere 926 Songimvelo suite 492 South Africa 188, 248, 481, 483, 527, 570, 571, 604, 607, 699–701, 897, 898, 904, 983, 1024, 1048, 1052, 1055, 1059 spherule bed 497, 509, 515 Subject Index spinifex – flows 542, 544, 545, 567 – komatiites 535, 563 – zone 537 Spinifex Ridge deposit 434, 437, 444 Springwater 54 Sr isotope 86, 971–974 Sr/Y 628, 633, 635, 638, 652, 658, 659 Steynsdorp suite 486 stochastic processes 29 stony irons 32, 35 stony meteorites 32 Strelley Pool Chert 977, 978, 982 strike-slip fault 282, 614, 672, 706 stromatolite 13, 188, 313, 414, 445, 449, 577, 852, 855, 857–860, 862–869, 871–874, 877, 879, 897, 898, 907, 918, 983 subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) 85, 335, 447, 1013, 1016, 1040, 1046, 1047, 1057, 1060 subcontinental mantle 1046 subcontinental mantle lithosphere 326, 332, 1112 subduction 61, 70, 607, 642, 661, 662, 666, 667 – zone 5, 67, 86, 218, 272, 327, 332, 362, 364, 406, 445, 524, 527, 567–569, 645, 696, 1000, 1037, 1042, 1046, 1049, 1051, 1056, 1110, 1111 subduction-accretion 335, 1106 subduction-collision 660 subduction-stacking models 1031 sulfate reduction 893 sulphur 443, 444, 850, 923–960, 962–966, 968–970, 1087 – cycle 923, 925, 936, 937, 942, 963 – isotopes 850, 923–927, 929, 930, 933, 934, 937, 938, 942, 943, 945, 946, 951, 954–959, 963–970 – origin 926 Sulphur Springs deposit 420, 422, 427 Sulphur Springs Group 318, 326, 355, 420, 427, 859, 876, 1088, 1094, 1096, 1100 supercontinent 1041, 1048, 1055, 1064 Superior Boundary Zone 752, 754, 767 Subject Index Superior Craton 443, 444, 731, 735, 748–752, 755–757, 764, 765, 767, 773 Superior Province 12, 749, 761, 1065–1084 superplume 1043, 1045, 1046, 1048, 1053 Sutam block 15 suture zone 613, 621, 669, 672, 701, 748, 796, 801, 1060 Sweetwater subprovince 776, 777 syenite 481, 614 syenogranites 614 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 991, 997, 1009 – data 990, 991 – image 990, 991, 994 T0 23 Tzero 23, 25 Tambina Supersuite 372, 374 Tarim 1056, 1057, 1059 Tatahouine 53 tectonic 700, 703 – evolution 7, 320, 371, 532, 700, 702, 727, 1105–1107 – mode 62, 63 – setting 332, 411, 446, 448, 523, 525, 527, 567, 569, 633, 700, 725 terrane 4, 11–13, 16, 93, 109, 113, 121, 122, 151, 154, 157, 158, 167, 185, 195, 198, 276, 282, 288, 302, 307–309, 311, 315, 316, 321, 370, 404, 443, 453, 460, 486, 525, 611, 613, 660, 661, 671–673, 680, 684, 696, 697, 700–702, 723, 725, 731, 749, 750, 769, 788, 793–796, 819, 821, 827, 830, 831, 835, 837, 838, 852, 856, 858, 859, 870, 880, 925, 945, 1029, 1048, 1049, 1051, 1056, 1060, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1076, 1078, 1080, 1081, 1083, 1084, 1110, 1112, 1114, 1115 Terre Adélie 149, 153, 156, 157, 185 terrestrial fractionation line 38, 39, 930 Theespruit Formation 487, 518 thermal boundary layer 61–63, 65, 70, 990, 1042, 1046 tholeiitic 4, 326, 327, 333, 340, 342, 343, 345, 348, 351, 354, 355, 357, 359–367, 1305 370, 400, 420, 422, 495–497, 499, 502, 506, 569, 648, 650, 735, 745, 811, 813, 818, 835, 1045, 1050–1053, 1057, 1072, 1081, 1088 thrusting 166, 283, 301, 329, 333, 472, 520, 521, 570, 661, 795, 821, 827, 1000, 1007, 1078 Tian Shan 1056, 1057 TIMS 92, 98, 135, 179, 739, 741, 779 tonalite 187, 188, 192, 195–198, 203–205, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 481, 501 tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) 4, 9, 11–17, 152, 187, 217, 255, 256, 268, 270, 284, 299, 320, 326, 327, 329, 333, 336, 348, 358, 359, 361–367, 369, 370, 378, 384, 392, 393, 395, 397, 400, 402–404, 406–409, 434, 438, 445, 456–459, 465, 467, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 483, 486, 488, 493, 501, 513, 518, 520–525, 528, 529, 559, 569, 607–609, 611, 613–616, 619–622, 627–629, 631–633, 635–649, 652, 657–662, 664–667, 684, 697, 698, 701–703, 723, 754, 765, 776, 783, 784, 791, 801, 803, 805, 811, 814, 817, 818, 821, 823–825, 832, 836–838, 841, 1041, 1047, 1048, 1051, 1053, 1068, 1070, 1079, 1100, 1106, 1110–1114 – high-Al 400, 404, 406, 409 – low-Al 404, 406, 409 – transitional 407–409 tonalitic 205 – gneiss 168, 183 – orthogneiss 152, 153, 157, 164, 171 tonalitic-trondhjemitic 168, 170 – gneiss 168 – orthogneiss 169 topography 320, 533, 555, 561, 566, 611, 996, 998, 1000, 1002 trace element geochemistry 578 Trans-North China Orogen 253 Transamazonian Orogen 17 Troie terrane 1079 trondhjemite 165, 260, 379, 456, 457, 461, 481, 501, 610, 628, 673, 779, 801, 825, 1094 1306 trondhjemitic 12, 17, 129, 132, 152, 161, 164, 168, 256, 258, 259, 261–264, 266, 272, 289, 324, 387, 408, 456–458, 460, 461, 475, 477, 608, 609, 618, 621, 639, 643, 645, 646, 651, 652, 660, 665, 673, 749, 779–781 – gneiss 161, 168 tumulus 528, 535, 537, 544, 567 tumulus or lava tube 537 turbidites 500 U-Pb 48, 59, 77, 84, 98–100, 105, 109, 110, 117, 136, 139, 158, 168, 169, 177, 179, 182–184, 258, 259, 264, 268–271, 278, 280, 284, 296, 299, 316, 365, 415, 453, 457, 459, 703, 739, 759, 765, 769, 771, 780, 781, 783, 798, 801, 823, 824, 827, 829, 830 – age 56, 97, 99, 102, 109, 119, 136, 142, 167, 173, 184, 223, 273, 299, 453, 455, 457–459, 461, 472, 769, 798, 1030, 1065, 1073, 1095, 1101 – geochronology 754, 761, 1051 – zircon 6, 11, 278, 288, 458–460, 477, 701, 702, 725, 739, 746, 754, 765, 771, 793, 824, 827, 835, 836, 848, 1071, 1073, 1089, 1090, 1094 U-Th-Pb systematics 48 235 U-207 Pb 82 Uchian orogeny 1081 Uivak I gneisses 11 Ukrainian Shield 16 ultrahigh temperature (UHT) 167, 174, 177 – crustal metamorphism 166 – metamorphism 152, 167 ultramafic sills 223, 235, 244, 245, 248 ultraviolet light, UV 935, 942–946, 959 Ulundi Formation 515 Umuduha suite 507 unconformity 316, 365, 367, 440, 445, 516, 523, 557, 859, 865, 873, 1076 underplated basalts 645 uniformitarianism 1105 Ur 1055 Uranus 22 ureilites 41, 51 Subject Index Vaca Muerta 56 varioles 546 Ventersdorp Supergroup 1052 Venus 987, 988, 1107, 1112, 1114 – atmosphere 988 – crust 988 – overview 989 vertical tectonics 334, 1046 vesicular – flows 537, 544, 545 – komatiite 535, 537, 545 – sheet flow 540 – zone 537 vesicular and spinifex zones 540 Vesta 24 Vestfold Block 153, 157 Vestfold Hills 149, 154 volcanic – arc 5, 85, 332, 613, 633, 662, 672, 764, 1037, 1046, 1051, 1056, 1059 – plateau 357 – rises 993, 998 – shields 993 volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits 413, 441, 447 volcanism 15, 16, 62, 81, 123, 313, 316, 327, 339, 362, 367, 406, 456, 505, 523–525, 528–530, 532, 535, 555, 557, 561, 563, 567–569, 662, 925, 959, 996, 997, 1011, 1037, 1038, 1045, 1051–1053, 1058, 1061, 1062, 1094, 1102, 1113 Warrawagine Granitic Complex 371, 372, 384 Warrawoona Group 13, 313–316, 320, 323, 325, 327, 332, 335–337, 339, 340, 354, 355, 357–359, 361, 366, 367, 394, 400, 402, 406, 413, 414, 427, 428, 437, 571, 855, 859, 865, 898, 899, 905, 906, 916, 919, 945, 957, 974, 978, 1098 Watersmeet 737 – Dome 746 wehrlite dikes 532 Weltevreden Formation 513, 519 Subject Index 1307 West Africa 14 West Pilbara Superterrane 12, 309, 340, 370, 406, 445, 1046, 1049, 1050, 1094 Wilkes 149, 154, 156 – Province 156 Winnipeg River terrane 1076, 1077 winonaite 40, 50 withdrawal cavities 546 Witwatersrand Block 453 Woodbine 50 Wyoming Craton 15, 775–777, 781, 784, 785, 788–791 129 Xe 43 xenocrystic zircons xenoliths 1017 136 Yilgarn 92, 93 Yilgarn Craton 12, 113, 275, 276, 278, 280, 282, 283, 292, 299, 443, 444, 1046, 1049 Youanmi Terrane 113, 115 Yule Granitic Complex 371, 372, 375, 378, 384, 404 Zimbabwe 1055 Zimbabwe Craton 14 zircon 56, 76, 77, 79, 81, 84–89, 275, 278, 280, 284, 285, 287–294, 296–304, 456, 755, 759, 765, 767, 769, 771 – cathodoluminescence (CL) 92, 100–102 – correlated microanalysis 102, 105 – detritus 755, 767, 773 – Hf isotopes 92, 109 – oxygen isotope rate 92 – oxygen isotope ratio 102–105, 108, 110 – Pb loss 98–100 – REE 92, 103–108 – Ti thermometry 92, 108 – U-Pb ages 92, 97–99, 105, 109 – xenocryst 136, 137, 140–143, 146 This page intentionally left blank ... compile a geological record of Earth’s Oldest Rocks, with thorough descriptions of as much of the oldest continental crust as possible, and with a focus on the rocks The second aim was to gain a... Hartlaub and Larry M Heaman Chapter 6.3 Oldest Rocks of the Wyoming Craton 775 Kevin R Chamberlain and Paul A Mueller Chapter 6.4 The Oldest Rock Assemblages of the Siberian... and Related Rocks 14 M LEHTINEN, P.A NURMI and O.J RÄMÖ (Editors) Precambrian Geology of Finland: Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield Outcrop photograph of Earth’s oldest rocks – folded