pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com The Power of Habit is a work of nonfiction Nonetheless, some names and personal characteristics of individuals or events pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com have been changed in order to disguise identities Any resulting resemblance to persons living or dead is entirely coincidental and unintentional Copyright © 2012 by Charles Duhigg All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duhigg, Charles The power of habit : why we what we in life and business / by Charles Duhigg p cm Includes bibliographical references and index eISBN: 978-0-679-60385-6 1. Habit 2. Habit—Social aspects 3. Change (Psychology) I. Title BF335.D76 2012 158.1—dc23 2011029545 Illustration on this page by Andrew Pole All other illustrations by Anton Ioukhnovets www.atrandom.com v3.1 CONTENTS pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication PROLOGUE The Habit Cure PART ONE The Habits of Individuals THE HABIT LOOP How Habits Work THE CRAVING BRAIN How to Create New Habits THE GOLDEN RULE OF HABIT CHANGE Why Transformation Occurs PART TWO The Habits of Successful Organizations KEYSTONE HABITS, OR THE BALLAD OF PAUL O’NEILL Which Habits Matter Most STARBUCKS AND THE HABIT OF SUCCESS When Willpower Becomes Automatic THE POWER OF A CRISIS How Leaders Create Habits Through Accident and Design HOW TARGET KNOWS WHAT YOU WANT BEFORE YOU DO pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com When Companies Predict (and Manipulate) Habits PART THREE The Habits of Societies SADDLEBACK CHURCH AND THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT How Movements Happen THE NEUROLOGY OF FREE WILL Are We Responsible for Our Habits? APPENDIX A Reader’s Guide to Using These Ideas Acknowledgments A Note on Sources Notes PROLOGUE pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com The Habit Cure She was the scientists’ favorite participant Lisa Allen, according to her le, was thirty-four years old, had started smoking and drinking when she was sixteen, and had struggled with obesity for most of her life At one point, in her mid-twenties, collection agencies were hounding her to recover $10,000 in debts An old résumé listed her longest job as lasting less than a year The woman in front of the researchers today, however, was lean and vibrant, with the toned legs of a runner She looked a decade younger than the photos in her chart and like she could out-exercise anyone in the room According to the most recent report in her le, Lisa had no outstanding debts, didn’t drink, and was in her thirty-ninth month at a graphic design firm “How long since your last cigarette?” one of the physicians asked, starting down the list of questions Lisa answered every time she came to this laboratory outside Bethesda, Maryland “Almost four years,” she said, “and I’ve lost sixty pounds and run a marathon since then.” She’d also started a master’s degree and bought a home It had been an eventful stretch The scientists in the room included neurologists, psychologists, geneticists, and a sociologist For the past three years, with funding from the National Institutes of Health, they had poked and prodded Lisa and more than two dozen other former smokers, chronic overeaters, problem drinkers, obsessive shoppers, and people with other destructive habits All of the participants had one thing in common: They had remade their lives in relatively short periods of time The researchers wanted to understand how So they measured subjects’ vital signs, installed video cameras inside their homes to watch their daily routines, sequenced portions of their DNA, and, with technologies that allowed them to peer inside people’s skulls in real time, watched as blood and electrical impulses owed through their brains while they were exposed to temptations such as cigarette smoke and lavish meals.prl.1 The researchers’ goal was to gure out how habits work on a neurological level—and what it took to make them change “I know you’ve told this story a dozen times,” the doctor said to Lisa, “but some of my colleagues have only heard it secondhand Would you mind describing again how you gave up cigarettes?” “Sure,” Lisa said “It started in Cairo.” The vacation had been something of a rash decision, she explained A few months earlier, her husband had come home from work and announced that he was leaving her because he was in love with another woman It took Lisa a while to process the betrayal and absorb the fact that she was actually getting a divorce There was a period of mourning, then a period of obsessively spying on him, following his new girlfriend around town, calling her after midnight and hanging up Then there was the evening Lisa showed up at the girlfriend’s house, drunk, pounding on her door and screaming that she was going to burn the condo down pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com “It wasn’t a great time for me,” Lisa said “I had always wanted to see the pyramids, and my credit cards weren’t maxed out yet, so … ” On her rst morning in Cairo, Lisa woke at dawn to the sound of the call to prayer from a nearby mosque It was pitch black inside her hotel room Half blind and jetlagged, she reached for a cigarette She was so disoriented that she didn’t realize—until she smelled burning plastic—that she was trying to light a pen, not a Marlboro She had spent the past four months crying, binge eating, unable to sleep, and feeling ashamed, helpless, depressed, and angry, all at once Lying in bed, she broke down “It was like this wave of sadness,” she said “I felt like everything I had ever wanted had crumbled I couldn’t even smoke right “And then I started thinking about my ex-husband, and how hard it would be to nd another job when I got back, and how much I was going to hate it and how unhealthy I felt all the time I got up and knocked over a water jug and it shattered on the oor, and I started crying even harder I felt desperate, like I had to change something, at least one thing I could control.” She showered and left the hotel As she rode through Cairo’s rutted streets in a taxi and then onto the dirt roads leading to the Sphinx, the pyramids of Giza, and the vast, endless desert around them, her self-pity, for a brief moment, gave way She needed a goal in her life, she thought Something to work toward So she decided, sitting in the taxi, that she would come back to Egypt and trek through the desert It was a crazy idea, Lisa knew She was out of shape, overweight, with no money in the bank She didn’t know the name of the desert she was looking at or if such a trip was possible None of that mattered, though She needed something to focus on Lisa decided that she would give herself one year to prepare And to survive such an expedition, she was certain she would have to make sacrifices In particular, she would need to quit smoking When Lisa nally made her way across the desert eleven months later—in an airconditioned and motorized tour with a half-dozen other people, mind you—the caravan carried so much water, food, tents, maps, global positioning systems, and two-way radios that throwing in a carton of cigarettes wouldn’t have made much of a difference But in the taxi, Lisa didn’t know that And to the scientists at the laboratory, the details of her trek weren’t relevant Because for reasons they were just beginning to understand, that one small shift in Lisa’s perception that day in Cairo—the conviction that she had to give up smoking to accomplish her goal—had touched o a series of changes that would ultimately radiate out to every part of her life Over the next six months, she would replace smoking with jogging, and that, in turn, changed how she ate, worked, slept, saved money, scheduled her workdays, planned for the future, and so on She would start running half-marathons, and then a marathon, go back to school, buy a house, and get engaged Eventually she was recruited into the scientists’ study, and when researchers began examining images of Lisa’s brain, they saw something remarkable: One set of neurological patterns—her old habits—had been overridden by pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com new patterns They could still see the neural activity of her old behaviors, but those impulses were crowded out by new urges As Lisa’s habits changed, so had her brain It wasn’t the trip to Cairo that had caused the shift, scientists were convinced, or the divorce or desert trek It was that Lisa had focused on changing just one habit—smoking —at rst Everyone in the study had gone through a similar process By focusing on one pattern—what is known as a “keystone habit”—Lisa had taught herself how to reprogram the other routines in her life, as well It’s not just individuals who are capable of such shifts When companies focus on changing habits, whole organizations can transform Firms such as Procter & Gamble, Starbucks, Alcoa, and Target have seized on this insight to in uence how work gets don e, how employees communicate, and—without customers realizing it—the way people shop “I want to show you one of your most recent scans,” a researcher told Lisa near the end of her exam He pulled up a picture on a computer screen that showed images from inside her head “When you see food, these areas”—he pointed to a place near the center of her brain—“which are associated with craving and hunger, are still active Your brain still produces the urges that made you overeat “However, there’s new activity in this area”—he pointed to the region closest to her forehead—“where we believe behavioral inhibition and self-discipline starts That activity has become more pronounced each time you’ve come in.” Lisa was the scientists’ favorite participant because her brain scans were so compelling, so useful in creating a map of where behavioral patterns—habits—reside within our minds “You’re helping us understand how a decision becomes an automatic behavior,” the doctor told her Everyone in the room felt like they were on the brink of something important And they were When you woke up this morning, what did you rst? Did you hop in the shower, check your email, or grab a doughnut from the kitchen counter? Did you brush your teeth before or after you toweled o ? Tie the left or right shoe rst? What did you say to your kids on your way out the door? Which route did you drive to work? When you got to your desk, did you deal with email, chat with a colleague, or jump into writing a memo? Salad or hamburger for lunch? When you got home, did you put on your sneakers and go for a run, or pour yourself a drink and eat dinner in front of the TV? “All our life, so far as it has de nite form, is but a mass of habits,” William James wrote in 1892.prl.2 Most of the choices we make each day may feel like the products of well-considered decision making, but they’re not They’re habits And though each habit means relatively little on its own, over time, the meals we order, what we say to our kids each night, whether we save or spend, how often we exercise, and the way we organize our thoughts and work routines have enormous impacts on our health, productivity, nancial security, and happiness One paper published by a Duke University researcher in 2006 found that more than 40 percent of the actions people pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com performed each day weren’t actual decisions, but habits.prl.3 William James—like countless others, from Aristotle to Oprah—spent much of his life trying to understand why habits exist But only in the past two decades have scientists and marketers really begun understanding how habits work—and more important, how they change This book is divided into three parts The rst section focuses on how habits emerge within individual lives It explores the neurology of habit formation, how to build new habits and change old ones, and the methods, for instance, that one ad man used to push toothbrushing from an obscure practice into a national obsession It shows how Procter & Gamble turned a spray named Febreze into a billion-dollar business by taking advantage of consumers’ habitual urges, how Alcoholics Anonymous reforms lives by attacking habits at the core of addiction, and how coach Tony Dungy reversed the fortunes of the worst team in the National Football League by focusing on his players’ automatic reactions to subtle on-field cues The second part examines the habits of successful companies and organizations It details how an executive named Paul O’Neill—before he became treasury secretary— remade a struggling aluminum manufacturer into the top performer in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by focusing on one keystone habit, and how Starbucks turned a high school dropout into a top manager by instilling habits designed to strengthen his willpower It describes why even the most talented surgeons can make catastrophic mistakes when a hospital’s organizational habits go awry The third part looks at the habits of societies It recounts how Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil rights movement succeeded, in part, by changing the ingrained social habits of Montgomery, Alabama—and why a similar focus helped a young pastor named Rick Warren build the nation’s largest church in Saddleback Valley, California Finally, it explores thorny ethical questions, such as whether a murderer in Britain should go free if he can convincingly argue that his habits led him to kill Each chapter revolves around a central argument: Habits can be changed, if we understand how they work This book draws on hundreds of academic studies, interviews with more than three hundred scientists and executives, and research conducted at dozens of companies (For an index of resources, please see the book’s notes and http://www.thepowerofhabit.com.) It focuses on habits as they are technically de ned: the choices that all of us deliberately make at some point, and then stop thinking about but continue doing, often every day At one point, we all consciously decided how much to eat and what to focus on when we got to the o ce, how often to have a drink or when to go for a jog Then we stopped making a choice, and the behavior became automatic It’s a natural consequence of our neurology And by understanding how it happens, you can rebuild those patterns in whichever way you choose I rst became interested in the science of habits eight years ago, as a newspaper reporter in Baghdad The U.S military, it occurred to me as I watched it in action, is one pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com of the biggest habit-formation experiments in history.prl.4 Basic training teaches soldiers carefully designed habits for how to shoot, think, and communicate under re On the battle eld, every command that’s issued draws on behaviors practiced to the point of automation The entire organization relies on endlessly rehearsed routines for building bases, setting strategic priorities, and deciding how to respond to attacks In those early days of the war, when the insurgency was spreading and death tolls were mounting, commanders were looking for habits they could instill among soldiers and Iraqis that might create a durable peace I had been in Iraq for about two months when I heard about an o cer conducting an impromptu habit modi cation program in Kufa, a small city ninety miles south of the capital He was an army major who had analyzed videotapes of recent riots and had identi ed a pattern: Violence was usually preceded by a crowd of Iraqis gathering in a plaza or other open space and, over the course of several hours, growing in size Food vendors would show up, as well as spectators Then, someone would throw a rock or a bottle and all hell would break loose When the major met with Kufa’s mayor, he made an odd request: Could they keep food vendors out of the plazas? Sure, the mayor said A few weeks later, a small crowd gathered near the Masjid al-Kufa, or Great Mosque of Kufa Throughout the afternoon, it grew in size Some people started chanting angry slogans Iraqi police, sensing trouble, radioed the base and asked U.S troops to stand by At dusk, the crowd started getting restless and hungry People looked for the kebab sellers normally lling the plaza, but there were none to be found The spectators left The chanters became dispirited By P.M , everyone was gone When I visited the base near Kufa, I talked to the major You wouldn’t necessarily think about a crowd’s dynamics in terms of habits, he told me But he had spent his entire career getting drilled in the psychology of habit formation At boot camp, he had absorbed habits for loading his weapon, falling asleep in a war zone, maintaining focus amid the chaos of battle, and making decisions while exhausted and overwhelmed He had attended classes that taught him habits for saving money, exercising each day, and communicating with bunkmates As he moved up the ranks, he learned the importance of organizational habits in ensuring that subordinates could make decisions without constantly asking permission, and how the right routines made it easier to work alongside people he normally couldn’t stand And now, as an impromptu nation builder, he was seeing how crowds and cultures abided by many of the same rules In some sense, he said, a community was a giant collection of habits occurring among thousands of people that, depending on how they’re in uenced, could result in violence or peace In addition to removing the food vendors, he had launched dozens of di erent experiments in Kufa to in uence residents’ habits There hadn’t been a riot since he arrived “Understanding habits is the most important thing I’ve learned in the army,” the major told me “It’s changed everything about how I see the world You want to fall Neuroscience 8, 547–58 pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com 7.20 a cacophony of noise N S Rickard and D Ritossa, “The Relative Utility of ‘Pleasantness’ and ‘Liking’ Dimensions in Predicting the Emotions Expressed by Music,” Psychology of Music 32, no (2004): 5–22; G Berns, C Capra, and S Moore, “Neural Mechanisms of the In uence of Popularity on Adolescent Ratings of Music,” NeuroImage 49, no (2010): 2687–96; David Hargreaves and Adrian North, “Subjective Complexity, Familiarity, and Liking for Popular Music,” Psychomusicology 14, no 1996 (1995): 77– 93 For more on this fascinating topic of how familiarity in uences attractiveness across numerous senses, see also G Berns, S McClure, and G Pagnoni, “Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward,” Journal of Neuroscience 21, no (2001): 2793–98; D Brainard, “The Psychophysics Toolbox,” Spatial Vision 10 (1997): 433–36; J Cloutier, T Heatherton, and P Whalen, “Are Attractive People Rewarding? Sex Di erences in the Neural Substrates of Facial Attractiveness,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no (2008): 941–51; J Kable and P Glimcher, “The Neural Correlates of Subjective Value During Intertemporal Choice,” Nature Neuroscience 10, no 12 (2007): 1625–33; S McClure et al., “Neural Correlates of Behavioral Preference for Culturally Familiar Drinks,” Neuron 44, no (2004): 379–87; C J Assad and PadoaSchioppa, “Neurons in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Encode Economic Value,” Nature 441, no 7090 (2006): 223–26; H Plassmann et al., “Marketing Actions Can Modulate Neural Representations of Experienced Pleasantness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105, no (2008): 1050–54; Muzafer Sherif, The Psychology of Social Norms (New York: Harper and Row, 1936); Wendy Wood, “Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social In uence,” Annual Review of Psychology 51 (2000): 539–70; Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2001); G Berns et al., “Neural Mechanisms of Social In uence in Consumer Decisions,” working paper, 2009; G Berns et al., “Nonlinear Neurobiological Probability Weighting Functions for Aversive Outcomes,” NeuroImage 39, no (2008): 2047–57; G Berns et al., “Neurobiological Substrates of Dread,” Science 312, no (2006): 754–58; G Berns, J Chappelow, and C Zink, “Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation,” Biological Psychiatry 58, no (2005): 245–53; R Bettman, M Luce, and J Payne, “Constructive Consumer Choice Processes,” Journal of Consumer Research 25, no (1998): 187–217; A Blood and R Zatorre, “Intensely Pleasurable Responses to Music Correlate with Activity in Brain Regions Implicated in Reward and Emotion,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98, no 20 (2001): 11818–23; C Camerer, G Loewenstein, and D Prelec, “Neuroeconomics: How Neuroscience Can Inform Economics,” Journal of Economic Literature 43, no (2005): 9–64; C Capra et al., “Neurobiological Regret and Rejoice Functions for Aversive Outcomes,” NeuroImage 39, no (2008): 1472–84; H Critchley et al., “Neural Systems Supporting Interoceptive Awareness,” Nature Neuroscience 7, no (2004): 189–95; H Bayer, M Dorris, and P Glimcher, “Physiological Utility Theory and the Neuroeconomics of Choice,” Games and Economic Behavior 52, no 2, 213–56; M Brett and J Grahn, “Rhythm and Beat Perception in Motor Areas of the Brain,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no (2007): 893–906; A Hampton and J O’doherty, “Decoding the Neural Substrates of pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Reward-Related Decision-Making with Functional MRI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 104, no (2007): 1377–82; J Birk et al., “The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music,” Science 298 (2002): 2167–70; B Knutson et al., “Neural Predictors of Purchases,” Neuron 53, no (2007): 147–56; B Knutson et al., “Distributed Neural Representation of Expected Value,” Journal of Neuroscience 25, no 19 (2005): 4806–12; S Koelsch, “Neural Substrates of Processing Syntax and Semantics in Music,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15, no (2005): 207– 12; T Fritz et al., “Adults and Children Processing Music: An fMRI Study,” NeuroImage 25 (2005): 1068–76; T Fritz et al., “Investigating Emotion with Music: An fMRI Study,” Human Brain Mapping 27 (2006): 239–50; T Koyama et al., “The Subjective Experience of Pain: Where Expectations Becomes Reality,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102, no 36 (2005): 12950–55; A Lahav, E Saltzman, and G Schlaug, “Action Representation of Sound: Audiomotor Recognition Network While Listening to Newly Acquired Actions,” Journal of Neuroscience 27, no (2007): 308–14; D Levitin and V Menon, “Musical Structure Is Processed in ‘Language’ Areas of the Brain: A Possible Role for Brodmann Area 47 in Temporal Coherence,” NeuroImage 20, no (2003): 2142–52; G Berns and P Montague, “Neural Economics and the Biological Substrates of Valuation,” Neuron 36 (2002): 265–84; C Camerer, P Montague, and A Rangel, “A Framework for Studying the Neurobiology of Value-Based Decision Making,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2008): 545–56; C Chafe et al., “Neural Dynamics of Event Segmentation in Music: Converging Evidence for Dissociable Ventral and Dorsal Networks,” Neuron 55, no (2007): 521–32; Damian Ritossa and Nikki Rickard, “The Relative Utility of ‘Pleasantness’ and ‘Liking’ Dimensions in Predicting the Emotions Expressed by Music,” Psychology of Music 32, no (2004): 5–22; Gregory S Berns et al., “Neural Mechanisms of the In uence of Popularity on Adolescent Ratings of Music,” NeuroImage 49, no (2010): 2687–96; Adrian North and David Hargreaves, “Subjective Complexity, Familiarity, and Liking for Popular Music,” Psychomusicology 14, nos 1–2 (1995): 77–93; Walter Ritter, Elyse Sussman, and Herbert Vaughan, “An Investigation of the Auditory Streaming E ect Using Event-Related Brain Potentials,” Psychophysiology 36, no (1999): 22–34; Elyse Sussman, Rika Takegata, and István Winkler, “EventRelated Brain Potentials Reveal Multiple Stages in the Perceptual Organization of Sound,” Cognitive Brain Research 25, no (2005): 291–99; Isabelle Peretz and Robert Zatorre, “Brain Organization for Music Processing,” Annual Review of Psychology 56, no (2005): 89–114 7.21 a black market for poultry Charles Grutzner, “Horse Meat Consumption by New Yorkers Is Rising,” The New York Times, September 25, 1946 7.22 camou age it in everyday garb It is worth noting that this was only one of the committee’s many ndings (which ranged far and wide) For a fascinating study on the committee and its impacts, see Brian Wansink, “Changing Eating Habits on the Home Front: Lost Lessons from World War II Research,” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 21, no (2002): 90–99 7.23 present-day researcher Wansink, “Changing Eating Habits on the Home Front.” pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com 7.24 cheer for steak and kidney pie” Brian Wansink, Marketing Nutrition: Soy, Functional Foods, Biotechnology, and Obesity (Champaign: University of Illinois, 2007) 7.25 it was up 50 percent Dan Usher, “Measuring Real Consumption from Quantity Data, Canada 1935–1968,” in Household Production and Consumption, ed Nestor Terleckyj (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1976) It’s very hard to get U.S data on o al consumption, and so these calculations are based on Canadian trends, where data on the topic is more plentiful In interviews, U.S o cials said that Canada is a fair proxy for U.S trends The calculations in Usher’s paper draw on calculations of “canned meat,” which contained offal 7.26 “sizable increases in trips and sales” Target Corporation Analyst Meeting, October 18, 2005 CHAPTER EIGHT pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com 8.1 a ten-cent fare into the till For my understanding of the Montgomery bus boycott, I am indebted to those historians who have made themselves available to me, including John A Kirk and Taylor Branch My understanding of these events also draws on John A Kirk, Martin Luther King, Jr.: Pro les in Power (New York: Longman, 2004); Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988); Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998); Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006); Douglas Brinkley, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Life of Rosa Parks (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000); Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958); Clayborne Carson, ed., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., vol 1, Called to Serve (Berkeley: University of California, 1992), vol 2, Rediscovering Precious Values (1994), vol 3, Birth of a New Age (1997), vol 4, Symbol of the Movement (2000), vol 5, Threshold of a New Decade (2005); Aldon D Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1986); James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (Seattle: University of Washington, 1997) Where not cited, facts draw primarily from those sources 8.2 “You may that,” Parks said Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, eds., Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s (New York: Bantam Books, 1995); Rosa Parks, Rosa Parks: My Story (New York: Pu n, 1999) 8.3 “the law is the law” John A Kirk, Martin Luther King, Jr.: Pro les in Power (New York: Longman, 2004) 8.4 a three-part process For more on the sociology of movements, see G Davis, D McAdam, and W Scott, Social Movements and Organizations (New York: Cambridge University, 2005); Robert Crain and Rita Mahard, “The Consequences of Controversy Accompanying Institutional Change: The Case of School Desegregation,” American Sociological Review 47, no (1982): 697–708; Azza Salama Layton, “International Pressure and the U.S Government’s Response to Little Rock,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 56, no (1997): 257–72; Brendan Nelligan, “The Albany Movement and the Limits of Nonviolent Protest in Albany, Georgia, 1961–1962,” Providence College Honors Thesis, 2009; Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768–2004 (London: Paradigm, 2004); Andrew Walder, “Political Sociology and Social Movements,” Annual Review of Sociology 35 (2009): 393–412; Paul Almeida, Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2008); Robert Benford, “An Insider’s Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective,” Sociological Inquiry 67, no (1997): 409–30; Robert Benford and David Snow, “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment,” Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 611– 39; Michael Burawoy, Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1979); Carol Conell and Kim Voss, “Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements: Craft Association and Class pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Alliance in the Knights of Labor,” American Sociological Review 55, no (1990): 255–69; James Davies, “Toward a Theory of Revolution,” American Sociological Review 27, no (1962): 5–18; William Gamson, The Strategy of Social Protest (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1975); Robert Benford, “An Insider’s Critique of the Social Movement Framing Perspective,” Sociological Inquiry 67, no (1997): 409–30; Je Goodwin, No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991 (New York: Cambridge University, 2001); Je Goodwin and James Jasper, eds., Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning, and Emotion (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little eld, 2003); Roger Gould, “Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871,” American Sociological Review 56, no (1991): 716–29; Joseph Gus eld, “Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union,” American Journal of Sociology 61, no (1955): 221–31; Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1982); Doug McAdam, “Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer,” American Journal of Sociology 92, no (1986): 64–90; Doug McAdam, “The Biographical Consequences of Activism,” American Sociological Review 54, no (1989): 744–60; Doug McAdam, “Conceptual Origins, Current Problems, Future Directions,” in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, ed Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald (New York: Cambridge University, 1996); Doug McAdam and Ronnelle Paulsen, “Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism,” American Journal of Sociology 99, no (1993): 640–67; D McAdam, S Tarrow, and C Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2001); Judith Stepan-Norris and Judith Zeitlin, “ ‘Who Gets the Bird?’ or, How the Communists Won Power and Trust in America’s Unions,” American Sociological Review 54, no (1989): 503–23; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978) 8.5 talking back to a Montgomery bus driver Phillip Hoose, Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009) 8.6 and refusing to move Ibid 8.7 sitting next to a white man Russell Freedman, Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott (New York: Holiday House, 2009) 8.8 “indignities which came with it” Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958) 8.9 “a dozen or so sociopaths” Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988) 8.10 “white folks will kill you” Douglas Brinkley, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Life of Rosa Parks (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000) 8.11 “happy to go along with it” John A Kirk, Martin Luther King, Jr.: Pro les in Power (New York: Longman, 2004) 8.12 in protest of the arrest and trial Carson, Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr 8.13 how 282 men had found their Mark Granovetter, Getting a Job: A Study of pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Contacts and Careers (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1974) 8.14 we would otherwise never hear about Andreas Flache and Michael Macy, “The Weakness of Strong Ties: Collective Action Failure in a Highly Cohesive Group,” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 21 (1996): 3–28 For more on this topic, see Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Robert Bush and Frederick Mosteller, Stochastic Models for Learning (New York: Wiley, 1984); I Erev, Y BerebyMeyer, and A E Roth, “The E ect of Adding a Constant to All Payo s: Experimental Investigation and Implications for Reinforcement Learning Models,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 39, no (1999): 111–28; A Flache and R Hegselmann, “Rational vs Adaptive Egoism in Support Networks: How Di erent Micro Foundations Shape Di erent Macro Hypotheses,” in Game Theory, Experience, Rationality: Foundations of Social Sciences, Economics, and Ethics in Honor of John C Harsanyi (Yearbook of the Institute Vienna Circle), ed W Leinfellner and E Köhler (Boston: Kluwer, 1997), 261–75; A Flache and R Hegselmann, “Rationality vs Learning in the Evolution of Solidarity Networks: A Theoretical Comparison,” Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory 5, no (1999): 97–127; A Flache and R Hegselmann, “Dynamik Sozialer Dilemma-Situationen,” nal research report of the DFG-Project Dynamics of Social Dilemma Situations, University of Bayreuth, Department of Philosophie, 2000; A Flache and Michael Macy, “Stochastic Collusion and the Power Law of Learning,” Journal of Con ict Resolution 46, no (2002): 629–53; Michael Macy, “Learning to Cooperate: Stochastic and Tacit Collusion in Social Exchange,” American Journal of Sociology 97, no (1991): 808–43; E P H Zeggelink, “Evolving Friendship Networks: An IndividualOriented Approach Implementing Similarity,” Social Networks 17 (1996): 83–110; Judith Blau, “When Weak Ties Are Structured,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Albany, 1980; Peter Blau, “Parameters of Social Structure,” American Sociological Review 39, no (1974): 615–35; Scott Boorman, “A Combinatorial Optimization Model for Transmission of Job Information Through Contact Networks,” Bell Journal of Economics 6, no (1975): 216–49; Ronald Breiger and Philippa Pattison, “The Joint Role Structure of Two Communities’ Elites,” Sociological Methods and Research 7, no (1978): 213–26; Daryl Chubin, “The Conceptualization of Scienti c Specialties,” Sociological Quarterly 17, no (1976): 448– 76; Harry Collins, “The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scienti c Networks,” Science Studies 4, no (1974): 165–86; Rose Coser, “The Complexity of Roles as Seedbed of Individual Autonomy,” in The Idea of Social Structure: Essays in Honor of Robert Merton, ed L Coser (New York: Harcourt, 1975); John Delany, “Aspects of Donative Resource Allocation and the E ciency of Social Networks: Simulation Models of Job Vacancy Information Transfers Through Personal Contacts,” PhD diss., Yale University, 1980; E Ericksen and W Yancey, “The Locus of Strong Ties,” unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, Temple University, 1980 8.15 most of the population will be untouched Mark Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited,” Sociological Theory (1983): 201–33 8.16 registering black voters in the South McAdam, “Recruitment to High-Risk pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Activism.” 8.17 more than three hundred of those invited Ibid.; Paulsen, “Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism.” 8.18 participated in Freedom Summer In a fact-checking email, McAdam provided a few details about the study’s genesis: “My initial interest was in trying to understand the links between the civil rights movement and the other early new left movements, speci cally the student movement, the anti-war movement, and women’s liberation movement It was only after I found the applications and realized that some were from volunteers and others from ‘no shows’ that I got interested in explaining (a) why some made it to Mississippi and others didn’t, and (b) the longer term impact of going/notgoing on the two groups.” 8.19 impossible for them to withdraw In another fact-checking email, McAdam wrote: “For me the signi cance of the organizational ties is not that they make it ‘impossible’ for the volunteer to withdraw, but that they insure that the applicant will likely receive lots of support for the link between the salient identity in question (i.e., Christian) and participation in the summer project As I noted in [an article] ‘it is a strong subjective identi cation with a particular identity, reinforced by organizational ties that is especially likely to encourage participation.’ ” 8.20 “getting together there without you” Tom Mathews and Roy Wilkins, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo, 1994) 8.21 “boycott of city buses Monday” Branch, Parting the Waters 8.22 “singing out, ‘No riders today’ ” King, Stride Toward Freedom; James M Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr (New York: HarperCollins, 1990) 8.23 was in doubt King, Stride Toward Freedom 8.24 drawing circles around major U.S cities For understanding Pastor Warren’s story, I am indebted to Rick Warren, Glenn Kruen, Steve Gladen, Je Sheler, Anne Krumm, and the following books: Je rey Sheler, Prophet of Purpose: The Life of Rick Warren (New York: Doubleday, 2009); Rick Warren, The Purpose-Driven Church (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1995); and the following articles: Barbara Bradley, “Marketing That New-Time Religion,” Los Angeles Times, December 10, 1995; John Wilson, “Not Just Another Mega Church,” Christianity Today, December 4, 2000; “Therapy of the Masses,” The Economist, November 6, 2003; “The Glue of Society,” The Economist, July 14, 2005; Malcolm Gladwell, “The Cellular Church,” The New Yorker, September 12, 2005; Alex MacLeod, “Rick Warren: A Heart for the Poor,” Presbyterian Record, January 1, 2008; Andrew, Ann, and John Kuzma, “How Religion Has Embraced Marketing and the Implications for Business,” Journal of Management and Marketing Research (2009): 1–10 8.25 “our destination was a settled issue” Warren, Purpose-Driven Church 8.26 “any chance of liberating multitudes” Donald McGavran, The Bridges of God pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com (New York: Friendship Press, 1955) Italics added 8.27 “How to Survive Under Stress” Sheler, Prophet of Purpose 8.28 “I’m going to have to sit down” In a fact-checking email a Saddleback spokesperson, provided additional details: “Rick su ers from a brain chemistry disorder that makes him allergic to adrenaline This genetic problem resists medication and makes public speaking painful, with blurred vision, headaches, hot ashes, and panic Symptoms usually last around fteen minutes; by that time, enough adrenaline is expended so the body can return to normal function (His adrenaline rushes, like any speaker might experience, whenever he gets up to preach.) Pastor Rick says this weakness keeps him dependent on God.” 8.29 “habits that will help you grow” Discovering Spiritual Maturity, Class 201, published by Saddleback Church, http://www.saddlebackresources.com/​CLASS-201Discovering-Spiritual-Maturity-Complete-Kit-Download-P3532.aspx 8.30 “we just … get out of your way” In a fact-checking email a Saddleback spokesperson said that while an important tenet of Saddleback is teaching people to guide themselves, “this implies that each person can go in any direction they choose Biblical principles/guidelines have a clear direction The goal of small group study is to teach people the spiritual disciplines of faith and everyday habits that can be applied to daily life.” 8.31 “community to continue the struggle” Martin Luther King, Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed Clayborne Carson (New York: Grand Central, 2001) 8.32 “shall perish by the sword” Carson; King, 8.33 segregation law violated the Constitution Browder v Gayle, 352 U.S 903 (1956) 8.34 and sat in the front Washington, Testament of Hope 8.35 “glad to have you” Kirk, Martin Luther King, Jr 8.36 “work and worry of the boycott” Ibid CHAPTER NINE pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com 9.1 reorganizing the silverware drawer “Angie Bachmann” is a pseudonym Reporting for her story is based on more than ten hours of interviews with Bachmann, additional interviews with people who know Bachmann, and dozens of news articles and court lings However, when Bachmann was presented with fact-checking questions, she declined to participate except to state that almost all details were inaccurate—including those she had previously rmed, as well as facts rmed by other sources, in court records, or by public documents—and then she cut o communication 9.2 “while thousands are injured” The Writings of George Washington, vol 8, ed Jared Sparks (1835) 9.3 swelled by more than $269 million Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission, Des Moines, Iowa, 2010 9.4 “What have I done?” Simon de Bruxelles, “Sleepwalker Brian Thomas Admits Killing Wife While Fighting Intruders in Nightmare,” The Times, November 18, 2009 9.5 “I thought somebody had broken in” Jane Mathews, “My Horror, by Husband Who Strangled Wife in Nightmare,” Daily Express, December 16, 2010 9.6 “She’s my world” Simon de Bruxelles, “Sleepwalker Brian Thomas Admits Killing Wife While Fighting Intruders in Nightmare.” The Times, November 18, 2009 9.7 annoying but benign problem In some instances, people sleepwalk while they experience dreams, a condition known as REM sleep behavior disorder (see C H Schenck et al., “Motor Dyscontrol in Narcolepsy: Rapid-Eye-Movement [REM] Sleep Without Atonia and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder,” Annals of Neurology 32, no [July 1992]: 3–10) In other instances, people are not dreaming, but move nonetheless 9.8 something called sleep terrors C Bassetti, F Siclari, and R Urbaniok, “Violence in Sleep,” Schweizer Archiv Fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie 160, no (2009): 322–33 9.9 the higher brain to put things C A Tassinari et al., “Biting Behavior, Aggression, and Seizures,” Epilepsia 46, no (2005): 654–63; C Bassetti et al., “SPECT During Sleepwalking,” The Lancet 356, no 9228 (2000): 484–85; K Schindler et al., “Hypoperfusion of Anterior Cingulate Gyrus in a Case of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dustonia,” Neurology 57, no (2001): 917–20; C A Tassinari et al., “Central Pattern Generators for a Common Semiology in Fronto-Limbic Seizures and in Parasomnias,” Neurological Sciences 26, no (2005): 225–32 9.10 “64% of cases, with injuries in 3%” P T D’Orban and C Howard, “Violence in Sleep: Medico-Legal Issues and Two Case Reports,” Psychological Medicine 17, no (1987): 915–25; B Boeve, E Olson, and M Silber, “Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Findings in 93 Cases,” Brain 123, no (2000): 331–39 9.11 both the United States and the United Kingdom John Hudson, “Common Law —Henry II and the Birth of a State,” BBC, February 17, 2011; Thomas Morawetz, pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com “Murder and Manslaughter: Degrees of Seriousness, Common Law and Statutory Law, the Model Penal Code,” Law Library—American Law and Legal Information, http://law.jrank.org/​p ages/​18652/​Homicide.html 9.12 would have never consciously carried out M Diamond, “Criminal Responsibility of the Addiction: Conviction by Force of Habit,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 1, no (1972); R Broughton et al., “Homicidal Somnambulism: A Case Report,” Sleep 17, no (1994): 253–64; R Cartwright, “Sleepwalking Violence: A Sleep Disorder, a Legal Dilemma, and a Psychological Challenge,” American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no (2004): 1149–58; P Fenwick, “Automatism, Medicine, and the Law,” Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement, no 17 (1990): 1–27; M Hanson, “Toward a New Assumption in Law and Ethics,” The Humanist 66, no (2006) 9.13 attack occurred during a sleep terror L Smith-Spark, “How Sleepwalking Can Lead to Killing,” BBC News, March 18, 2005 9.14 later acquitted of attempted murder Beth Hale, “Sleepwalk Defense Clears Woman of Trying to Murder Her Mother in Bed,” Daily Mail, June 3, 2009 9.15 sleep terrors and was found not guilty John Robertson and Gareth Rose, “Sleepwalker Is Cleared of Raping Teenage Girl,” The Scotsman, June 22, 2011 9.16 “Why did I it?” Stuart Je ries, “Sleep Disorder: When the Lights Go Out,” The Guardian, December 5, 2009 9.17 “his mind had no control” Richard Smith, “Grandad Killed His Wife During a Dream,” The Mirror, November 18, 2009 9.18 “a straight not guilty verdict” Anthony Stone, “Nightmare Man Who Strangled His Wife in a ‘Night Terror’ Walks Free,” Western Mail, November 21, 2009 9.19 you bear no responsibility Ibid 9.20 to perfect their methods Christina Binkley, “Casino Chain Mines Data on Its Gamblers, and Strikes Pay Dirt,” The Wall Street Journal, November 22, 2004; Rajiv Lal, “Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc.,” Harvard Business School, case no 9–604–016, June 14, 2004; K Ahsan et al., “Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc.: Real-Time CRM in a Service Supply Chain,” Harvard Business Review, case no GS50, May 8, 2006; V Chang and J Pfe er, “Gary Loveman and Harrah’s Entertainment,” Harvard Business Review, case no OB45, November 4, 2003; Gary Loveman, “Diamonds in the Data Mine,” Harvard Business Review, case no R0305H, May 1, 2003 9.21 to the cent and minute In a statement, Caesars Entertainment wrote: “Under the terms of the settlement reached in May of 2011 between Caesars Riverboat Casino and [Bachmann], both sides (including their representatives) are precluded from discussing certain details of the case.… There are many speci c points we would contest, but we are unable to so at this point You have asked several questions revolving around conversations that allegedly took place between [Bachmann] and unnamed Caesars a liated employees Because she did not provide names, there is no independent veri cation of her accounts, and we hope your reporting will re ect that, either by pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com omitting the stories or by making it clear that they are unveri ed Like most large companies in the service industry, we pay attention to our customers’ purchasing decisions as a way of monitoring customer satisfaction and evaluating the e ectiveness of our marketing campaigns Like most companies, we look for ways to attract customers, and we make e orts to maintain them as loyal customers And like most companies, when our customers change their established patterns, we try to understand why, and encourage them to return That’s no di erent than a hotel chain, an airline, or a dry cleaner That’s what good customer service is about.… Caesars Entertainment (formerly known as Harrah’s Entertainment) and its a liates have long been an industry leader in responsible gaming We were the rst gaming company to develop a written Code of Commitment that governs how we treat our guests We were the rst casino company with a national self-exclusion program that allows customers to ban themselves from all of our properties if they feel they have a problem, or for any other reason And we are the only casino company to fund a national television advertising campaign to promote responsible gaming We hope your writing will re ect that history, as well as the fact that none of [Bachmann’s] statements you cite have been independently verified.” 9.22 “did those nice things for me” In a statement, Caesars Entertainment wrote: “We would never re or penalize a host if one of their guests stopped visiting (unless it was the direct result of something the host did) And none of our hosts would be allowed to tell a guest that he or she would be red or otherwise penalized if that guest did not visit.” 9.23 watch a slot machine spin around M Dixon and R Habib, “Neurobehavioral Evidence for the ‘Near-Miss’ E ect in Pathological Gamblers,” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 93, no (2010): 313–28; H Chase and L Clark, “Gambling Severity Predicts Midbrain Response to Near-Miss Outcomes,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no 18 (2010): 6180–87; L Clark et al., “Gambling Near-Misses Enhance Motivation to Gamble and Recruit Win-Related Brain Circuitry,” Neuron 61, no (2009): 481–90; Luke Clark, “Decision-Making During Gambling: An Integration of Cognitive and Psychobiological Approaches,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 365, no 1538 (2010): 319–30 9.24 bounced checks at a casino H Lesieur and S Blume, “The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A New Instrument for the Identi cation of Pathological Gamblers,” American Journal of Psychiatry 144, no (1987): 1184–88 In a fact-checking letter, Habib wrote, “Many of our subjects were categorized as pathological gamblers based on other types of behavior that the screening form asks about For example, it would have been su cient for a participant to have been counted as a pathological gambler if they simply: 1) had gambled to win money that they had previously lost gambling, and 2) on some occasions they gambled more than they had intended to We used a very low threshold to classify our subjects as pathological gamblers.” 9.25 circuitry involved in the habit loop M Potenza, V Voon, and D Weintraub, “Drug Insight: Impulse Control Disorders and Dopamine Therapies in Parkinson’s pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com Disease,” Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 12, no (2007): 664–72; J R Cornelius et al., “Impulse Control Disorders with the Use of Dopaminergic Agents in Restless Legs Syndrome: A Case Control Study,” Sleep 22, no (2010): 81–87 9.26 Hundreds of similar cases are pending Ed Silverman, “Compulsive Gambler Wins Lawsuit Over Mirapex,” Pharmalot, July 31, 2008 9.27 “gamblers are in control of their actions” For more on the neurology of gambling, see A J Lawrence et al., “Problem Gamblers Share De cits in Impulsive Decision-Making with Alcohol-Dependent Individuals,” Addiction 104, no (2009): 1006–15; E Cognat et al., “ ‘Habit’ Gambling Behaviour Caused by Ischemic Lesions A ecting the Cognitive Territories of the Basal Ganglia,” Journal of Neurology 257, no 10 (2010): 1628–32; J Emsho , D Gilmore, and J Zorland, “Veterans and Problem Gambling: A Review of the Literature,” Georgia State University, February 2010, http://www2.gsu.edu/​~psyjge/​Rsrc/​PG_IPV_Veterans.pdf; T van Eimeren et al., “DrugInduced Deactivation of Inhibitory Networks Predicts Pathological Gambling in PD,” Neurology 75, no 19 (2010): 1711–16; L Cottler and K Leung, “Treatment of Pathological Gambling,” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 22, no (2009): 69–74; M Roca et al., “Executive Functions in Pathologic Gamblers Selected in an Ecologic Setting,” Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 21, no (2008): 1–4; E D Driver-Dunckley et al., “Gambling and Increased Sexual Desire with Dopaminergic Medications in Restless Legs Syndrome,” Clinical Neuropharmacology 30, no (2007): 249–55; Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot, “Gambling and Risk Behaviour: A Literature Review,” University of Calgary, March 2009 9.28 “they’re acting without choice” In an email, Habib clari ed his thoughts on this topic: “It is a question about free will and self-control, and one that falls as much in the domain of philosophy as in cognitive neuroscience.… If we say that the gambling behavior in the Parkinson’s patient is out of their own hands and driven by their medication, why can’t we (or don’t we) make the same argument in the case of the pathological gambler given that the same areas of the brain seem to be active? The only (somewhat unsatisfactory) answer that I can come up with (and one that you mention yourself) is that as a society we are more comfortable removing responsibility if there is an external agent that it can be placed upon So, it is easy in the Parkinson’s case to say that the gambling pathology resulted from the medication, but in the case of the pathological gambler, because there is no external agent in uencing their behavior (well, there is—societal pressures, casino billboards, life stresses, etc.—but, nothing as pervasive as medication that a person must take), we are more reluctant to blame the addiction and prefer to put the responsibility for their pathological behavior on themselves—‘they should know better and not gamble,’ for example I think as cognitive neuroscientists learn more—and ‘modern’ brain imaging is only about 20–25 years old as a eld—perhaps some of these misguided societal beliefs (that even we cognitive neuroscientists sometimes hold) will slowly begin to change For example, from our data, while I can comfortably conclude that there are de nite di erences in the brains of pathological gamblers versus non-pathological gamblers, at least when they are pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com gambling, and I might even be able to make some claims such as the near-misses appear more win-like to the pathological gambler but more loss-like to the non-pathological gambler, I cannot state with any dence or certainty that these di erences therefore imply that the pathological gambler does not have a choice when they see a billboard advertising a local casino—that they are a slave to their urges In the absence of hard direct evidence, I guess the best we can is draw inferences by analogy, but there is much uncertainty associated with such comparisons.” 9.29 “whatever the latter may be” William James, Talks to Teachers on Psychology: and to Students on Some of Life’s Ideals 9.30 the Metaphysical Club Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2002) 9.31 “traced by itself before” James is quoting the French psychologist and philosopher Léon Dumont’s essay “De l’habitude.” ABOUT THE AUTHOR pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com CHARLES DUHIGG is an investigative reporter for The New York Times, where he contributes to the newspaper and the magazine He authored or contributed to Golden Opportunities (2007), a series of articles that examined how companies are trying to take advantage of aging Americans, The Reckoning (2008), which studied the causes and outcomes of the nancial crisis, and Toxic Waters (2009), about the worsening pollution in American waters and regulators’ response For his work, Mr Duhigg has received the National Academies of Sciences, National Journalism, George Polk, Gerald Loeb, and other awards, and he was part of a team of nalists for the 2009 Pulitzer Prize He has appeared on This American Life, The Dr Oz Show, NPR, The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, and Frontline Mr Duhigg is a graduate of Harvard Business School and Yale University Before becoming a journalist, Mr Duhigg worked in private equity and—for one terrifying day —was a bike messenger in San Francisco Mr Duhigg can acquire bad habits—most notably regarding fried foods—within minutes, and lives in Brooklyn with his wife, a marine biologist, and their two sons, whose habits include waking at 5:00 A.M., inging food at dinnertime, and smiling perfectly CHARLES DUHIGG is available for select readings and lectures To inquire about a possible appearance, please contact the Random House Speakers Bureau at 212-572-2013 or rhspeakers@randomhouse.com pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com ... imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication... Duhigg, Charles The power of habit : why we what we in life and business / by Charles Duhigg p cm Includes bibliographical references and index eISBN: 978-0-679-60385-6 1. Habit 2. Habit Social... reason: It involves opening the garage, unlocking pdfbooksinfo.blogspot.com the car door, adjusting the seat, inserting the key in the ignition, turning it clockwise, moving the rearview and side