Chapter: Chapter 08: Memory Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following memory processes is associated with retaining memories for future use? a) encoding b) storage c) retrieval d) invigoration e) plastification Ans: b Feedback A: This process involves transferring information into memory Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This process involves recapturing a memory when we need it Feedback D: This process was not discussed in the text Feedback E: This process was not discussed in the text Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Easy True/False 2.Memory is the faculty for recalling past events and past learning Ans: True Section Ref: What is Memory? Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Fill-in-the-blank 3.According to the information processing model of memory, is the first stage in which an image is retained by the brain for less than second Ans: sensory memory Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 4.How can information be retained in working memory? Ans: concentrating hard and repeating the information over and over again until it is used Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Hard Essay Using the computer metaphor described in the text, identify the component that is analogous to the hard drive and its characteristics Ans: The answer should identify long term memory and mention that an indefinite number of items can be stored permanently Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 6.What type of memory storage is described as temporary memory that will be lost if it is not repeated before being passed on to long term memory? a) sensory b) temporal c) working d) episodic e) none of these Ans: c Feedback A: Sensory memory is not rehearsed Feedback B: This type of memory was not discussed in the text Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Episodic memory is a form of long term memory Feedback E: One of the answers is correct Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Medium True/False Only a limited amount of information can be stored in working memory Ans: True Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 8.Sensory, working, and long term memory are often referred to as memory _ Ans: stores Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 9.What is another name for the parallel distributed processing model of memory? Ans: connectionist model Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Hard Essay 10 How is the connectionist model of memory different from the information-processing model? Ans: The answer should reflect the idea that the connectionist model joins newly acquired information to information that is already stored in long term memory to form networks of information Section Ref: What is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 11 Amelia remarks that she needs to learn her text’s section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test Brian responds that he couldn’t remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day With respect to the three activities of memory described in your text, Amelia is making reference to _ Brian is referring to a) encoding; storage b) retrieval; encoding c) retrieval; storage d) encoding; retrieval Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The term ‘remembering’ corresponds to retrieval, not to storage Feedback B: Incorrect “Learning’ or taking in information is similar to encoding, not retrieval The term ‘remembering’ corresponds to retrieval, not to encoding Feedback C: Incorrect Learning’ or taking in information is similar to encoding, not retrieval The term ‘remembering’ corresponds to retrieval, not to storage Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What Is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty Level: Hard 12 Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage memory model, from first to last? a) sensory memory working memory long-term memory b) working memory sensory memory long-term memory c) sensory memory long-term memory working memory d) working memory long-term memory sensory memory Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Sensory memory precedes working memory in the model Feedback C: Incorrect Working memory precedes long-term memory in the model Feedback D: Incorrect Sensory memory is the first, not the last, stage in the model Section Ref: What Is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty Level: Easy 13 Information may last for _ seconds in sensory memory The capacity of sensory memory is _ a) a few; small b) a few; large c) about 30; small d) about 30; large Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The capacity of sensory memory is large Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Information can only last a few seconds in sensory memory Also, the capacity of sensory memory is large Feedback D: Incorrect Information can only last a few seconds in sensory memory Section Ref: What Is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty Level: Medium 14 Clarice presses on her keyboard to save a document she has been editing A file is then created on her computer’s hard drive Clarice’s action of pressing is most nearly analogous to the memory activity of _ The computer’s hard drive is similar to _ memory in the three-stage memory model a) storage; long-term b) storage; working c) encoding; long-term d) encoding; working Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Saving a file enters it into the computer’s memory, making the action analogous to encoding Feedback B: Incorrect Saving a file enters it into the computer’s memory, making the action analogous to encoding A computer’s hard drive has a large capacity, making it similar to long-term memory Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect A computer’s hard drive has a large capacity, making it similar to long-term memory Section Ref: What Is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty Level: Medium 15 Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the relationship between the information processing and connectionist models of memory? a) They are different models b) They are identical models c) They are similar models d) They model different aspects of memory Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The information processing and connectionist models of memory are different, alternative models Feedback C: Incorrect The two types of models are quite different Feedback D: Incorrect The information processing and connectionist models of memory are both intended to be comprehensive models of memory generally Section Ref: What Is Memory? Learning Objective: Define the basic activities of memory and describe two major models of memory Difficulty Level: Hard 16 For encoding to occur, individuals need to focus on environmental stimuli This “focus” refers to what cognitive process? a) attention b) storage c) retrieval d) invigoration e) plastification Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: This process involves retaining a memory for future use Feedback C: This process involves recapturing a memory when we need it Feedback D: This process was not discussed in the text Feedback E: This process was not discussed in the text Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Easy True/False 17.Automatic processing refers to the process by which we attend to environmental information with little or no conscious effort or thought Ans: True Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 18.You attend a party where you meet someone new You think this person is cute so you employ _ processing by applying careful attention when he/she tells you his/her name Ans: effortful Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 19.What types of information might be encoded with little or no conscious effort via automatic processing? Ans: time, space, or frequency Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Hard Essay 20 Explain why performing another task while engaging in effortful processing will likely disrupt encoding whereas encoding of information during automatic processing is less likely to be affected? Provide an example Ans: The answer should mention that a secondary task would detract from the encoding process and that this would differentially impact effortful rather than automatic processes Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 21 On the Fourth of July, Colin “wrote” his name in the air, and for a few hundred milliseconds he could see his name This example illustrates the brief visual storehouse associated with what memory store? a) long term b) declarative c) working d) procedural e) sensory Ans: e Feedback A: Information in long term memory is stored permanently Feedback B: This is a type of long term memory Feedback C: Items in working memory last longer than a few hundred milliseconds Feedback D: Procedural memory is a form of long term memory Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Hard True/False 22 Sperling provided important insights into how working memory operates Ans: False Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 23. or consciously repeating information increases the likelihood of information being encoded into working memory Ans: Rehearsal Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 24.Which is most effective; distributed or massed practice? Ans: distributed Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Easy Essay 25 Describe the different types of information that are encoded as phonological versus visual codes? Ans: The answer should mention that phonological codes are used to encode verbal information whereas visual codes are used to encode perceptual information as images Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 26.Mica, five years old, was very good at remembering details such as the jersey numbers of her favorite hockey players When asked how she did it, she mentioned that she relied on a highly detailed team picture that she has at home This example illustrates what memory phenomenon? a) encoding b) verbal encoding c) retrieval d) eidetic memory e) semantic encoding Ans: d Feedback A: This answer is too general Feedback B: She is relying on an image, so this answer is not correct Feedback C: This answer is too general Feedback D: Correct! Feedback E: She is relying on an image, so this answer is not correct Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Learning Objective: Describe how information is encoded and transferred among different memory stores, and what we can to enhance encoding Difficulty: Hard True/False 27 Photographic or eidetic memories usually occur in adults Ans: False Section Ref: How Do We Encode Information Into Memory? Feedback C: Another answer is also correct Feedback D: This is not true Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Memories in the Young and Old Learning Objective: Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life Difficulty: Medium True/False 133.As we age, we become more susceptible to forgetting and misremembering information Ans: True Section Ref: Memories in the Young and Old Learning Objective: Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 134.As we age, parts of the brain such as the begin to shrink Ans: hippocampus Section Ref: Memories in the Young and Old Learning Objective: Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 135 In a comparison of average older participants and those with Alzheimer’s disease, how much larger was the hippocampus of those with excellent memories? Ans: 20% Section Ref: Memories in the Young and Old Learning Objective: Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life Difficulty: Hard Essay 136 Describe one approach to improving brain fitness in people aged 65 years and old Ans: The answer should identify a study described in the book in which a computerized program has proven successful in improving memories for those aged 65+ Section Ref: Memories in the Young and Old Learning Objective: Describe the kinds of memories and memory changes that characterize early life and later life Difficulty: Hard 178.Which type of memory disorders are associated with physical causes? a) dissociative b) organic c) retrieval d) libidinal e) manufactured Ans: b Feedback A: Physical causes are not identified for these types of disorder Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This answer is too general Feedback D: This term was not discussed in the text Feedback E: This term was not discussed in the text Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Easy True/False 179.Dementias only affect memory, not other cognitive functions Ans: False Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 180. _disorders are disruptions in memory that lack a clear physical cause Ans: Dissociative Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 181 What type of amnesia is described as the ongoing inability to form new memories after the onset of a disorder or event? Ans: anterograde Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Medium Essay 182 Make a distinction between retrograde and anterograde amnesia Ans: The answer should indicate that retrograde amnesia results in an inability to remember what occurred before the onset of a disorder or event, whereas anterograde amnesia reflects an inability to form new memories after a disorder or event Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 183.Accounting for 2/3 of all cases, what is the most prevalent form of dementia? a) Huntingtons Disease b) Korsakoff’s Disease c) Alzheimer’s Disease d) Parkinson’s Disease e) Meningitis Ans: c Feedback A: This type of dementia is less common Feedback B: This type of dementia is less common Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: This type of dementia is less common Feedback E: This is not a form of dementia Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Easy True/False 184.Older women are more likely to suffer from dementia than older men Ans: True Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 185 People with _forget their personal identities and flee to another location Ans: dissociative fugue Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 186 What structural changes to the brain are associated with a postmortem diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease? Ans: neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Hard Essay 187 What disorder was formerly known as multiple personality disorder? Describe the characteristics of someone suffering from this disorder Ans: The answer should identify dissociative identity disorder and mention that people with this disorder develop two or more subpersonalities that have unique memories, behaviors, and emotions Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty: Medium 188 How are organic memory disorders, amnesic disorders, and dementias related? a) Organic memory disorders and amnesic disorders are examples of dementias b) Organic memory disorders and dementias are types of amnesic disorders c) Amnesic disorders and dementias are types of organic memory disorders d) Organic memory disorders, amnesic disorders, and dementias are all types of dissociative disorders Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Amnesic disorders and dementias are types of organic memory disorders Feedback B: Incorrect Amnesic disorders and dementias are types of organic memory disorders Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Amnesic disorders and dementias are types of organic memory disorders Dissociative disorders are a different type of disorder Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 189 Physical memory disorders are to psychological memory disorders as _ are to a) dissociative disorders; organic memory disorders b) organic memory disorders; dissociative disorders c) amnesic disorders; dementias d) dementias; amnesic disorders Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Physical memory disorders are termed organic memory disorders Psychological memory disorders are termed dissociative disorders Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Amnesic disorders and dementias are both types of physical memory disorders Feedback D: Incorrect Dementias and amnesic disorders are both types of physical memory disorders Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 190 Mrs Alvarez is 70 She is exhibits memory loss, but shows no other cognitive deficits How would you identify her memory disorder, and why? a) She may be amnesic Memory loss is her primary symptom b) She may be suffering from dementia Memory loss is her major symptom c) She may be amnesic She is over 65 d She may be suffering from dementia She is over 65 Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Her disorder may be identified as amnesia, not dementia, because memory loss is her major symptom Feedback C: Incorrect Age is not a criterion distinguishing organic amnesia from dementia Her disorder may be identified as amnesia because she displays no cognitive deficits outside of memory itself Feedback D: Incorrect Dementia is associated with impairments not only in memory, but also other aspects of cognition Age is not a criterion distinguishing organic amnesia from dementia Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 191 Mr Boudreaux is experiencing memory deficits, along with impairments in language and higher-order reasoning Mrs Calhoun shows memory losses, but no other cognitive deficits Finally, Mr Damas displays major losses of important memories with no apparent physical basis Which disorder is correctly matched with one of these individuals? a) amnesic disorder – Mr Boudreaux b) dementia – Mr Damas c) dissociative identity disorder Mrs Calhoun d) dissociative amnesia – Mr Damas Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Amnesic disorder is displayed by Mrs Calhoun Feedback B: Incorrect Dementia is illustrated by Mr Boudreaux Feedback C: Incorrect Dissociative identity disorder is not shown by any of the individuals in the question Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 192 In _ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident a) retrograde; anterograde b) anterograde; retrograde c) retroactive; proactive d) proactive; retroactive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect In retrograde amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident In anterograde amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident Feedback C: Incorrect The terms ‘retroactive’ and ‘proactive’ refer to types of interference, not types of amnesia Feedback D: Incorrect The terms ‘proactive’ and ‘retroactive’ refer to types of interference, not types of amnesia Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 193 Rhonda can’t remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured Rhonda is experiencing _ amnesia a) proactive b) retroactive c) anterograde d) retrograde Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The term ‘proactive’ refers to a type of interference, not to a type of amnesia Feedback B: Incorrect The term ‘proactive’ refers to a type of interference, not to a type of amnesia Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Retrograde amnesia involves a loss of memory for the events preceding, not following, an accident or injury Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 194 From age 65 to age 85, the prevalence of dementia increases from _% to _% a) 2; 25 b) 2; 50 c) 10; 35 d) 10; 50 Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The prevalence of dementia increases to 50% by age 85 Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The prevalence of dementia increases from 2% at age 65 to 50% by age 85 Feedback D: Incorrect The prevalence of dementia increases from 2% at age 65 to 50% by age 85 Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 195 Estelle has trouble completing complicated tasks and often forgets important appointments She is best described as in a stage of Alzheimer’s disease a) precursor b) beginning c) middle d) final Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease are associated with more minor lapses in memory and attention Feedback B: Incorrect The earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease are associated with more minor lapses in memory and attention Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The final stages of Alzheimer’s disease are associated with difficulties completing even simple tasks and with drastic personality changes Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 196 Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain’s _ a) hippocampus b) cerebellum c) hypothalamus d) basal ganglia Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques occur in the hippocampus Feedback C: Incorrect Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques occur in the hippocampus Feedback D: Incorrect Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques occur in the hippocampus Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 197 Alzheimer’s disease is associated with low levels of the neurotransmitters: a) acetylcholine and serotonin b) norepinephrine and glutamate c) acetylcholine and norepinephrine d) acetylcholine and glutamate Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated with low levels of acetylcholine and glutamate Feedback B: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated with low levels of acetylcholine and glutamate Feedback C: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated with low levels of acetylcholine and glutamate Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 198 Regarding gender, declines in sex hormones have been implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease among: a) men, but not women b) women, but not men c) both men and women d) neither men nor women Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated not only with a decline in testosterone among men, but also a decline in estrogen among women Feedback B: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated not only with a decline in estrogen among women, but also a decline in testosterone among men Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated both with a decline in estrogen among women and a decline in testosterone among men Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 199 To what extent is Alzheimer’s disease different among men than it is among women? a) It is no different between men and women b) It is different between men and women in its effects on personality c) It is different between men and women in its anatomical effects on the brain d) It is different between men and women in both its anatomical effects on the brain and its effects on personality Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is different between men and women in both its anatomical effects on the brain and its effects on personality Feedback B: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is different between men and women not only in its effects on personality, but also in its anatomical effects on the brain Feedback C: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is different between men and women not only in its anatomical effects on the brain, but also in its effects on personality Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium Which of the following physical changes in the brain is linked with Alzheimer’s Disease? a) Increased long-term potentiation b) Increased activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine c) Increases in neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques d) Increases in the size of the hippocampus Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Alzheimer’s patients not experience increases in long-term potentiation Feedback B: Incorrect The text does not mention a link between Alzheimer’s disease and serotonin or dopamine Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a decrease in the size of the hippocampus Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium True or False Compared to healthy individuals, Alzheimer’s Disease patients tend to have fewer neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain Ans: False Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer Psychologists have yet to fully understand the processes behind the deterioration of brain function in Alzheimer’s Disease patients Describe the three lines of current research that are investigating the processes that lead to decreased brain function in in Alzheimer’s Disease patients Ans: (1) Beta-amyloid protein and tau protein—take an abnormal form and contribute to the formation of plaques and tangles in the hippocampus and other brain areas (2) The breakdown of calcium, a metallic element that helps produce proteins that are related to memory, is not normal (3) The activity of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, that are typically related to memory, is decreased Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Hard Multiple Choice Cheryl, a young wife and mother of two children, had forgotten who she was She fled from her home and family and began to establish a new life in a far away town When her husband found her several months later, Cheryl had no recollection of their previous life together Which of the following terms best describes Cheryl’s experience? a) Anterograde amnesia b) Dissociative fugue c) Dementia d) Alzheimer’s disease Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect In anterograde amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The terms ‘dementia’ and ‘proactive’ refer to Feedback D: Incorrect Alzheimer’s disease Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer Describe the distinction between dissociative disorders and organic memory disorders Ans: Organic memory disorders have obvious organic and physical origins (e.g., brain injury) Dissociative disorders occur when people suffer from memory loss for no apparent physical cause or reason Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 200 disorders involve major memory losses with no immediate physical cause a) Dementia-related b) Dissociative c) Amnesic d) Fugue Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect “Dementia-related” is not a term used to refer to a category of memory disorders Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Amnesic disorders usually entail a physical cause Feedback D: Incorrect The answer is too specific Dissociative disorders more generally involve major memory losses with no immediate physical cause Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 201 Which of the following dissociative disorders is correctly defined? a) dissociative amnesia – individual develops several different personalities b) dissociative fugue individual forgets identity and flees to a new location c) dissociative identity disorder – individual is unable to recall important information about her life d) dissociative amnesia – individual forgets identity and flees to a new location Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect In dissociative amnesia, an individual is unable to recall important information about her life Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect In dissociative identity disorder, an individual develops several different personalities Feedback D: Incorrect In dissociative amnesia, an individual is unable to recall important information about her life Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 202 Fiona has developed several distinct subpersonalities Gordie is a convenience store clerk in Boise, ID with no memory of his life as a waiter in Greensboro, NC several years ago Heather has forgotten major portions of a period of her life in which she experienced serious trauma Which individual’s disorder is CORRECTLY identified below? a) Fiona – dissociative fugue b) Gordie – dissociative identity disorder c) Heather – dissociative amnesia d) Gordie – dissociative dementia Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Fiona displays dissociative identity disorder Feedback B: Incorrect Gordie displays dissociative fugue Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Incorrect Gordie displays dissociative fugue Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Medium 203 Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed _ disorder a) schizophrenic b) dissociative amnesic c) manic depressive d) multiple personality Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback B: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback C: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Easy 204 Dr Ingraham is a psychodynamic psychologist His colleague Dr Jorgensen is a cognitive psychologist Which of the potential explanations for dissociative disorders described in your text is each of these psychologists likely to favor? a) Dr Ingraham would endorse either the self-hypnosis or the exposure to misinformation account Dr Jorgensen would favor the state-dependent memory explanation b) Dr Ingraham would favor the state-dependent memory explanation Dr Jorgensen would endorse either the self-hypnosis or the exposure to misinformation account c) Dr Ingraham would endorse either the state-dependent memory or exposure to misinformation accounts Dr Jorgensen would favor the self-hypnosis explanation d) Dr Ingraham would favor the self-hypnosis explanation Dr Jorgensen would endorse either the state-dependent memory or the exposure to misinformation account Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect A psychodynamic psychologist would favor only the self-hypnosis explanation A cognitive psychologist would favor either the state-dependent memory or exposure to misinformation account Feedback B: Incorrect A psychodynamic psychologist would favor the self-hypnosis explanation A cognitive psychologist would favor either the state-dependent memory or exposure to misinformation account Feedback C: Incorrect A psychodynamic psychologist would favor the self-hypnosis explanation A cognitive psychologist would favor either the state-dependent memory or exposure to misinformation account Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Disorders of Memory Learning Objective: Describe physical and psychological disorders that disrupt memory Difficulty Level: Hard ... nine, plus or minus two b) six, plus or minus one c) five, plus or minus two d) seven, plus or minus two Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The capacity of working memory is seven, plus or minus two... long-term memory, and how we can enhance our long-term memories Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 57.In 1885, _pioneered memory research by studying his own memory Ans: Hermann Ebbinghaus... we organize and store information in working and long-term memory, and how we can enhance our long-term memories Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 67 While playing Trivial Pursuit, Jessica remembered