Cognition-Based Studies on Chinese Grammar Introducing the English translation of eight selected research articles originally written in Chinese by Professor Yulin Yuan, Cognition-Based Studies on Chinese Grammar is essential reading for researchers in Chinese syntax Yulin Yuan is one of the very first Chinese scholars who introduced cognitive sciences into the study of Chinese language some twenty years ago, and his work is well-known and highly regarded in China for its originality and theoretical contribution The collection covers the core of his engagement with Chinese language studies, ranging from lexical exploration to grammatical discussion Cognition-Based Studies on Chinese Grammar is designed for students or researchers who specialise in the Chinese language, contemporary Chinese grammar and cognitive linguistics It can also serve as a reference book for instructors or teachers engaged in Chinese language pedagogy or in teaching Chinese as a second or foreign language Yulin Yuan is Professor in the Department of Chinese Language and Literature at Peking University, China Guoxiang Wu is Associate Professor in the College of Foreign Languages at Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China Routledge Studies in Chinese Linguistics Series editor: Hongming Zhang Titles in the series: Modern Chinese Grammar A Clause-Pivot Theoretical Approach Fuyi Xing, translated by Yong Wang and Fangfeng Dong Cognition-Based Studies on Chinese Grammar Yulin Yuan, translated by Guoxiang Wu Dimensions of Variation in Written Chinese Zheng-Sheng Zhang Lexical Ontological Semantics Guoxiang Wu and Yulin Yuan Mandarin Chinese Words and Parts of Speech Corpus-Based Foundational Studies Huang Chu-Ren, Keh-Jiann Chen and Shu-Kai Hsieh Partition and Quantity Numeral Classifiers, Measurement, and Partitive Constructions in Mandarin Chinese Jing Jin Syntax-Phonology Interface Argumentation from Tone Sandhi in Chinese Dialects Hongming Zhang Cognition-Based Studies on Chinese Grammar Yulin YUAN Translated by Guoxiang WU First published 2017 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business English language translation © 2017 Yulin Yuan and Guoxiang Wu All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Yuan, Yulin, author | Wu, Guoxiang (Translator) Title: Cognition-based studies on Chinese grammar / Yulin Yuan (author) ; Guoxiang Wu (translator) Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2017] | Series: Routledge studies in Chinese linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016020632 | ISBN 9781138796379 (hardback : alk paper) | ISBN 9781315757919 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Chinese language—Syntax—Research | Chinese language—Grammar—Research Classification: LCC PL1241 Y836 2017 | DDC 495.15—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016020632 ISBN: 978-1-138-79637-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-75791-9 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Acknowledgements Introduction PART I vii Nominal valency in Mandarin Chinese The di-valent noun The mono-valent noun PART II 38 Referential rules 67 The implicit predicate and its syntactic consequence 69 Nominal representation of verb phrases and the fluctuation of pronominal reference 98 PART III Topic and topicalisation 119 The Chinese topic structure 121 Grammatical significance of Chinese topics and their degrees of grammaticalisation 160 vi Contents PART IV Word order and lexical co-occurrence: A cognitive explanation 199 The order of attributives: A cognitive explanation and its theoretical implications 201 Container metaphor, set metaphor and the image schema 227 References Index 264 272 Acknowledgements As a collection of translated papers, this book has undergone two stages, i.e., the publication of the original papers in Chinese and that of the translated ones In either case, we have received a lot of help from our teachers, students and friends We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to them for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions With regard to the publication of the eight original papers, we would like to acknowledge support from the publishers and others Chapter 1 is adapted from the paper entitled ‘Xiàndài hànyǔ míngcí de pèijià yánjiū’ (现代汉语名词的配 价研究, On nominal valency in Mandarin Chinese), which appeared in Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (Social Sciences in China) in 1992 In this study, Prof Zhu De-Xi and Prof Lu Jian-Ming have given us some instructions Chapter  is adapted from ‘Yījià míngcí de rènzhī yánjiū’ (一价名词的认知研究, A cognitive study of mono-valent nouns), which appeared in Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) in 1994 Prof Lu and Prof Xu Tong-Qiang have made a number of corrections in our manuscript Chapter  is adapted from ‘Wèicí ýnhán jí qí jùfǎ hòuguǒ’ (谓词隐含及其句法后果, Implicit predicate and its syntactic consequence), which was published in Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) in 1995 Prof Lu and Prof Jiang Shao-Yi have provided a number of constructive suggestions Chapter 4 is adapted from ‘Míngcí dàibiǎo dòngcí duǎnyǔ dàicí suǒzhǐ de bōdòng’ (名词代表动词短语和代词所指的 波动, Nominal representation of verb phrases and the fluctuation of pronominal reference), which was published in Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) in 2002 Prof Shen Pei has made a number of helpful comments Chapter 5 is adapted from ‘Htíh jí xiāngguān de yǔfǎ gchéng’ (话题化及相关的语 法过程, Topicalisation and related grammatical processes), which was also published in Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) in 1996 Chapter 6 is adapted from ‘Hànyǔ htí de yǔfǎ dìwèi yǔfǎh chéngdù’ (汉语话题的 语法地位和语法化程度, The grammatical status of topical elements in Chinese and the degree of their grammaticalisation), which was included in a collection entitled Forum of Linguistics (25) by The Commercial Press in 2002 Chapter 7 is adapted from ‘Dìngyǔ shùnxù de rènzhī jiěshì jí qí lǐlùn ýnhán’ (定语顺序的认 知解释及其理论蕴涵, The order of attributives: A cognitive explanation and its theoretical implications), which appeared in Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (Social Sciences in China) in 1999 Chapter 8 is adapted from ‘Róngqì yǐný, tàojiàn yǐný jí viii Acknowledgements xiāngguān de yǔfǎ xiànxiàng’ (容器隐喻、套件隐喻及相关的语法现象, Container metaphor, set metaphor and related grammatical phenomena), which was published in Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) in 2004 This study was supported by the ‘Trans-century Training Program Foundation for Talents’ and the ‘Tenth Five-Year Plan’ Project (01JB740006), both funded by the Chinese Ministry of Education With regard to the graphic and semantic analyses of Chinese characters in section 5, Prof Shen has provided some comments and suggestions With regard to how the semantic rules of linguistic expressions can be constructed and formulated, Dr. Zhan Wei-Dong has given suggestions For the journals, publishers and our colleagues, we hereby extend our heart-felt thanks to them With regard to the translation of the eight original papers, our thanks, first of all, go to Prof Wendy Bowcher (Sun Yat-sen University) Prof Bowcher is the first expert who proofread and revised the sample translation We also thank Prof Kuo-Ming Sung (Lawrence University) and Prof Chao-Hsien Wang (Peking University) for proofreading the first two chapters of this book It is worth mentioning Prof Sung also invited his wife and his son to proofread these two chapters Special thanks go to Prof Wu Haibo (Shandong Agricultural University) and Prof Wu Yicheng (Zhejiang University) for their careful proofreading of the whole manuscript Finally, we want to thank the following scholars for offering various forms of support for the translation of this book: Prof Gao Yi-Hong (Peking University), Prof Jiang Wang-Qi (Peking University), Prof Zhou Ren (Beijing Language and Culture University) and Prof Wu Jianming (Shanghai International Studies University) This translation work is an important part of the translator’s postdoctoral program We gratefully acknowledge funding support from National Social Science Foundation Grant (12&ZD175) and Huaqiao Huaqiao University’s Academic Project Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univers­ ities (15SKGC-QG09) Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to Ms. Sun Lian for offering us much help and support during the whole process of translation and publication Our deep-felt thanks also go to our dear families Without their omnipresent support, encouragement and love, we could not have finished this translation work Introduction This is a collection of eight translated papers originally written in Chinese The earliest original paper was published in 1992 and the latest one in 2004 The time spans over a decade During the past two decades, the original works have had considerable influence in China’s linguistic circle These works are the most widely distributed and highly cited among more than 100 papers written by the author According to the latest (2014) statistics of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the total citations of the original author amount to 3600, and the H-Index is 33 In terms of successive publications, on the basis of the original papers, the following five related monographs (in Chinese) have been published in recent years: (1) Cognition-based Studies on Chinese Computational Linguistics (Yuan Yulin, 2008) Beijing: Peking University Press (2) A Handbook of Classification of the Parts of Speech in Chinese (Yulin Yuan, 2009) Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press (3) Studies on Chinese Nominal Valency Grammar (Yulin Yuan, 2010) Beijing: The Commercial Press (4) Cognitive Studies and Fuzzy Classification of the Parts of Speech in Chinese (Yulin Yuan, 2010) Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press (5) Self-selected Papers by Well-known Middle-aged Linguists Yuan Yulin (Yuan Yulin, 2013) Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press The eight selected original papers constitute the core of these five monographs With regard to the papers, the monographs either provide further exemplification (e.g., Cognition-based Studies on Chinese Computational Linguistics and Studies on Chinese Nominal Valency Grammar) or make thorough application (e.g., A Handbook of Classification of the Parts of Speech in Chinese and Cognitive Studies and Fuzzy Classification of the Parts of Speech in Chinese) Apparently, the original papers still maintain its academic excellence and vitality, since they are the guidelines of the successive studies The grammatical studies as conducted in the original papers have four aspects of academic values They have focused on the characteristics of the Chinese language, inherited the academic traditions in Chinese grammar, adopted widely-accepted cognitive and empirical approaches, and employed the Container metaphor, set metaphor and the image schema  261 STREET is the container, WANDER is the content, and WANDER (take place) is-on the STREET; There exists a STREET, all WANDER actions are on this STREET; STREET has many sub-spaces; WANDER has many sub-sets; Each of the sub-spaces on the STREET has some WANDER actions (taking place there) Finally, let us deal with the set metaphor The image schema of the set metaphor is composed of the whole schema, the component parts and the configuration which reflects how different components are combined into a whole On this basis, if the computational analysis of the container metaphor presented above is adopted, and various components of the set are regarded as separate containers, then, the set metaphor can be transformed into a set of container metaphors and the contents of each container would become a set of discrete contents In this way, for the set metaphor, we may formalise the syntactic form into the semantic expression, which in turn can be converted into a system of algorithmic rules For example, (75) a quán shēn shānghén 身 伤痕 全 whole body wounds ‘wounds all over the body’ dānwèi zhígōng c quán 全 单位 职工 whole unit worker ‘all the workers in the unit” (76) a quán shēn de shānghén 身 的 伤 全 whole body DE wound ‘wounds on the whole body’ c quán dānwèi de zhígōng 全 单位 的 职工 whole unit DE worker ‘workers in the whole unit’ (77) a quán shēn shì shānghén 身 是 伤痕 全 whole body be wound ‘The whole body is covered with wounds.’ c *quán dānwèi shì zhígōng *whole unit be worker *全 单位 是 职工 ‘the whole unit is workers’ b d b d b d quán shēn dà hàn 全 身 大汗 whole body sweat ‘sweat all over the body’ quán shìjiè rénkǒu 全 世界 人口 whole world population ‘the world’s population’ quán shēn de dà hàn 全 身 的 大汗 whole body DE sweat ‘sweat all over the body’ quán shìjiè de rénkǒu 全 世界 的 人口 whole world DE population ‘the population of the entire world’ quán shēn shì dà hàn 全 身 是 大汗 whole body be sweat ‘The whole body is covered with sweat.” *quán shìjiè shì rénkǒu *whole world be population *全 世界 是 人口 ‘the whole world is population’ Except for some minute differences, the meanings of a-, b-, c- and d-series in (75)-(77) are equivalent For the sake of convenience, they are formulated as S4: ‘quán + NP1 + (de/shì +) NP2’ If we combine the methods we are using to 262  Word order and lexical co-occurrence formalise the container metaphor, we can formulate the semantic interpretation rule for S4 as follows: if: quán + NP1 + (de/shì +) NP2; then: {i ‘NP1’ is-a-set-of CONTAINERS, ‘NP2’ is-a-set-of CONTENTS; ‘NP2’ is-in ‘NP1’; ii ∃y, ∀x [is-in (x, y)] → x = ‘NP2’, y = ‘NP1’; iii CONTAINERS is-a SET which consists of many SUB-SET, i.e., y = y1 + y2 +  .  + yn; iv CONTENTS is-a SET which consists of many SUB-SET, i.e., x = x1 + x2 +  .  + xn; v ∀yi, ∃xi [has (yi, xi)] → xi ∈ ‘NP2’, yi ∈ ‘NP1’, i = 1, 2,  . ., n; vi λ (x1 + x2 +  .  + xn) [is-in (x1, y1) & is-in (x2, y2) &  . . & is-in (xn, yn)]; vii Σx = x1 + x2 +  .  + xn} This rule is referred to as R4 If the instance quán dānwèi (de) zhígōng (全单位 [的]职工, ‘the workers in the whole unit’) is inserted into R4, then the following semantic expression M4 can then be generated: UNIT is a set of containers, WORKERS is a set of contents, and WORKERS is in UNIT; There exists a UNIT, and all WORKERS are in this UNIT; UNIT has many sub-sets (i.e., departments); WORKERS has many sub-sets; Each of the sub-set in the UNIT has a sub-set of WORKERS; The totality of WORKERS sub-sets in every UNIT sub-set is WORKERS IN THE WHOLE UNIT Although R4 seems indirect, it adequately captures the semantic features of quán (全, ‘whole’) Notes Based on supportive evidence like mǎn shìjiè (满世界, ‘the full world’), Chu (1996: 340) concludes that, for a number of abstract nouns, if they occur with mǎn (满, ‘full’), their semantic ranges would be shrunken This is a provisional change in the lexical meaning We also confirm this conclusion, e.g., shìjiè (世界, ‘world’) also has the sense of ‘a place’ or ‘a position’ The proper sense of qí (齐) is zhěngqí (整齐, ‘orderly’) and yīzhì (一致, ‘consistent’) Later, it has other senses, e.g., yītóng (一同, ‘together’), yīqí (一齐, ‘all together’), tóngděng (同等, ‘equal’) and qíquán (齐全, ‘complete’) Consider the examples below (taken from Wang et al 1993: 223), (a) fū wù zhī bù qí wù zhī qíng yě 夫 物 之 不 齐， 物 之 情 也。 MOD creature ZHI not equal creature ZHI disposition YE disposed to be (Mencius: Tengwen Wang I) (b) qí 齐 chàng tián zhōng gē 唱 田 中 歌。 field middle song together sing That creatures are not equal is what creatures are They sang songs together in the middle of the field (Liu, 2001/Tang Dynasty) MOD creature ZHI equal creature not ZHI disposition YE disposed to be (Mencius: Tengwen Wang I) equal is what creatures are Container metaphor, set metaphor and the image schema  263 (b) qí 齐 chàng tián zhōng gē 唱 田 中 歌。 field middle song together sing (c) yǔ They sang songs together in the middle of the field (Liu, 2001/Tang Dynasty) tiān dì xī bǐ shòu 与 天 地 兮 比 寿， to heaven earth MOD compare xī qí guāng 兮 齐 光。 MOD keep up with brightness life span With the heaven and the earth, I compare to their life span; rì yuè 与 日 月 to sun moon with the sun and the moon, I keep up with their brightness (Qu, 2010/ Warring States Period: 115) (d) jiā qī bié zài chūn shān lǐ 佳 期 别 在 春 山 里， goodbye in Spring mountain good season yǔ rénshēng wǔ yè qí 人参 五 叶 齐。 ginseng five leaves all present inside Say goodbye to the spring mountain in the best season, yīng shì 应 是 should be when the five leaves of ginsengs have grown to their full stretch (Han, 2001/Tang Dynasty) With regard to the six categories of Chinese characters such as ideogram and pictogram, please refer to Qiu (1990: 110–150, 151–178) It is worth mentioning that Shen Pei (沈培[Shěn Péi]) does not think that Xu (Eastern Han Dynasty) offers a convincing explanation for the character liǎng (两, ‘two’) (in a personal communication with the author) In addition, liǎng (两) is also regarded as being composed of two bǐng (丙), which is a pictogram of the thigh of a horse Two horses were commonly used to drive a carriage in ancient times, so liǎng (两) was used as a unit of carriage Wang (1957/1980) points out that shuāng (双, ‘pair’) is rarely seen in the Pre-Qin Era: there is only one case found in The Book of Poetry, one in Mencius, and none is found in Xunzi References Allwood, J., L G Andersson and O Dahl (1977) 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Social Sciences Press Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) Xiàndài Hànyǔ Yǔfǎ Yánjiū (现代汉语语法研究, Studies in Mandarin Chinese Grammar) Beijing: The Commercial Press Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1982) Yǔfǎ Jiǎngyì (语法讲义, Lecture Notes on Grammar) Beijing: The Commercial Press Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1983) Zìzhǐ zhuǎnzhǐ: hànyǔ míngcíh biāojì ‘de, zhě, zhī, suǒ’ de yǔfǎ gōngnéng yǔyì gōngnéng (自指和转指:汉语名词化标记“ 的、者、之、所”的语法功能和语义功能, Self-designation and trans-designation: Grammatical functions and semantic functions of the Chinese nominalization markers “de”, “zhe”, “zhi” and “suo”) Fāngyán (方言, Dialects) (1) Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1985a) ‘De’ zì jù pànduàn jù (“的”字句和判断句, The de-sentence and the copular sentence) In Zhu (1985c: 125–150) Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1985b) Hànyǔ jùfǎ zhōng de qí xiànxiàng (汉语句法 中的歧义现象, Ambiguities in Chinese syntax) In Zhu (1985c: 169–192) Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1985c) Yǔfǎ Wèndá (语法问答, Questions and Answers in Grammar) Beijing: The Commercial Press Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1990a) Zìzhǐ zhuǎnzhǐ (自指和转指, Self-designation and trans-designation) In Zhu (1990c: 55–84) Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1990b) Xiàndài shūmiàn hànyǔ lǐ de xūh dòngcí míngdòngcí (现代书面汉语里的虚化动词和名动词, Grammaticalised verbs and nominal verbs in written Mandarin Chinese) In Zhu (1990c: 114–124) Zhu, D X (朱德熙[Zhū Dé-Xī]) (1990c) Yǔfǎ Cónggǎo (语法丛稿, Papers on Grammar) Shanghai: Shanghai Education Publishing House Index action verb 131 adjective: bi-syllabic 85–6; descriptive, distinctive 85–8; monosyllablic 85–6; see also attributive accusative case 149, 153 agent-patient relation 132, 136 Allwood, J. 223 ambiguity 14, 18, 32, 42; see also ambiguity index ambiguity index 43–4 Anderson, R. J 243, 249 AP + de 85–7; see also de-construction appellative function 203 appositive relation 28 assertion 12–13 attribute 40–1, 54, 215; global, local 54; strong, weak 52 attributive 4, 201; appositional 91; bound 201, 203–4, 205–9, 225; clause 196; combinatory 201–4, 209, 211; complex 212–15; descriptive 86; distinctive 86–90; English 216; multiple 201, 206; non-appositional 141; order of 201, 205, 214–15, 225–6; possessive 211–13; relation 77; salient 204 attributive-head construction 17, 28 bă-construction 61 Bai, S. 106 bèi-construction 61 Beijing dialect 164, 178, 191, 197 Benthem, J van 59 Best, B. J. 256 bi-functional constituent 191 breadth-first search strategy 216; see also depth-first search strategy case grammar 36, 96 Chafe grammar 36 Chao, Y. R 2, 122, 217, 221, 247 Chen, Q. Z. 203 Chu, Z. X 228–9, 231, 262 classifier 14, 157, 201, 247 clause complex 181, 225 cognition 4, 38, 65–6; -based approach 2, 256 cognitive: access 222; analysis 5; approach 5; difficulties 225; dimension 65–6; explanation 201, 219; interpretation 38, 256; level 256; mechanism 4, 242; model 4; organism 66; perspective 66, 201; process 3, 38; processing 4, 216; strategy 215–16; structure 4, 216 cognitive linguist 242 cognitive sciences 2 Collins, M. A. 41 comment 145; clause 181; see also topic comparative item 57–8, 82 comparative object 57–8 complex combinatory construction 209 computational analysis 4, 256–7, 261 Comrie, B 60, 142 conceptual: container 242; independency 203; network 41; structure 203–4, 236; whole 203 container metaphor 5, 227, 243; form 237–8; inside-outside relation 242; psychological representation 242; transform 261 container schema 243 content word 184 contrastive focus 141–2 contrastive function 147–8 conversational implicature 64 convertibility 66 core case 153; see also semantic case data structure 201; see also information structure de, the morpheme 3, 69, 89–96, 139, 201, 211; grammatical function 69, 89–91; semantic function 69, 89–93 Index  273 de-construction 3, 40, 43–5, 70, 82–9; adjectival 87; self-designative 29, 103; trans-designative 44 deductive approach 96 deep structure 36 dependency grammar 36 dependent item 3, 15, 31, 35, 37 depth-first search strategy 216 descriptive relation 80 designation 12–13 direct icon 250 direct object 151–2 di-valent adjective 125, 135 di-valent intransitive verb 134 di-valent noun 9; notion/feeling 11–14, 27–29; semantic structure 3, 11; valent structure 11 di-valent verb 9 downgraded: object 14, 31; subject 3, 14, 31 downgraded predication 3, 9–11, 31, 37, 40, 71, 79 empty category 142–5 entity noun 41, 48, 54, 65 equivalent-NP deletion 156 experiencer 75, 93, 145; see also kernel case; nomative case; semantic case Fan, J. Y 85, 97, 149 Fan, K. T. 43 Feng, C. T. 97 Fillmore, C. J 36, 41, 76; see also case grammar frequency: occurrence 221; re-occurrence 221 Fu, L 250–5 function word 178–84 Furukawa, Y. 28 Geeraers, D. 236 Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar 36 gestalt psychology 63 grammaticalisation 4, 160; degree 191–3; topic (structure) 178–84 graphic design 255, 255 Guo X. L. 115 Guo X. W. 197 Haiman, J. 236 He, L. S. 99 identity deletion 150–1 image 66, 242–3; literary 248, 255; see also imagery imagery 203–4; mental 242, 256 image schema 4, 227, 242–4, 248; container metaphor 249, 256; lexical sense 255; set metaphor 261 imperative sentence 218 imperativisation 155 implicit predicate 3, 69–73, 76, 87, 89, 97 implicit predication 57 implying case 93 indexical expression 219 index term 41 indirect icon 250 indirect object 152; topicalised 152 inductive research 96 information 215; amount of 201, 215, 216, 217, 220–2, 225–6; given 123; grammatical 11; intensional logic 59; linguistic 216; load 214; new 123, 145; perceptual 249; processing 215, 222, 226; theory 4, 201, 215, 216; transfer 54; structure 201 interrogative 104; marker 218; modal particle 217; selective 99 intransitive verb 124–5 Jeng, H. 142 Johnson, M. 242 kernel case 3, 93; see also semantic case kinship noun 40–3 Lakoff, G. 242 Langendoen 142–5, 150 law of excluded middle 222 law of semantic conservation 65 Levinson, S. C 41, 64, 108 lexical functional grammar 36 Li, N. C. 121 light verb 20–6 Lin, T. 197 Liu, D. Q 106, 178 locative: absolute 219; case 144; relative 219 Loftus, F. E. 41 logical ellipsis 50 Lü, S. X 17, 93, 109, 131 Lyons, J. 108 memory mechanism 70 mental scheme 203; see also imagery mental situation 203 metaphorical analysis 238 metaphorical expression 2, 256 method-centred 96–7 modal adverb 218 274 Index modal particle 4, 217–18; attitude, emotion, imperative, interrogative, tense 217–19 modal verb 221–5 mono-valent adjective 85 mono-valent noun 3, 38, 40–1, 56, 65, 139; ambiguity 42; body part 46–8; default 45, 55; discourse understanding 62; implied 3; sentence pattern 56 mono-valent predicate 85 mono-valent verb 9 N 3, 11, 71; sentence pattern 18; V[+HOLD] 27; see also di-valent noun neural level 256 nominalisation 91; marker 69, 91 nominal representation 98, 103 nominal verb (NV) 13, 25–6, 31 non-monotonic logic 38, 54 non-valent: noun 81; verb 122 NP + de 73, 81, 89, 97; see also de-construction object clause 136, 192 object-fronting 129 one-pair schema 5, 248–55 opposite item 4, 206, 214–15, 226 oxidisation 26–7 oxidisation-reduction 26 partitive noun 41 part-whole relation 66, 245 passivisation 155–6 patient 145, 149; see also accusative, semantic case peripheral case 93, 153; dative, instrumental 93, 149; see also semantic case personal name 216 perspective focus 41 phonetic variant 197 phrase structure grammar 36, 96 physical verb 47 pied-piping movement 103–7, 116 possessive relation 44, 77 pragmatic omission 97 pragmatic rule 88–9 predicate ellipsis 76, 99; see also implicit predicate primary subject 121, 127, 141–4 principle of economy 76 principle of explicitness 76 problem-centred 97 problem-solution space 215–16 problem space 215–16 proform 72–3; nominal 72; predicative 73 pronominalisation 42–3; 154–5 pronominal reference 4; fluctuation 98, 113–18 pronoun 3–4; anaphoric 145; cataphoric 187; deictic use 108; demonstrative 107, 213–14; distal 107, 214; empty 145; filled-in 132; indicative 111; interrogative; personal 111; predicative 73; proximal 107, 214; referential use 108; reflexive 156; third-person 108, 113 proper noun 14 property noun 40–1, 48 prototype noun 41 psychological: base 242; gap 65; reality 71, 97; representation 242 Qiu, X. G. 250 quasi subject-predicate construction 15 reasoning by default 3, 38, 54, 64 reduction 26 reference noun 41 referential rule 3; de-construction 82–9; NP + de 73, 81–2, 96 reflexivisation 155–6 register: hyper-, possessive, temporal, spatial 176 relation verb 131 relative case 125 result 75; see also semantic case salient property 204 schematic analysis 5, 238, 243, 251 Schimid, J. J. 242 secondary subject 121, 143 selective restriction 78, 80 self-designative 3; VP + de 28; the morpheme de 69 semantic accessibility 223–5 semantic activation 45, 55 semantic case 3, 35, 75–6, 145; see also core case; peripheral case; situational case semantic: immediacy 218–19; implication 3, 97; paradigm 4, 214, 221; reference 91 sensory verb 46 sentence: comparative 57, 82; complexpredicate 56–7; contrastive 166; couplet 255; declarative 104, 218; doubleobject 132–3, 152; imperative 218; interrogative 104, 218; nominal-predicate 54, 56–7; subject-predicate (S-P) 4, 121, 129, 134, 138, 150–2, 157, 185, 191; Index  275 subject-predicate-object 129–31; subjectpredicate predicate (S-P predicate) 4, 121, 129, 134, 138, 141–2, 157–8; topic 183, 191; topic-progression 166 serialisation 155 serial-modal-verb construction 201 serial-predicate construction 128 set metaphor 4–5, 227, 231, 243–8, 261 set schema 244 Shannon, C. E. 214 Shen, J. X 142, 203 Shen Pei 263 Shi, D. X 181, 197 situational case 93, 122, 144–5, 149, 153; locative, temporal 93, 122, 145; see also semantic case Solso, L. R. 256 spreading activation 3, 41, 70 spreading-activation theory 38 stranding object 130, 157 subject-prominent language 121 surface structure 36, 150 syntactic deletion 3, 97 syntactic gap 87, 97, 142 syntactic rule 89 temporal adverb 218 temporal word 220–1; absolute, continuous, discontinuous, relative 220; see also semantic case textualisation of sentence 4, 178, 184, 191 textual structure 183–5, 196; see also information structure Thompson, S. A. 121 topic 4, 121, 176–8, 196–7; Chinese 4, 121, 160, 193, 197; clause 181–2; dangling 197; enumerative 167; introducer 172; marked 142; marker 160–4, 186, 191, 197; pragmatic 142; primary 129; secondary 129, 184; sentence 191; sub- 142; tertiary 192 topicalisation 103, 141–2, 150–4; movement 148; syntactic constituent 178, 185, 187 topical restriction 123 topic-comment structure 4, 121, 142, 157–8, 183–5; see also topic structure topic-NP deletion 147 topic-progression sentence 166 topic-prominent language 121, 187, 178; see also subject-prominent language topic structure 3–4, 141; appositional 178; argument-co-referential 173, 176; Beijing dialect 173, 193; chained 178; Chinese 121, 145, 150; copying 176; duplicative 178, 194; English 145; multi- 146–9; register 176; sub- 149 trans-designative 3; de-construction 44; the morpheme de 69 transformational-generative grammar 36, 91, 96 transformational relation 12–3 transitive verb 33 Tsao, F. 150 two-half schema 5, 248–55 Ungerer, F. 242 universe of discourse 231; see also world valency: excessive 150, 153–4; grammatical 3, 66; lexical 35, 65; nominal 2, 9, 36–7, 63–5; verbal 9, 31, 43–4, 154 valency grammar 96 valent donor 37; see also dependent item valent inheritance 33 valent noun 28–9, 33, 44, 87; see also di-valent noun; mono-valent noun; nonvalent noun validity 260 verbal noun (VN) 30, 34 verb-noun compound (Vt∩) 33 verb-object construction 26–7, 137 verb serialization 155–6 VP + de 75, 82–4, 89–96; see also de-construction Wang, H. J. 94 Wang, L 103, 115, 240 Weaver, W. 214 whole schema 5, 243–8, 261 word complex 106 word order 3–4, 184, 201, 216, 225 world 222–3, 231; conditional 222–3; exterior 236; faith, general 222–3; ideal, individual 223; ordinary, possible 222–3; projected 236; public, special 223; willing 222–3 world knowledge 36–7, 63–4; real- 237 Xu, J. L 106, 108, 178, 142–5, 150 Yang, B. J. 99 Zhang, B. J 166, 197 Zhu D. X 9, 13–6, 26–9, 43–4, 57, 69–75, 82, 89–93, 152, 201, 217 ... theoretical contribution The collection covers the core of his engagement with Chinese language studies, ranging from lexical exploration to grammatical discussion Cognition- Based Studies on Chinese Grammar. .. Partitive Constructions in Mandarin Chinese Jing Jin Syntax-Phonology Interface Argumentation from Tone Sandhi in Chinese Dialects Hongming Zhang Cognition- Based Studies on Chinese Grammar Yulin YUAN.. .Cognition- Based Studies on Chinese Grammar Introducing the English translation of eight selected research articles originally written in Chinese by Professor Yulin Yuan, Cognition- Based Studies