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English Irregular Verbs M c GRAW-HILL’S ESSENTIAL This page intentionally left blank English Irregular Verbs M c GRAW-HILL’S ESSENTIAL MARK LESTER, PH.D. • DANIEL FRANKLIN • TERRY YOKOTA New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010 by Mark Lester, Daniel Franklin, and Terry Yokota. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-160287-7 MHID: 0-07-160287-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-160286-0, MHID: 0-07-160286-0. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Contents Preface vii The English Irregular Verb 1 Summaries of verb formation, tense usage, complementation, and phrasal verbs Regular vs. Irregular Verbs 1 Verb Forms and Tense Usage 1 The Six Basic Verb Forms 1 Base Form 1 Present 2 Past 3 Innitive 4 Present Participle 5 Past Participle 5 Tense Formation and Usage 6 The Three Simple Tenses 6 The Three Perfect Tenses 7 The Three Progressive Tenses 8 The Intensive Tenses 9 The Passive Voice 10 Verb Complements 10 Complement Types 12 Single Grammatical Element Complements 12 Multiple Grammatical Element Complements 13 Phrasal Verbs 13 Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs 14 The Most Common Phrasal Particles 16 Verbs of Motion 17 Expressions 17 Guide to Conjugations 18 Guide to Complements and Phrasal Verbs 19 188 English Irregular Verbs 21 Alphabetically ordered, with conjugations, complements, phrasal verbs, and expressions Top 30 Verbs : Full page of examples adjoining select conjugation/complement pages Irregular Verb Form Index 241 Index showing the base form of all irregular verb forms in the book This page intentionally left blank Preface McGraw-Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs contains basic conjugations and compre- hensive usage patterns for irregular verbs—all the irregular verbs that you are likely to encounter in even the most extensive reading. We have excluded only archaic and rarely used verbs, like shrive (“oer the religious rite of confession to”) and smite (“to attack and kill/defeat,” usually encountered only in the King James Bible of ). In addition to the basic conjugation of each verb, McGraw-Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs provides two unique features: • A complete listing of the complements for each verb Verb complements are grammatical structures that verbs use to make correct, meaningful sentences. Irregular verbs in English have basic complements, plus dozens of combina- tions of these. For instance, the verb make, when it means “force, cause,” uses two comple- ments together: an object and an innitive. e innitive, however, must be in its base form, that is, used without the to that normally accompanies an innitive. - e teacher made the students sit quietly. Most English learners, even advanced ones, make the mistake of using to with the in - nitive, because that is the more common complement. McGraw-Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs and its companion, e Big Book of English Verbs, are the only books that provide the correct complement in a useful format. • A listing of the important phrasal verb constructions for each verb Phrasal verbs are idiomatic combinations of verbs plus adverbs or prepositions. For exam- ple, the phrasal verb show up can mean “to arrive,” even though nothing in the meaning of show or up would lead you to expect this meaning. Moreover, there are important grammatical dierences between phrasal verbs that consist of a verb an adverb (separable phrasal verbs) and those that consist of a verb a preposition (inseparable phrasal verbs). If the second element in a phrasal verb is an adverb, the adverb can (and in some cases ) be placed aer the object. If the second element is a preposition, however, it can be moved away from the verb. McGraw- Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs not only gives the meaning of every phrasal verb, but also indicates which combinations are separable and which are inseparable. A study by Harvard scientists revealed that, over the centuries, En glish irregular verbs have been slowly becoming regular. Help and work were once irregular verbs! e scientists predict that wed will probably be the next irregular verb to become completely regular: Wed ~ wed ~ have wed will become wed ~ wedded ~ have wedded. e more com- mon irregular verbs, like be and come, will take thousands of years to become regular. In the meantime, you have McGraw-Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs to help you use all of these important verbs correctly. Mark Lester Daniel Franklin Terry Yokota vii This page intentionally left blank 1 The English Irregular Verb REGULAR VS. IRREGULAR VERBS A regular verb forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed to its base form. is ending may be pronounced /d/ (cared, happened, viewed), /ud/ (committed, needed, listed), or /t/ (mixed, searched, slipped). See pages – for details. An irregular verb forms its past tense or past participle, or both, in an unpredictable way: by adding no ending at all, by changing the vowel of the base form, by adding a dif- ferent ending, or by using a combination of these methods (let ~ let ~ have let, meet ~ met ~ have met, swim ~ swam ~ swum, blow ~ blew ~ have blown). A verb is irregular based on its pronunciation, not on its spelling; for example, lay (laid ~ have laid) and pay (paid ~ have paid) are regular, because they add /d/ to their base forms for their past tense and past participle—like stay (stayed ~ have stayed)—even though the ayed is spelled aid. Compound verbs, like overeat (< eat), outsell (< sell), and withhold (< hold), form their past tenses and past participles like their root verbs; for example, overeat ~ overate ~ have overeaten. A few high-frequency compound verbs, like broadcast, overcome, and under- stand, are included in the irregular verbs presented here. VERB FORMS AND TENSE USAGE The Six Basic Verb Forms Six basic verb forms are used to create the entire tense system of English: base form, pres- ent, past, innitive, present participle, and past participle. ese forms are illustrated in the following chart by the regular verb walk and the irregular verb y. walk y walk | walks y | ies walked ew to walk to y walking ying walked own See “Guide to Conjugations” on page . Base Form e base form of a verb is its form in a dictionary entry. For example, if you looked up sang, the dictionary would refer you to the base form sing. e base form is also the source (or base) for the present (with a few exceptions), innitive, and present participle of the verb, whether the verb is regular or irregular. e base form is used as a verb in three ways. (1) It follows certain helping verbs, the most important being the modal auxiliary verbs, or modals for short: can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, and must. (Mo dal verbs themselves have no base form, innitive, present participle, or past partici- ple; they have only present and past forms.) Note the base form of the verb be in the fol- lowing sentences. [...]... used together would have the meanings above That is why we call phrasal verbs idiomatic English abounds with phrasal verbs In fact, there are many more phrasal verbs in English than nonphrasal verbs Because they are idiomatic, phrasal verbs can be difficult for English learners Not all verb 1 particle combinations are phrasal verbs In some cases, the particle is used as a preposition that doesn’t change... hostages An hour later, he gave himself up This page intentionally left blank 188 ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS Conjugations Complements Phrasal Verbs Expressions Top 30 Verbs The following thirty verbs have been selected because of their semantic and syntactic richness, both in their basic meanings and complements and in their phrasal verbs A full page of ex mple sentences provides guidance on correct usage and... almost always occurs after a form of be or have Like irregular past forms, irregular past participle forms are unpredictable There is one generalization, however, that we can make about them In older periods of English, most irregular past participles ended in -en Today, about one third of irregular past participles still retain this -en ending Thus, if an irregular verb form has an -en (or -n) ending, we... -y changes to -ie before the -s ending (see fly above) A few verbs have irregular third-person singular present forms be have is has Two verbs have irregular pronunciations in the third-person singular present form do say does (rhymes with buzz) says (rhymes with fez) Past There are two types of past forms: regular and irregular Regular verbs form the past tense by adding -ed to the base form (or simply... forms of lay and pay: laid and paid, respectively The past forms of irregular verbs reflect older patterns of forming the past tense These patterns have merged to such an extent that it is not practical to learn the past forms of irregular verbs on the basis of their historical patterns Similarities exist, however, in how some irregular verbs form the past tense vowel change vowel change 1 -d vowel change... patient with Please bear with me while I think this over Note the double particles in on, out of, and up on in the list above Verbs of Motion Verbs of motion typically form many phrasal verbs with particles considered to be adverbs This is listed as the first entry in the Phrasal Verbs section keep away/back/down/in/off/out/etc. Keep away from the edge of the bluff remain in a specified location My parents... shown in the table format familiar to most English learners, where row and column represent verb person and number, respectively These five tenses were chosen because they are the most frequently used 6 Some verbs are never used in the progressive tenses, like know (No 86) For these verbs, the pro gres ive forms are not given We only show forms that an English learner might be expected to use s... learner might be led to use these forms incorrectly, we do not show them Some verbs are only used in the passive voice when they are part of a phrasal verb, like dream (No 46) Because this is a valid use of the passive, all forms are shown for these verbs COMPLEMENTS AND PHRASAL VERBS 19 GUIDE TO COMPLEMENTS AND PHRASAL VERBS 1 This meaning of give requires no complement 2 The blank line indicates... included in the Complements section Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Many phrasal verbs take no object catch on become popular give out wear out, stop operating Jazz caught on in the early 1900s The refrigerator gave out after 21 years For these phrasal verbs, the particle must be placed immediately after the verb Most phrasal verbs, however, take an object For some of these, the particle can... particle is almost always a preposition with its own object For phrasal verbs like this, the object follows the last particle break up with end a romance with Allison broke up with Todd 16 PHRASAL VERBS The Most Common Phrasal Particles Following is a list, with examples, of the particles most commonly used in phrasal verbs across come across find by accident after keep after nag, . McGraw-Hill’s Essential English Irregular Verbs contains basic conjugations and compre- hensive usage patterns for irregular verbs all the irregular verbs that. Phrasal Verbs 19 188 English Irregular Verbs 21 Alphabetically ordered, with conjugations, complements, phrasal verbs, and expressions Top 30 Verbs :