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Tài liệu tham khảo về mối liên hệ giữa các yếu tố của các chất làm lạnh This reference is written based on the US standard. Psychrometric chart shows the relation of many parameters including relative humidity, density, temperature, enthalpy, dew point, These variables are different from various types of refrigerants like NH3,... Concerning about 3 states: subcooled liquid, superheated vapor, mixture of liquid and vapor
2014 ASHRAE® HANDBOOK REFRIGERATION Inch-Pound Edition ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org © 2014 ASHRAE All rights reserved DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the information in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years Comments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor Additions and corrections to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet web site DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user ISBN 978-1-936504-71-8 ISSN 1930-7195 The paper for this book is both acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPS SECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL 1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics 1.2 Instruments and Measurements 1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 1.4 Control Theory and Application 1.5 Computer Applications 1.6 Terminology 1.7 Business, Management, and General Legal Education 1.8 Mechanical Systems Insulation 1.9 Electrical Systems 1.10 Cogeneration Systems 1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control 1.12 Moisture Management in Buildings TG1 Optimization SECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2.1 Physiology and Human Environment 2.2 Plant and Animal Environment 2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.5 Global Climate Change 2.6 Sound and Vibration Control 2.7 Seismic and Wind Resistant Design 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability 2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment TG2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security (HVAC) SECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants 3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry 3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control 3.4 Lubrication 3.6 Water Treatment 3.8 Refrigerant Containment SECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures 4.2 Climatic Information 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration 4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance 4.5 Fenestration 4.7 Energy Calculations 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling TRG4 Indoor Air Quality Procedure Development SECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 5.1 Fans 5.2 Duct Design 5.3 Room Air Distribution 5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control) 5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery 5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke 5.7 Evaporative Cooling 5.8 Industrial Ventilation 5.9 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities 5.10 Kitchen Ventilation 5.11 Humidifying Equipment SECTION 6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems 6.2 District Energy 6.3 Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems 6.5 Radiant Heating and Cooling 6.6 Service Water Heating Systems 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Solar Energy Utilization Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications Thermal Storage Fuels and Combustion SECTION 7.0—BUILDING PERFORMANCE 7.1 Integrated Building Design 7.2 HVAC&R Construction and Design Build Technologies 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management 7.4 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings (EXER) 7.5 Smart Building Systems 7.6 Building Energy Performance 7.7 Testing and Balancing 7.8 Owning and Operating Costs 7.9 Building Commissioning SECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS 8.1 Positive Displacement Compressors 8.2 Centrifugal Machines 8.3 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines 8.4 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment 8.5 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers 8.6 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers 8.7 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) 8.8 Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories 8.9 Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers 8.10 Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes 8.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 8.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components SECTION 9.0—BUILDING APPLICATIONS 9.1 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems 9.2 Industrial Air Conditioning 9.3 Transportation Air Conditioning 9.4 Justice Facilities 9.6 Healthcare Facilities 9.7 Educational Facilities 9.8 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications 9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment 9.10 Laboratory Systems 9.11 Clean Spaces 9.12 Tall Buildings SECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS 10.1 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems 10.2 Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks 10.3 Refrigerant Piping, Controls and Accessories 10.5 Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities 10.6 Transport Refrigeration 10.7 Commercial Food and Beverage Refrigeration Equipment 10.8 Refrigeration Load Calculations SECTION MTG—MULTIDISCIPLINARY TASK GROUPS MTG.BD Building Dampness MTG.BIM Building Information Modeling MTG.CCDG Cold Climate Design Guide MTG.EAS Energy-Efficient Air Handling Systems for NonResidential Buildings MTG.ET Energy Targets MTG.HCDG Hot Climate Design Guide MTG.LowGWP Lower Global Warming Potential Alternative Refrigerants ASHRAE Research ASHRAE is the world’s foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and write the industry’s standards for testing and practice The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and industry’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE conferences and published in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org Preface The 2014 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration covers the refrigeration equipment and systems for applications other than human comfort This volume includes data and guidance on cooling, freezing, and storing food; industrial and medical applications of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volume’s chapters in both I-P and SI units Some of this volume’s revisions are described as follows: • Chapter 1, Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems, has three new sections to address issues involving the Montreal Protocol and the phaseout of halocarbons It also has a new introduction, plus updates to sections on Applications and System Safety • Chapter 2, Ammonia Refrigeration Systems, has been extensively reorganized and updated for current practice • Chapter 6, Refrigerant System Chemistry, has new sections on additives and process chemicals • Chapter 7, Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems, has added moisture isotherm data for refrigerants R-290 and R-600a It also contains a new section on system sampling in conjunction with retrofits, troubleshooting, or routine maintenance • Chapter 10, Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping, has revised insulation table values to comply with ASTM Standard C680-10 • Chapter 12, Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems, has expanded content on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and new guidance on retrofits • Chapter 15, Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment, has updates to sections on multiplex compressor racks, secondary and CO2 systems, gas defrost, liquid subcooling, and heat reclaim • Chapter 17, Household Refrigerators and Freezers, has updates on LED lighting in cabinets • Chapter 24, Refrigerated-Facility Loads, includes new content on packaging loads from moisture, updated motor heat gain rates, and a new example of a complete facility load calculation • Chapter 25, Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks, updated throughout, has a major revision to the section on Equipment • Chapter 27, Air Transport, has major revisions to the extensive section on Galley Refrigeration • Chapter 51, Codes and Standards, has been updated to list current versions of selected publications from ASHRAE and others Publications are listed by topic, and full contact information for publishing organizations is included This volume is published, as a bound print volume and in electronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the International System of Units (SI) Corrections to the 2011, 2012, and 2013 Handbook volumes can be found on the ASHRAE web site at http://www.ashrae.org and in the Additions and Corrections section of this volume Corrections for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the ASHRAE web site Reader comments are enthusiastically invited To suggest improvements for a chapter, please comment using the form on the ASHRAE web site or, using the cutout page(s) at the end of this volume’s index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mail mowen@ashrae.org Mark S Owen Editor ASHRAE Research ASHRAE is the world’s foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration Its members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify needs, support research, and write the industry’s standards for testing and practice The result is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and industry’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies Chapters in the ASHRAE Handbook are updated through the experience of members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE conferences and published in ASHRAE special publications and in ASHRAE Transactions For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org Preface The 2014 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration covers the refrigeration equipment and systems for applications other than human comfort This volume includes data and guidance on cooling, freezing, and storing food; industrial and medical applications of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volume’s chapters in both I-P and SI units Some of this volume’s revisions are described as follows: • Chapter 1, Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems, has three new sections to address issues involving the Montreal Protocol and the phaseout of halocarbons It also has a new introduction, plus updates to sections on Applications and System Safety • Chapter 2, Ammonia Refrigeration Systems, has been extensively reorganized and updated for current practice • Chapter 6, Refrigerant System Chemistry, has new sections on additives and process chemicals • Chapter 7, Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems, has added moisture isotherm data for refrigerants R-290 and R-600a It also contains a new section on system sampling in conjunction with retrofits, troubleshooting, or routine maintenance • Chapter 10, Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping, has revised insulation table values to comply with ASTM Standard C680-10 • Chapter 12, Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems, has expanded content on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and new guidance on retrofits • Chapter 15, Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment, has updates to sections on multiplex compressor racks, secondary and CO2 systems, gas defrost, liquid subcooling, and heat reclaim • Chapter 17, Household Refrigerators and Freezers, has updates on LED lighting in cabinets • Chapter 24, Refrigerated-Facility Loads, includes new content on packaging loads from moisture, updated motor heat gain rates, and a new example of a complete facility load calculation • Chapter 25, Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks, updated throughout, has a major revision to the section on Equipment • Chapter 27, Air Transport, has major revisions to the extensive section on Galley Refrigeration • Chapter 51, Codes and Standards, has been updated to list current versions of selected publications from ASHRAE and others Publications are listed by topic, and full contact information for publishing organizations is included This volume is published, as a bound print volume and in electronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the International System of Units (SI) Corrections to the 2011, 2012, and 2013 Handbook volumes can be found on the ASHRAE web site at http://www.ashrae.org and in the Additions and Corrections section of this volume Corrections for this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on the ASHRAE web site Reader comments are enthusiastically invited To suggest improvements for a chapter, please comment using the form on the ASHRAE web site or, using the cutout page(s) at the end of this volume’s index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mail mowen@ashrae.org Mark S Owen Editor CONTENTS Contributors ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life Preface SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES Chapter Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3, Refrigerant Piping, Controls and Accessories) Ammonia Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3) Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3) Liquid Overfeed Systems (TC 10.1, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems) Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.1) Refrigerant System Chemistry (TC 3.2, Refrigerant System Chemistry) Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems (TC 3.3, Refrigerant Contaminant Control) Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing (TC 8.1, Positive Displacement Compressors) Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation (TC 3.8, Refrigerant Containment) COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT Chapter 10 11 12 13 14 15 Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping (TC 10.3) Refrigerant Control Devices (TC 8.8, Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories) Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems (TC 3.4, Lubrication) Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.1) Forced-Circulation Air Coolers (TC 8.4, Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment) Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment (TC 10.7, Commercial Food and Beverage Refrigeration Equipment) 16 Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (TC 10.7) 17 Household Refrigerators and Freezers (TC 8.9, Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers) 18 Absorption Equipment (TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines) FOOD COOLING AND STORAGE Chapter 19 20 21 22 23 24 Thermal Properties of Foods (TC 10.5, Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities) Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods (TC 10.5) Commodity Storage Requirements (TC 10.5) Food Microbiology and Refrigeration (TC 10.5) Refrigerated-Facility Design (TC 10.5) Refrigerated-Facility Loads (TC 10.8, Refrigeration Load Calculations) REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT Chapter 25 Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks (TC 10.6, Transport Refrigeration) 26 Marine Refrigeration (TC 10.6) 27 Air Transport (TC 10.6) FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND FLORAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers (TC 10.5) Industrial Food-Freezing Systems (TC 10.5) Meat Products (TC 10.5) Poultry Products (TC 10.5) Fishery Products (TC 10.5) Dairy Products (TC 10.5) Eggs and Egg Products (TC 10.5) Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit (TC 10.5) Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit (TC 10.5) Vegetables (TC 10.5) Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products (TC 10.5) Beverages (TC 10.5) Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods (TC 10.5) Bakery Products (TC 10.5) Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables (TC 10.5) INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 43 44 45 46 Ice Manufacture (TC 10.2, Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks) Ice Rinks (TC 10.2) Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils (TC 10.1) Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry (TC 10.1) LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Chapter 47 Cryogenics (TC 10.1) 48 Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration (TC 10.1) 49 Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration (TC 10.1) GENERAL Chapter 50 Terminology of Refrigeration (TC 10.1) 51 Codes and Standards ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS INDEX Composite index to the 2011 HVAC Applications, 2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment, 2013 Fundamentals, and 2014 Refrigeration volumes Comment Pages CHAPTER HALOCARBON REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS Application 1.1 System Safety 1.2 Basic Piping Principles 1.2 Refrigerant Line Sizing 1.3 Piping at Multiple Compressors 1.20 Piping at Various System Components 1.21 Discharge (Hot-Gas) Lines 1.24 Defrost Gas Supply Lines 1.26 Heat Exchangers and Vessels Refrigeration Accessories Head Pressure Control for Refrigerant Condensers Keeping Liquid from Crankcase During Off Cycles Hot-Gas Bypass Arrangements Minimizing Refrigerant Charge in Commercial Systems Refrigerant Retrofitting Temperature Glide R chlorine could cause to the ozone layer in the stratosphere This publication eventually led to the Montreal Protocol Agreement in 1987 and its subsequent revisions, which restricted the production and use of chlorinated halocarbon (CFC and HCFC) refrigerants All CFC refrigerant production was phased out in the United States at the beginning of 1996 The development of replacement HFC, thirdgeneration refrigerants ensued following these restrictions (Calm 2008) Although HFC refrigerants not contain chlorine and thus have no effect on stratospheric ozone, they have come under heavy scrutiny because of their global warming potential (GWP): like CFCs and HFCs, they are greenhouse gases, and can trap radiant energy (IPPC 1990) HFO refrigerants, however, have significantly lower GWP values, and are being developed and promoted as alternatives to HFC refrigerants A successful refrigeration system depends on good piping design and an understanding of the required accessories This chapter covers the fundamentals of piping and accessories in halocarbon refrigerant systems Hydrocarbon refrigerant pipe friction data can be found in petroleum industry handbooks Use the refrigerant properties and information in Chapters 3, 29, and 30 of the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals to calculate friction losses For information on refrigeration load, see Chapter 24 For R-502 information, refer to the 1998 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration EFRIGERATION is the process of moving heat from one location to another by use of refrigerant in a closed cycle Oil management; gas and liquid separation; subcooling, superheating, desuperheating, and piping of refrigerant liquid, gas, and two-phase flow are all part of refrigeration Applications include air conditioning, commercial refrigeration, and industrial refrigeration This chapter focuses on systems that use halocarbons (halogenated hydrocarbons) as refrigerants The most commonly used halogen refrigerants are chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) Halocarbon refrigerants are classified into four groups: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine; hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which consist of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine; hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which contain carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine; and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which are HFC refrigerants derived from an alkene (olefin; i.e., an unsaturated compound having at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond) Examples of these refrigerants can be found in Chapter 29 of the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals Desired characteristics of a halocarbon refrigeration system may include • Year-round operation, regardless of outdoor ambient conditions • Possible wide load variations (0 to 100% capacity) during short periods without serious disruption of the required temperature levels • Frost control for continuous-performance applications • Oil management for different refrigerants under varying load and temperature conditions • A wide choice of heat exchange methods (e.g., dry expansion, liquid overfeed, or flooded feed of the refrigerants) and use of secondary coolants such as salt brine, alcohol, glycol, and carbon dioxide • System efficiency, maintainability, and operating simplicity • Operating pressures and pressure ratios that might require multistaging, cascading, and so forth Development of halocarbon refrigerants dates back to the 1920s The main refrigerants used then were ammonia (R-717), chloromethane (R-40), and sulfur dioxide (R-764), all of which have some degree of toxicity and/or flammability These first-generation refrigerants were an impediment to Frigidaire’s plans to expand into refrigeration and air conditioning, so Frigidaire and DuPont collaborated to develop safer refrigerants In 1928, Thomas Midgley, Jr., of Frigidaire and his colleagues developed the first commercially available CFC refrigerant, dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) (Giunta 2006) Chlorinated halocarbon refrigerants represent the second generation of refrigerants (Calm 2008) Concern about the use of halocarbon refrigerants began with a 1974 paper by two University of California professors, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina, in which they highlighted the damage The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 10.3, Refrigerant Piping 1.1 1.26 1.29 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.37 APPLICATION Beyond the operational system characteristics described previously, political and environmental factors may need to be accounted for when designing, building, and installing halocarbon refrigeration systems Heightened awareness of the impact halocarbon refrigerants have on ozone depletion and/or global warming has led to banning or phaseouts of certain refrigerants Some end users are concerned about the future cost and availability of these refrigerants, and may fear future penalties that may come with owning and operating systems that use halocarbons Therefore, many owners, engineers, and manufacturers seek to reduce charge and build tighter systems to reduce the total system charge on site and ensure that less refrigerant is released into the atmosphere However, halocarbon refrigeration systems are still widely used Although CFCs have been banned and HCFCs are being phased out because of their ODP, HFCs, which have a global warming potential (GWP), are still used in new installations and will continue to be used as the industries transition to natural or other refrigerants that may boast a reduced GWP Table in Chapter lists commonly used refrigerants and their corresponding GWP values Use of indirect and cascade systems to reduce the total amount of refrigerant has become increasingly popular These systems also reduce the possibility for leakage because large amounts of interconnecting piping between the compressors and the heat load are 1.2 2014 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration Table Recommended Gas Line Velocities Suction line Discharge line 900 to 4000 fpm 2000 to 3500 fpm replaced mainly with glycol or CO2 piping (See Chapter for more information on refrigerant containment, recovery, recycling, and reclamation.) SYSTEM SAFETY ASHRAE Standard 15 and ASME Standard B31.5 should be used as guides for safe practice because they are the basis of most municipal and state codes However, some ordinances require heavier piping and other features The designer should know the specific requirements of the installation site Only A106 Grade A or B or A53 Grade A or B should be considered for steel refrigerant piping The rated internal working pressure for Type L copper tubing decreases with (1) increasing metal operating temperature, (2) increasing tubing size (OD), and (3) increasing temperature of joining method Hot methods used to join drawn pipe (e.g., brazing, welding) produce joints as strong as surrounding pipe, but reduce the strength of the heated pipe material to that of annealed material Particular attention should be paid when specifying copper in conjunction with newer, high-pressure refrigerants (e.g., R-404A, R-507A, R-410A, R-407C) because some of these refrigerants can achieve operating pressures as high as 500 psia and operating temperatures as high as 300°F at a typical saturated condensing condition of 130°F Concentration calculations, based on the amount of refrigerant in the system and the volume of the space where it is installed, are needed to identify what safety features are required by the appropriate codes Whenever allowable concentration limits of the refrigerant may be exceeded in occupied spaces, additional safety measures (e.g., leak detection, alarming, ventilation, automatic shut-off controls) are typically required Note that, because halocarbon refrigerants are heavier than air, leak detection sensors should be placed at lower elevations in the space (typically 12 in from the floor) Fig Flow Rate per Ton of Refrigeration for Refrigerant 22 BASIC PIPING PRINCIPLES The design and operation of refrigerant piping systems should (1) ensure proper refrigerant feed to evaporators, (2) provide practical refrigerant line sizes without excessive pressure drop, (3) prevent excessive amounts of lubricating oil from being trapped in any part of the system, (4) protect the compressor at all times from loss of lubricating oil, (5) prevent liquid refrigerant or oil slugs from entering the compressor during operating and idle time, and (6) maintain a clean and dry system Refrigerant Line Velocities Economics, pressure drop, noise, and oil entrainment establish feasible design velocities in refrigerant lines (Table 1) Higher gas velocities are sometimes found in relatively short suction lines on comfort air-conditioning or other applications where the operating time is only 2000 to 4000 h per year and where low initial cost of the system may be more significant than low operating cost Industrial or commercial refrigeration applications, where equipment runs almost continuously, should be designed with low refrigerant velocities for most efficient compressor performance and low equipment operating costs An owning and operating cost analysis will reveal the best choice of line sizes (See Chapter 37 of the 2011 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications for information on owning and operating costs.) Liquid lines from condensers to receivers should be sized for 100 fpm or less to ensure positive gravity flow without incurring back-up of liquid flow Liquid lines from receiver to evaporator should be sized to maintain velocities below 300 fpm, thus minimizing or preventing liquid hammer when solenoids or other electrically operated valves are used Fig Flow Rate per Ton of Refrigeration for Refrigerant 134a Refrigerant Flow Rates Refrigerant flow rates for R-22 and R-134a are indicated in Figures and To obtain total system flow rate, select the proper rate value and multiply by system capacity Enter curves using saturated refrigerant temperature at the evaporator outlet and actual liquid temperature entering the liquid feed device (including subcooling in condensers and liquid-suction interchanger, if used) Because Figures and are based on a saturated evaporator temperature, they may indicate slightly higher refrigerant flow rates than are actually in effect when suction vapor is superheated above the conditions mentioned Refrigerant flow rates may be reduced approximately 3% for each 10°F increase in superheat in the evaporator Suction-line superheating downstream of the evaporator from line heat gain from external sources should not be used to reduce evaluated mass flow, because it increases volumetric flow rate and line velocity per unit of evaporator capacity, but not mass flow rate It should be considered when evaluating suction-line size for satisfactory oil return up risers Suction gas superheating from use of a liquid-suction heat exchanger has an effect on oil return similar to that of suction-line superheating The liquid cooling that results from the heat exchange Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems 1.3 Table Approximate Effect of Gas Line Pressure Drops on R-22 Compressor Capacity and Powera Capacity, % Energy, %b Suction Line 100 96.4 92.9 100 104.8 108.1 Discharge Line 100 99.1 98.2 100 103.0 106.3 Line Loss, °F aFor system operating at 40°F saturated evaporator temperature and 100°F saturated condensing temperature bEnergy percentage rated at hp/ton reduces mass flow rate per unit of refrigeration This can be seen in Figures and because the reduced temperature of the liquid supplied to the evaporator feed valve has been taken into account Superheat caused by heat in a space not intended to be cooled is always detrimental because the volumetric flow rate increases with no compensating gain in refrigerating effect REFRIGERANT LINE SIZING In sizing refrigerant lines, cost considerations favor minimizing line sizes However, suction and discharge line pressure drops cause loss of compressor capacity and increased power usage Excessive liquid-line pressure drops can cause liquid refrigerant to flash, resulting in faulty expansion valve operation Refrigeration systems are designed so that friction pressure losses not exceed a pressure differential equivalent to a corresponding change in the saturation boiling temperature The primary measure for determining pressure drops is a given change in saturation temperature Pressure Drop Considerations Pressure drop in refrigerant lines reduces system efficiency Correct sizing must be based on minimizing cost and maximizing efficiency Table shows the approximate effect of refrigerant pressure drop on an R-22 system operating at a 40°F saturated evaporator temperature with a 100°F saturated condensing temperature Pressure drop calculations are determined as normal pressure loss associated with a change in saturation temperature of the refrigerant Typically, the refrigeration system is sized for pressure losses of 2°F or less for each segment of the discharge, suction, and liquid lines Liquid Lines Pressure drop should not be so large as to cause gas formation in the liquid line, insufficient liquid pressure at the liquid feed device, or both Systems are normally designed so that pressure drop in the liquid line from friction is not greater than that corresponding to about a to 2°F change in saturation temperature See Tables to for liquid-line sizing information Liquid subcooling is the only method of overcoming liquid line pressure loss to guarantee liquid at the expansion device in the evaporator If subcooling is insufficient, flashing occurs in the liquid line and degrades system efficiency Friction pressure drops in the liquid line are caused by accessories such as solenoid valves, filter-driers, and hand valves, as well as by the actual pipe and fittings between the receiver outlet and the refrigerant feed device at the evaporator Liquid-line risers are a source of pressure loss and add to the total loss of the liquid line Loss caused by risers is approximately 0.5 psi per foot of liquid lift Total loss is the sum of all friction losses plus pressure loss from liquid risers Example illustrates the process of determining liquid-line size and checking for total subcooling required Example An R-22 refrigeration system using copper pipe operates at 40°F evaporator and 105°F condensing Capacity is tons, and the liquid line is 100 ft equivalent length with a riser of 20 ft Determine the liquid-line size and total required subcooling Solution: From Table 3, the size of the liquid line at 1°F drop is 5/8 in OD Use the equation in Note of Table to compute actual temperature drop At tons, Actual temperature drop = 1.0(5.0/6.7)1.8 Estimated friction loss = 0.59 3.05 Loss for the riser = 20 0.5 Total pressure losses = 10.0 + 1.8 R-22 saturation pressure at 105°F condensing (see R-22 properties in Chapter 30, 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals) Initial pressure at beginning of liquid line Total liquid line losses Net pressure at expansion device The saturation temperature at 199 psig is 101.1°F Required subcooling to overcome the liquid losses = = = = – = 0.59°F 1.8 psi 10 psi 11.8 psi 210.8 psig 210.8 psig 11.8 psi 199 psig = (105.0 – 101.1) or 3.9°F Refrigeration systems that have no liquid risers and have the evaporator below the condenser/receiver benefit from a gain in pressure caused by liquid weight and can tolerate larger friction losses without flashing Regardless of the liquid-line routing when flashing occurs, overall efficiency is reduced, and the system may malfunction The velocity of liquid leaving a partially filled vessel (e.g., receiver, shell-and-tube condenser) is limited by the height of the liquid above the point at which the liquid line leaves the vessel, whether or not the liquid at the surface is subcooled Because liquid in the vessel has a very low (or zero) velocity, the velocity V in the liquid line (usually at the vena contracta) is V = 2gh, where h is the liquid height in the vessel Gas pressure does not add to the velocity unless gas is flowing in the same direction As a result, both gas and liquid flow through the line, limiting the rate of liquid flow If this factor is not considered, excess operating charges in receivers and flooding of shell-and-tube condensers may result No specific data are available to precisely size a line leaving a vessel If the height of liquid above the vena contracta produces the desired velocity, liquid leaves the vessel at the expected rate Thus, if the level in the vessel falls to one pipe diameter above the bottom of the vessel from which the liquid line leaves, the capacity of copper lines for R-22 at lb/min per ton of refrigeration is approximately as follows: OD, in Tons 1/8 3/8 5/8 1/8 5/8 1/8 1/8 14 25 40 80 130 195 410 The whole liquid line need not be as large as the leaving connection After the vena contracta, the velocity is about 40% less If the line continues down from the receiver, the value of h increases For a 200 ton capacity with R-22, the line from the bottom of the receiver should be about 1/8 in After a drop of ft, a reduction to 5/8 in is satisfactory Suction Lines Suction lines are more critical than liquid and discharge lines from a design and construction standpoint Refrigerant lines should be sized to (1) provide a minimum pressure drop at full load, (2) return oil from the evaporator to the compressor under minimum load conditions, and (3) prevent oil from draining from an active evaporator into an idle one A pressure drop in the suction line reduces a system’s capacity because it forces the compressor to operate at a lower suction pressure to maintain a desired evaporating temperature in the coil The suction line is normally Index Terms Links Ventilation (Cont.) climatic infiltration zones F16.19 dilution A31.2 displacement S4.14 driving mechanisms F16.12 effectiveness F16.5 engine test facilities A17.1 forced F16.1 garages, residential A46.6 F16.20 gaseous contaminant control greenhouses A46.6 A24.12 health care facilities hospitals A8.1 A8.2 nursing facilities A8.14 outpatient A8.14 hybrid F16.14 indoor air quality (IAQ) F16.10 industrial environments A31 exhaust systems A32.1 kitchens A33 laboratories A16.8 latent heat load F16.11 leakage function F16.15 mechanical F16.1 mines F17.7 F24.7 A29 multiple spaces F16.28 natatoriums A5.6 natural airflow F16.1 guidelines F16.14 stack effect F16.13 wind F16.13 nuclear facilities A28.4 odor dilution F12.5 power plants A27.4 railroad tunnels A15.16 rapid-transit systems A15.11 residential F16.18 12 F24.7 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Ventilation (Cont.) road tunnels A15.3 roof ventilators A31.4 security concerns A59.7 sensible heat load F16.11 ships F17.7 A13.1 standards F16.18 terminology F16.1 thermal loads F16.11 tollbooths A15.26 wind effect on F24.7 Ventilators roof A31.4 unit capacity S28.3 control A47.15 location S28.1 selection S28.1 types S28.1 S28.3 Venting altitude effects S35.7 furnaces S33.2 gas appliances S35.19 oil-fired appliances S35.21 Verification, of airflow modeling F13.9 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems R2.11 Vibration F8.17 32 10 compressors centrifugal S38.34 positive-displacement S38.5 scroll S38.26 single-screw S38.18 critical speeds S21.10 health effects F10.19 measurement F36.29 instrumentation testing A38.21 A38.21 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 17 Index Terms Links Vibration control A48 air handlers S4.9 clean spaces A18.19 criteria A48.43 data reliability A48.1 ducts A48.51 engines S7.15 equipment vibration analysis A38.22 A38.23 fans S21.11 floor flexibility A48.53 isolators noise A48.41 resonance A48.54 specifications A48.44 testing A38.21 piping connectors A48.50 noise A48.46 resilient hangers and supports A48.50 places of assembly A5.1 resonance A48.53 seismic restraint A48.51 standards A48.54 troubleshooting A38.23 Viral pathogens A55.1 A48.52 F10.8 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate A29.3 Viscosity F3.1 fuel oils F28.6 lubricants R12.8 modeling F13.10 moist air F1.19 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), contaminants A46.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) F10.11 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Voltage A56.1 Imbalance S45.1 utilization S45.1 Volume ratio, compressors rotary vane S38.14 single-screw S38.16 twin-screw S38.21 VRF See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) W Walls glass block F15.27 masonry construction F27.4 steel frame construction F27.4 wood-frame construction F27.3 Warehouses A3.8 Water boiler thermal models coils F19.12 S23.2 air-heating S27.2 coolers R39.10 distribution S3.6 central plants S13.10 S12.9 district heating and cooling S12.23 filtration A49.7 hammer F22.6 pipe stress S12.10 heating geothermal energy systems A34.9 solar energy systems A35.13 water treatment for A49.10 humidifier supply S22.5 properties A49.1 refrigerant S15.2 F30.40–41 in refrigerant systems See Moisture, in refrigerant systems systems, pipe sizing F22.5 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation S15.5 Index Terms Links Water (Cont.) thermal storage systems S51.4 use and sustainability F35.3 16 33 R10.5 R23.5 vapor (See also Moisture) control F25.2 flow F25.12 resistance F25.2 retarders F26.6 S22.2 terminology F25.2 transmission F26.12 Water heaters blending injection A50.4 boilers (indirect) A50.28 circulating tank A50.4 combination A50.4 electric A50.3 gas-fired A50.2 heat pump S49.4 indirect A50.3 28 instantaneous A50.3 26 oil-fired A50.2 placement A50.11 refrigeration heat reclaim A50.4 27 semi-instantaneous A50.4 26 A50.11 26 27 11 sizing solar energy A50.4 storage A50.2 terminology A50.1 usable hot-water storage A50.10 waste heat recovery A50.4 Water horsepower, pump S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption components R18.1 control R18.5 double-effect chillers R18.3 maintenance R18.7 operation R18.5 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 12 Index Terms Links Water/lithium bromide absorption (Cont.) single-effect chillers R18.2 single-effect heat transformers R18.3 terminology R18.1 Water-source heat pump (WSHP) S2.4 Water systems S13 air elimination S13.21 antifreeze S13.23 precautions S49.10 S13.25 capacity control S13.13 chilled-water S13.1 17 combined heat and power (CHP) distribution S7.44 district heating and cooling S12.24 37 closed S13.1 components S13.2 condenser water S14.1 closed S14.4 once-through S14.1 open cooling tower S14.1 overpressure precautions S14.4 systems S14.1 water economizer S14.3 control valve sizing S13.16 Darcy-Weisbach equation S44.5 district heating and cooling S12.5 dual-temperature (DTW) S13.1 equipment layout 19 S13.22 expansion tanks functions of S13.4 sizing equations S13.5 fill water S13.20 four-pipe S13.20 freeze prevention S13.23 11 hot-water boilers S32.1 combined heat and power (CHP) distribution S7.44 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation S15.1 Index Terms Links Water systems hot-water (Cont.) district heating and cooling high-temperature (HTW) loads S12.36 S13.1 S13.2 low-temperature (LTW) design considerations heating systems loads S13.1 S36.3 S13.16 S13.2 nonresidential terminal equipment medium- and high-temperature S13.16 S36.1 S13.1 air-heating coils S15.6 boilers S15.2 cascade systems S15.5 circulating pumps S15.5 control S15.6 design S15.2 direct-contact heaters S15.5 direct-fired generators S15.2 distribution S15.5 expansion tanks S15.3 heat exchangers S15.6 piping design S15.5 pressurization S15.3 safety S15.7 space heating S15.6 thermal storage S15.7 water treatment S15.7 loads S15 S13.2 makeup S13.20 open S13.2 pipe sizing S13.23 piping S13.11 water distribution pressure drop determination S14.1 S13.6 S13.23 S44.5 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Water systems (Cont.) pumps S44.1 pump curves S13.6 S44.4 pumping S13.7 S44.11 standby pump S13.8 S44.12 two-speed motors S44.13 safety relief valves S13.20 steam and, combined S11.15 in tall buildings A4.11 temperature classifications S13.1 turndown ratio S13.4 two-pipe S13.19 water horsepower S44.7 Water treatment A49 air washers A49.9 biological control A49.5 Legionella pneumophila S41.9 A49.6 boilers A49.10 brine systems A49.10 closed recirculating systems A49.10 condensers, evaporative S39.18 condenser water S14.3 cooling towers A49.4 corrosion control A49.2 evaporative coolers S41.9 filtration A49.7 fundamentals A49.1 heating systems A49.10 ice makers A49.7 medium- and high-temperature systems S15.7 nonchemical (physical) A49.5 once-through systems A49.9 open recirculating systems A49.9 scale control A49.4 sprayed-coil units A49.9 steam and condensate systems A49.11 terminology A49.11 thermal storage S51.6 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation S40.16 Index Terms Links Water vapor control A44.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability Water vapor retarders Water wells F26.16 17 F26.6 A34.26 Weather data residential infiltration zones Welding sheet metal F16.19 S19.11 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Legionella pneumophila control service water heating Wien’s displacement law A49.7 A50.24 F4.12 Wind (See also Climate design information; Weather data) data sources F24.6 effect on chimneys S35.3 smoke movement A53.3 system operation F24.7 pressure 32 F24.3 Wind chill index F9.23 Windows (See also Fenestration) air leakage F15.49 solar gain F15.13 17 U-factors F15.3 Wind restraint design A55.15 minimum design wind load A55.16 Wineries refrigeration R39.9 temperature control fermentation R39.9 storage R39.10 wine production R39.8 Wood construction, and moisture dimensional changes F25.10 F25.10 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation F27.7 Index Terms Links Wood products facilities A26.1 evaporative cooling A52.13 process area A26.2 storage A26.2 Wood pulp A26.2 Wood stoves S34.5 World Wide Web (WWW) A40.8 WSHP See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW See World Wide Web (WWW) X Xenon R47.18 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation CONTRIBUTORS In addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name Daniel Dettmers (1) IRC University of Wisconsin–Madison Brad Boggess (7, 12) Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc Jeff Berge (25) Thermo King Corporation Caleb Nelson (1) CTA, Inc Robert Jones (11) Parker, Sporlan Division Radim Čermák (25) Ingersoll Rand Jim Caylor (2) Kirk Stifle (11) Fujikoki America Robert Chopko (25) Carrier Transicold Bruce Griffith (2) Johnson Controls Todd Jekel (4) Industrial Refrigeration Consortium, University of Wisconsin Eric Smith (4) International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration John Sluga (4, 13) Hanson Technologies Corporation Warren Clough (6) UTC Building & Industrial Systems Ngoc Dung (Rosine) Rohatgi (6) Spauschus Associates, Inc Jay E Field (6, 7) Trane Residential HVAC Joseph Longo (6, 7) Hudson Technologies Company Ed Hessell (6, 12) Chemtura Corporation Julie Majurin (12) Trane/Ingersoll Rand Scott Wujek (12) Creative Thermal Solutions, Inc James M Fuller (13) Johnson Controls Hugh Kutz (13) Johnson Controls Donald L Fenton (13, 24) Kansas State University David Hinde (15) Hill Phoenix Dave Demma (15, 16) United Refrigeration Cynthia L Gage (15, 16) U.S Environmental Protection Agency Detlef Westphalen (17) Navigant Consulting, Inc Owen J McCarthy (19) Massey University Arnošt Hurych (25) Ingersoll Rand Michal Kolda (25) Ingersoll Rand Markéta Kopecká (25) Ingersoll Rand Antonín Ryska (25) Ingersoll Rand Augusto San Cristobal (26) Bronswerk Marine Chris Spunar (26) Carrier Marine Systems Qiao Lu (27) B/E Aerospace Michael A Odey (29) Wayne Borrowman (43, 44) Cimco Refrigeration Robert S Burdick (24) John P Scott (43, 44) Natural Resources Canada Amanda J Hickman (7) UOP LLC Donald Cleland (24) Massey University Dave A Malinauskas (44) Cimco Refrigeration Bob Woods (7) Grace Division William A Kumpf (24) Campos Engineering Jim Young (47, 48) ITW Insulation Systems Alan P Cohen (7) UOP LLC ASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEE Hassan M Bagheri, Chair 2014 Refrigeration Volume Subcommittee: Daniel J Dettmers, Chair Donald L Fenton Teddy S Hansen Frederick A Lorch Ramon Pons ASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFF W Stephen Comstock, Publisher Director of Publications and Education Mark S Owen, Editor Heather E Kennedy, Managing Editor Nancy F Thysell, Typographer/Page Designer David Soltis, Group Manager, and Jayne E Jackson, Publications Traffic Administrator Publishing Services Phillip M Trafton ASHRAE HANDBOOK Additions and Corrections This report includes additional information, and technical errors found between June 15, 2011, and April 1, 2014, in the inch-pound (I-P) editions of the 2011, 2012, and 2013 ASHRAE Handbook volumes Occasional typographical errors and nonstandard symbol labels will be corrected in future volumes The most current list of Handbook additions and corrections is on the ASHRAE web site (www.ashrae.org) The authors and editor encourage you to notify them if you find other technical errors Please send corrections to: Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, or e-mail mowen@ashrae.org 2011 HVAC Applications (CD only) Table of Contents, p Replace the second instance of “Building Operations and Management” with “General Applications.” Contributors List For Chapter 4, add Dennis Wessel, Karpinski Engineering p 28.8, 1st col Under U.S Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR), delete “(30 Pa).” p 35.4, end of 2nd para It should be = for all conditions p 35.5, Eq (17) The equation should be Fsg = (1 – cos ) /2 Fig Typical Layout of UVGI Fixtures for Patient Isolation Room p 35.10, 2nd col., 3rd para from bottom The slope should be –0.82 /0.69 = –1.19 (First et al 1999) (2011 HVAC Applications, Ch 60, p 9) p 35.22, Example 7, Solution The load collector ratio should use Eq (41) p 35.23, 2nd col., last para The average wind load on a tilted roof should be 25 lb/ft2 p 35.27, Symbols Delete the second definition for Aap p 36.9, Table Replace the table with the one on p A.2 p 38.23, 1st col., Vibration Amplitude at Rotational Speed The reference should be to Table 46 in Chapter 48 p 42.7, Case Studies All three references to Fig 22 should be to Fig 31 All three references to Fig 23 should be to Fig 26 p 48.20, 2nd col For frequency range #1, consult Table 13 for Af In definitions for Eq (10), refer to Table 12 for a Fig Dehumidification Process Points p 48.45, Table 47 Deflection values for cooling towers should be (2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment, Ch 25, p 1) Floor Span Equipment Type Cooling Towers Slab on Grade Up to 20 ft 20 to 30 ft 30 to 40 ft 0.25 0.25 0.25 3.5 2.5 0.75 3.5 2.5 0.75 3.5 2.5 1.5 pp 55.12-13, Eqs (27), (28), (30), and (31) For all four equations, the denominators of the last two terms should be b and a, not 2b and 2a Also, for Eq (31), change the first + sign to a – sign p 60.9, Fig Replace the figure with the one, above 2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment p 51.2, Eq (10) Change Ta to Ta p 25.1, Fig Point E was omitted The correct figure appears above p 55.8, Eq (16) The equation should be as follows: F w eff = p 26.12, Example Flow rate for ethylene glycol should be in gpm T eff + V eff A.1 A.2 2011–2013 ASHRAE Handbook Additions and Corrections Table Energy Cost Percentiles from 2003 Commercial Survey (2011 HVAC Applications, Chapter 36, p 9) Weighted Energy Cost Values, $/yr per gross square foot Percentiles Building Use 10th Administrative/professional office Bank/other financial Clinic/other outpatient health College/university Convenience store Convenience store with gas station Distribution/shipping center Dormitory/fraternity/sorority Elementary/middle school Entertainment/culture Fast food Fire station/police station Government office Grocery store/food market High school Hospital/inpatient health Hotel Laboratory Library Medical office (diagnostic) Medical office (nondiagnostic) Mixed-use office Motel or inn Nonrefrigerated warehouse Nursing home/assisted living Other Other classroom education Other food sales Other food service Other lodging Other office Other public assembly Other public order and safety Other retail Other service Post office/postal center Preschool/daycare Recreation Refrigerated warehouse Religious worship Repair shop Restaurant/cafeteria Retail store Self-storage Social/meeting Vacant Vehicle dealership/showroom Vehicle service/repair shop Vehicle storage/maintenance SUM or Mean for sector 0.50 1.09 0.61 0.44 2.48 1.99 0.24 0.58 0.54 0.14 2.93 0.10 0.52 2.60 0.60 1.37 0.74 1.34 0.78 0.33 0.58 0.46 0.49 0.06 0.73 0.15 0.21 0.60 0.79 0.55 0.37 0.35 1.00 0.97 0.76 0.32 0.46 0.30 0.38 0.25 0.20 1.12 0.36 0.05 0.19 0.04 0.67 0.29 0.04 0.26 25th 0.82 1.37 0.87 1.20 3.75 2.75 0.33 0.69 0.78 0.42 4.98 0.53 0.90 3.07 0.87 2.16 1.05 3.09 1.06 0.68 0.79 0.85 0.83 0.17 1.12 0.51 0.50 0.72 1.60 0.56 0.71 0.50 1.13 1.19 1.13 0.78 0.77 0.53 0.38 0.37 0.35 1.86 0.53 0.10 0.33 0.08 0.89 0.50 0.16 0.54 50th 1.36 2.00 1.53 1.37 5.26 4.61 0.54 0.87 1.09 0.56 8.87 1.15 1.40 4.31 1.02 2.46 1.33 4.52 1.37 1.02 1.06 1.30 1.21 0.38 1.52 0.93 0.92 0.95 2.44 1.13 1.19 0.81 1.56 1.59 1.58 1.09 1.09 0.87 2.21 0.60 0.61 3.33 0.98 0.20 0.66 0.27 1.37 0.77 0.48 1.06 75th 90th 1.92 2.93 2.03 2.27 8.02 6.83 0.88 1.29 1.57 2.25 12.29 1.73 1.88 5.27 1.60 3.17 1.76 7.64 2.41 2.13 1.44 1.96 1.82 0.80 2.47 1.81 1.26 2.35 6.50 1.71 2.16 1.56 3.38 2.98 2.92 1.44 1.57 1.38 4.00 0.84 1.15 7.44 1.77 0.27 1.02 0.70 2.97 1.38 1.12 2.00 2.58 4.47 4.13 $3.01 10.12 8.74 1.37 2.13 2.60 17.82 14.14 2.83 2.66 6.85 2.19 3.55 2.52 10.81 2.92 2.53 1.92 2.90 2.67 1.43 2.99 2.41 2.14 6.02 11.56 2.76 2.56 2.06 4.74 5.60 7.29 1.89 2.63 2.33 5.25 1.32 1.47 10.48 2.90 0.52 2.27 1.19 3.98 2.07 1.96 3.93 Mean 1.55 2.41 1.74 1.82 6.17 5.12 0.74 1.07 1.48 2.83 8.92 1.31 1.52 4.84 1.30 2.70 1.58 5.18 1.68 1.33 1.15 1.78 1.48 0.61 1.78 1.35 0.96 2.20 4.72 1.30 1.47 1.15 2.06 2.43 2.71 1.07 1.30 1.14 2.45 0.72 0.75 4.80 1.38 0.23 0.89 0.48 2.07 1.10 0.83 1.80 Source: Calculated based on DOE/EIA preliminary 2003 CBECS microdata p 41.3, Fig Replace parts B and C of the graphic with the horizontal polymer tube shown on p A.3 p 1.14, 1st col In the table for Situation 2, 3rd line, Comments column, change “td” to “t.” p 44.8, Table In both equations for flow and head, change the minuses to equals signs p 16.24, Table The corrected table appears on p A.3 p 51.24, Fig 25 The bottom right line should have the discharge arrow pointing to the left, and the charge arrow pointing to the right The corrected figure is shown on p A.3 p 16.24, Example The house’s flow coefficient c should be 4370 cfm/(in of water)n In the Solution, Cs should be 0.001478 [(in of water)/°F]n and Cw should be 0.001313 [(in of water)/mph]n Consequently, the second and third equations should be as follows: 2013 Fundamentals Qs = 4370(0.001478)[68 – (–2)]0.67 = 110 cfm p 1.13, 2nd col Above Eq (38), change “td ( p, w)” to “td ( p, W ).” Qw = 4370(0.001313)(0.64 × 8.9)1.34 = 59 cfm 2011–2013 ASHRAE Handbook Additions and Corrections A.3 Table Enhanced Model Stack and Wind Coefficients (2013 Fundamentals, Ch 16, p 24) One-Story Cs Cw for basement slab Cw for crawlspace Two-Story Three-Story No Flue With Flue No Flue With Flue No Flue With Flue 0.000891 0.001313 0.001074 0.001144 0.001194 0.001074 0.001308 0.001432 0.001194 0.001478 0.001313 0.001194 0.001641 0.001432 0.001271 0.001791 0.001402 0.001295 Fig 25 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme (2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment, Ch 51, p 24) Qs = 8740(0.001791)(9)]0.67 = 68 cfm Fig Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger (Courtesy Munters/Des Champs) (2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment, Ch 41, p Replaces only parts B and C of Fig 3.) Qw = 8740(0.001295)(0.43 × 6.7)1.34 = 47 cfm Q is thus 83 cfm = 4960 ft3/h, and the final equation should be I = (4960 ft3/h)/(14,200 ft3) = 0.35 ach Q is thus 125 cfm = 7490 ft3/h, and the final equation should be I = (7490 ft3/h)/(12,000 ft3) = 0.62 ach p 18.35, 2nd col Just above the Plenums in Load Calculations heading, the citation for the UFAD Design Guide should be ASHRAE (2013) pp 16.24-25, Example The house’s flow coefficient c should be 6890 cfm/(in of water)n In the Solution, Cs should be 0.00893 [(in of water)/°F]n and Cw should be 0.001074 [(in of water)/mph]n Consequently, the second and third equations should be as follows: p 18.41, 1st col In equation for q15, the last term on the first line should be c23qi,16 Qs = 6890(0.00893)(29)]0.6 = 46 cfm ASHRAE 2013 Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) design guide, 2nd ed Qw = 6890(0.001074)(0.50 × 2.9)1.34 = 12 cfm p 20.1, 1st col Immediately after the bulleted list, change the paragraph as follows: “As shown in Figure 1, local temperature concentration has a similar profile, although its rate usually differs Carbon dioxide (CO2) follows a similar pattern.” Q is thus 48 cfm = 2880 ft3/h, and the final equation should be p 18.49, References Delete the Bauman and Daly 2013 source, and replace it with the following: I = (2880 ft3/h)/(9000 ft3) = 0.32 ach pp 21.7-8 Renumber Figure 10 (Diffuser Installation Suggestions) as Figure 9, and Figure (Friction Chart) as Figure 10 p 16.25, Example The house’s flow coefficient c should be 8740 cfm/(in of water)n In the Solution, Cs should be 0.001791 [(in of water)/°F]n and Cw should be 0.001295 [(in of water)/mph]n Consequently, the second and third equations should be as follows: p 23.18, definitions for Eq (8) The symbol for outer radius should be r2; for inner radius, it should be r1 p 26.12, Fig 13 The corrected figure is given on p A.4 A.4 2011–2013 ASHRAE Handbook Additions and Corrections Fig 13 The Psychrometric Processes of Exchangers in Series Mode (Moffitt 2011) (2013 Fundamentals, Ch 26, p 12) ... 1.76 1.62 1.55 1.80 1.65 1.58 1.83 1.68 1.61 1.86 1.70 1.62 2.9 6 2.7 2 2.6 1 2.9 9 2.7 4 2.6 2 3.05 2.7 9 2.6 7 3.10 2.8 4 2.7 2 3.14 2.8 8 2.7 4 4.56 4.20 4.02 4.61 4.22 4.05 4.71 4.31 4.13 4.79 4.38 4.19... 1.27 2.7 7 1.90 3.99 2.7 4 1.27 0.86 2.0 9 1.42 3.25 2.2 2 4.84 3.32 6.96 4.78 2.0 2 1.38 3.31 2.2 6 5.16 3.53 7.67 5.26 11.00 7.57 4.21 2.8 8 6.90 4.73 10.71 7.35 15.92 10.96 22.8 1 15.73 7.48 5.13 12.2 3... 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.30 2.2 0 2.2 9 2.3 6 2.4 3 3.74 3.88 4.02 4.14 5.76 5.99 6.19 6.38 11.64 12.0 9 12.5 0 12.8 8 20.21 21.00 21.72 22.3 7 31.92 33.16 34.30 35.33 65.88 68.44 70.78 72.9 0 115.90 120.41 124.53