10/3/2011 Những vấn đề liên quan đến áp dụng thuế/phí Bài 5: CÔNG CỤ KINH TẾ TRONG QLMT (tt) (Market-based instruments) How to set the charge May be by ‘trial and error’ (phương pháp thử sai) – can be costly with mistakes + Choosing an arbitrary change rate and observing the amount of reduction that occurs when that charge is imposed +If the observed reduction is larger than desired, the charge should be lowered; if the reduction is smaller, the charge should be raised + The process can be repeated until the actual and desired reduction are equal • Firms will continue to clean up until their MCC (marginal control cost) reach the level of the charge •With each polluter doing this, they all clean up until their MCC’s are equal to the charge and hence ensure cost effectiveness •How to set the charge to ensure that the resulting emission reduction is the desired level of emission reduction? •But gives an incentive to innovate to lower costs of control Cap and Cap and trade Can achieve the cost-minimizing allocation without going through a trial-and-error process All sources face a limit on their emissions and they are allocated allowances to emit Each allowance authorizes a specific amount of emissions The control authority issues exactly the number of allowances needed to produce the desired emission level These can be distributed among the firms either by auctioning them off to the highest bidder or by granting directly to firms free-ofcharge (called gifting) 10/3/2011 Cap and Cap and trade (tt) Firms are acquired the allowances are freely transferable; they can be bought and sold Firms emitting more than their holdings would buy additional allowances from firms that are emitting less than authorized By issuing the appropriate number of allowances and letting the market the rest, the control authority can achieve a cost-effective allocation this system allowances the government to meet its policy objective while allowing greater flexibility in how that objective is met Lessons Viêc thiết kế thị trường (market design) định tính hiệu Sự tham gia phủ đóng vai trò quan trọng để đảm bảo cho thị trường hoạt động hiệu Triển vọng cho thị trường tự nguyện (voluntary market Những vấn đề liên quan đến định (allocation) Các nhân tố khác: thông tin, niềm tin, tính cạnh tranh Examples of CapCap-and and trade the Acid Rain market in the US the Emissions Trading Scheme in the UK the proposed Emissions Trading System for the European Union the US market in greenhouse gases Lessons Environmental services (dịch vụ môi trường) Scale Positive service Negative service Global carbon sequestration biodiversity greenhouse gas emission Regional soil conservation landslide prevention water retention water purification flood prevention soil erosion soil salinity water pollution (nutrient, pesticide and sediment) eutrophication Local local landscapes cultural heritage air pollution 10/3/2011 Rationale of PES Deforestation Reference for PES Conservation http://www.conservationfinance.org Benefits to land users Externalities http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/ $$ http://www.katoombagroup.org Payment flow: Smaller (or equal) than externality Need to result in total benefits for ES providers equal to, or greater than, alternative Continuous over time period, eg yearly Need sustainable financing http://vea.gov.vn/VN/tintuc/multimedia/Pages/Ch itrảdịchvụmôitrườngrừng3.aspx 10 Eco labelling (Nhãn sinh thái) Eco Theo tổ chức thương mại giới W TO Ngân hàng giới WB thì: Nhãn sinh thái loại nhãn cấp cho sản phẩm thoả mãn số tiêu chí định quan phủ tổ chức phủ uỷ nhiệm đề Các tiêu chí tương đối tồn diện nhằm đánh giá tác động môi trường giai đoạn khác chu kỳ sản phẩm: từ giai đoạn sơ chế, chế biến, gia công, đóng gói, phân phối, sử dụng bị vứt bỏ Cũng có trường hợp người ta quan tâm đến tiêu chí định đặc trưng cho sản phẩm, ví dụ mức độ khí thải phát sinh, khả tái chế, v.v… ‘Nhãn sinh thái loại nhãn mác cung cấp thông tin cho người tiêu dùng thân thiện với môi trường sản phẩm, dịch vụ so với sản phẩm dịch vụ khác.’ 11