Vol 11 No JANtJARY' 1929 10 Cents EUOLOnON Monthly, $1 per year UnderiuooJ Entered anil UiiJvrwooJ as second class matter at New York, N Y., Jan 7, 1928 Evolution Publ Corp., 96-5th Ave., N Y Page EVOLUTION Two January, 1929 The Origin of Man from the Anthropoid Stem and Where? When {From Bicentenary Number American Philosophical of By PROFESSOR OSBORN WILLIAM has recently argued that for more than one million years past our ancestors have been erect-walking, large-brained, speaking men, not human genus fering in essentials from the of to-day horses, man's antiquity and of his aloof- — artifice of rhetoric to discredit the idea; but scientists of world-wide reputation have also striven either to secure a verdict of "not alibi for And now proven" or a decision at quite adverse to the claims of the anthropoid tribe to the place of honor as man's next of kin Specific- he holds that these animals "constitute a separate ally, branch of the great division of primates, not only inferior to the HominidjE but totally disconnected from the human family from its earliest infancy." duty to mute was it to remind hominem esse." I conceive it as my hard remind mankind that these poor relations of ours, witnesses of the past, are still with us and that the evidence of our lowly origin can hardly be waved aside general are zoological relationships, at first, almost inconceivable antiquity of epoch is we may man as an inde- forget that the Pliocene easily next to the nearest to us of a long line of geologic epochs, most of which are than the Pliocene itself If we many known times longer accept Barrell's estimates based on the rate of disintegration of uranium into lead and helium, we find that even the Lower Pliocene is only some six million years distant from us, while the beginning of the Eocene is set down as some sixty million years ago And what is this in turn, compared with the 700 millions of years since the beginning of the Palaeozoic? At most, the superior line human race has then been proved to of its own for less than one hundredth be a it lines, converg- But because horses of the horse to e.g ideas of the antiquity in years of all creatures has been greatly expanded ? Partly because the amount of evolution since Pliocene first sight to have been very slight and because evolution in the horses, proboscideans, and many other families has usually been extremely slow through- out the Tertiary period, lution in man it might be suspected that evoman will be has been equally slow and that proved to be distinct from other families the families of horses, separate from each other; that as far back as proboscideans, rhinoceroses, is, as far back Eocene epoch However, primitive horses, with undiminished etc., as at least the side toes and short-crowned teeth, in general characteristic of the Oligocene epoch, persist in the Miocene, side by side with more progressive long-crowned it is concentrate our attention on the evidence for the, is the rhinoceros and the tapir, really altered because our but pendent family, the geologic epochs themselves extend as and asses may have been on separate lines far longer than was formerly thought are they in reality any less nearly And in related to each other than they were before? lineage we if millions of years as they are supposed to do, ing only at extremely distant points? on the ground of the length and aloofness of our own If these groups appears at first lengthened into clusters of nearly parallel royalty te all any wonder that the old "phylogenetic trees" have been vv-ere But, like the slave in the classical story whose unpleasant and doubtless risky duty "Memento many times appears at down mon- pigs, In other words, sight to be surprisingly slight to establish mankind Professor Osborn hands bears, mammals of evolution that has apparently taken place the from other mammals has called forth more than one expression of thankfulness that the much maligned human race has at last been freed by anthropological science from a degrading sense of kinship with apes and monkeys repulsive creatures whose very names in ancient and modern times have been used in contempt and derision This bar sinister in man's reputed pedigree has been viewed with horror by many anti-evolutionists, who have sought by every other since Pliocene times in ness first sight amount many dif- However, vista of rhinoceroses, elephants, tapirs, apes and keys, great apes This immense LXI'I, 1927) Vol GREGORY K and contrasting profoundly with the arboreal or semi-arboreal a complete Society's Proceedings, families teeth, with leading to reduced modern side horses toes and So, too, generally recognized that certain groups have changed little during enormous reaches of geologic time, while others have become profoundly specialized during the same Among period down the mammals, the opossum has come to us with only slight modifications in the dentition from the primitive marsupials of the Upper Cretaceous family of horses, on the other hand, during the same period underwent intensive modifications In view of all this, where is the direct evidence that the evolution of man has proceeded at approximately the same average rate as that of the horse and his congeners, and that the two families date back equally far in geologic time? The Before taking up the direct palaeontological evidence on this matter, let us consider several lines of indirect evidence man and ape had parted company long ago as did part If of the time that bivalve molluscs have been separate from tapir univalves or sponges from corals have made their molar patterns far more different from each other than those of tapir and horse, whereas the con- Man is not the only was already mammal of the Pliocene epoch that substantially like his Palaeontologists have shown modern representatives same is true of the that the and as horse, their relatively higher instability should is the fact This assuredly adds weight to the argument that the kinship of man to the chimpanzee is trary EVOLUTION Janlarv, 1929 tar closer than that of the tapir to the horse, separation of the first pair was a much and that the later event than Page Three cording to the well established principle of adaptive radia- common atter the descendants of an ancient tion, stock from the ancestral life-zone to a new one, their whole locomotor skeleton becomes adapted to the new pass the separation of the second pair Those who oppose Darwin's conclusion that man is an from the anthropoid stem must attribute to "parallelism" the numerous resemblances between the anthropoid dentition and that of man, notwithstanding the older environment and contrasting widely with each the fact that these resemblances persist in spite of the pro- other in their modes of locomotion, offshoot found differences in diet between the prevailingly frugi- vorous apes and the prevailingly carnivorous-herbivorous But man if the very numerous detailed and fundamental mode of It life well is mind contrast in their as did toward centralizing the there for using quite similar dental resemblances and differences for uniting and distinguishing the members elephants and odd-toed hoofed animals of the families of In judging the interrelationships of the common members of any large group the evidence derived from the dentition should of course be supplemented and checked wherever possible adaptations the maximum much the same ancestors, differ from horse tendencies which are already axis of the foot, clearly visible in the tapir, have been carried to the ex- treme And it will be shown the striking difference of the ? show in the fact that in the resemblances between anthropoid dentition and that of is new limbs, whereas the horse and the their remote man what warrant that these continuing to use their limbs in tapir, way each other chiefly are due to parallelism, known tend to cover-up and obscure the characters inherited from the chimpanzee, hypothesis that its it origin presently that in spite of human foot from that of perfectly explicable on the is has been derived from the foot of a primitive anthropoid type by a definite change of function involved in the abandonment of arboreal sumption of bipedal running The striking difference between thropoids and that of man life and the as- habits the has led Sir foot of the an- Ray Lankester and others to regard the evolutionary gap between anthropoids and man as equally profound and has been the principal This objection to Darwin's theory of the origin of man brings us to the very kernel of the whole question, namely, was man's place in nature correctly determined by win, Huxley and Haeckel; is he still Dar- definitely the next of kin to the anthropoid stock, or does he represent an entirely independent group of unknown origin and rela- tionships? (Prof Gregory's answer to this question will appear in our next number) Fig Skeleton of right fore limb of A, Tapir ; B, Horse; C Man {I'eddah) C and after Sarasin D Chimpanzee; D, by the characters observed in other parts of the body, and feet Let us apply whether chimpanzee and man are more nearly allied in structure than tapir and horse Fig will enable the reader to compare the forearm and hand of chimpanzee an^ man on the one hand and of especially the skeleton of the limbs this test to tapir Is as to and horse on the other the difference in the forearm and hand of chimpan- zee and tapir our inquiry man anywhere and horse? Here nearly so profound as that between the evidence suggests that even on the assumption of equal changes in equal times, chimpanzee and man have not been separated nearly so long as have tapir and horse, and again it will be noted that this greater resemblance between chimpanzee sists in spite of the marked and man per- difference in their habits The differences between the hind limbs and feet of chimpanzee and man, while very conspicuous, are on the whole not nearly so great as the differences between the hind limbs and feet of tapir and horse (Fig 2) Ac- Fig Skeleton of right hind limb of A, Tapir; B, Horse; C, Chimpanzee; D Man EVOLUTION Page Four — How Brains January, 1929 Come? By Allan Strong Broms V MAN'S big advantage over his fellow animals He ability got from that the babies is his adapt- Paradoxically, helped him by being helpless They did the finest job of brain building ever for man's is not only bigger, but really different Yet it grew out of the animal brain and certainly they — was not a special creation — The animals meaning the They are born that way For and herited animals — act instinct instincts are just race habits, in- Being on hand at birth, they need not young to start off living fullOur babies can't that; but they can learn Grown fit need if the animal up, they beat the world Our babies are helpless for lack of the self-preservative inThat sounds like a handicap, but it's an asset, if there — stincts But how change? One of through the survival of such By two ways children, natural selection grand-children, great- grand-children, great-great-grand-children, and so on, that happer — happen — to vary towards fitness to the new times and Either that way, or through the adaptable mind, that can learn how now, that can train to in new ways and think out solutions for new problems The animals, instinct guided, just places win in the gamble for survival if their evolution beats the en- vironmental changes Man by training and invention beats them all through quick changes, For that he must thank the babies For the baby (protected by parents), can start off with a clean mental slate He is not cluttered up with wrong answers, with out-of-date instincts that served the simple jungle needs of his ancestors, but can never meet the complex needs of our human lives The clumsy and inarticulate baby can almost nothing to start with, but potentially he is a Jack-of-all-trades He starts as a squirming bundle of waste motions, kicks, gurgles, wails, and waving arms There are lots of motions to pick from and some prove useful (pleasurable) and survive through repetition — The others lapse through disuse or are suppressed as in the way skill to the survivors, for practice makes perfect These acquired habits are ruts like instincts, but we make Repetition gives -/ hiiniile of ivasle motions and unbound capacities fit needs present and we can change them Once acquired, they serve as the mind's private secretary, attending to routine details and leaving the big boss mind For in also, the his He new problems tackle — through responds with In instinctively to human mind invents solutions for problems Not He is all primed to act, not to think Something world touches him stimulus his ears, world, jungle he touch — —trigger-quick nose, eyes, automatic action who hesitates is lost Man's world is fairly free from such dangers, but full of complex problems, and many apparent solutions, some right, some wrong So he must choose and combine acts and means in new ways to In his world, he who does not hesitate and get new results think inventively are parents around to substitute at preserving from hunger, cold and danger With parents on the job, instincts are superfluous and only tie us to ways of our ancestors, ways once good in their time and place, since natural selection picked them for race habits, but now out-of-date For the world has moved and new problems face us Our ancestral ways have turned to handicaps and must be done over for present fitness to for they are less deeply rooted be, so the beast's by all set to go be learned and they fledged other them ourselves — — is lost For such thinking and doing, man training, true facts about his world, and what he can with it, needs a lot of facts what he may expect and trained skill in his and of it many, So much learning needs a lot of tim« for educatime free from the cares of serious labor and living Childhood, under parental care, gives that carefree time With diverse doings tion, may average us it at living — which — sixteen to twenty years — good practice -and and soak up lots of useful is when we can play experiment with this we settle down to business Through this period of "schooling" we get human adaptability, our big lead on the other animals You and that • • facts, before can almost measure the adaptive intelligence of any animal by the length of its infancy The mammal mother, nursing her baby, watching over it, playing with it, took a big step forward towards better brains And because our babies start off with just enough instincts to get by with under parental care and take so long in growing up, we ourselves finish up well informed, skillful and resourceful, able to make so much of the world into which we come We take more time getting ready, so we a better job The babies really handy made of course with the help of better us, and improved brain connections and other good aids to body and brain Also they made u& over, gave us parental and family feelings, the real bonds of matrimony being baby ribbons That made a fine foundation for the other social sentiments which followed and made us all a lot easier to live with Brain and so-called soul, we owe them largely to the babies seeing eyes, The free hands, next article will be on "The Inside of the Brain Works" -Courtesy Billv Katterfeld EVOLUTION January, 1929 Page Five Rulers of the Ancient Seas By FREDERIC A LUCAS Honorary Director, American Museum JUST as Greece, days in the we Carthage and call old, so, Rome in turn ruled the seas long before the advent of man, the seas were ruled by successive races of creatures now whose bones For a time armor-clad fishes held undisputed sway; then their reign was ended by the coming of the sharks, who in turn gave way lie scattered over the bed of the Mediterranean the to the iish-lizards, the Though fifty feet liberally long, they not merit the adjective "gigantic" so bestowed upon them They were of many species of assorted sizes tilian Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs they were big for reptiles and some were real giants, The smaller Ichthyosaurs were, so to speak, rep- porpoises, but provided with four useful of just two, in addition to a powerful tail paddles instead whose shape and use were long unsolved problems This long tail was bent at a sharp angle to the backbone and this was taken to mean the HO^rtflC-'jiSSrij"- • of Natural History Page EVOLUTION Six Man With Him Carries His Past By ON January, 1929 CLEVELAND SYLVESTER SIMKINS body of a man insides In the same body that showed such strange condition of the muscles the vermiform appendix was very long and coiled, and about as big around as a lead pencil Usually in man it is but The muscles on the belly and chest differ from the great run The straight belly muscle instead of ending at the of men lower border of the breast bone runs to the root of the neck and blends with the muscle leading from collar bone to back two or three inches long In this case it was fully six, yet showed Why is it sometimes no evidence of any function whatever Why is it absent in man, usually so small, and here so large? Merely to plague the life of man? By no present at all? This condition occurs once or twice per hundred Very few physicians ever see it, since they usually disSo it is only the trained sect but one body in their entire career student in the structure of the human body that asks and tries How came such variation to be? to answer the question: The easiest way to answer the question would be to call it a whim of providence But the scientific student will look for One is an injury He finds no scars, no tough possible cause means a slab before Several me the partly dissected lies about things this immediately body upon the human attention of one accustomed lo looking the attract head of people bundles of repair tissue; so he discards the injury suggestion Another is faulty development Can this be a reversion to an ancestral condition ? muscles on the belly of the lizard run from the pelvis to the lower jaw in a continuous series, very much like the muscles of the body on the table before me, suggesting the pos- The sibility that this is a reversion If the straight belly muscle is examined in any normal man, does over the dissecting be found running across it These strips did not just happen to be there There's a reason It is found in the reptiles In reptiles the belly muscles are separated into a series of Ribs on segments, with ribs separating the muscular bundles Exactly And these ribs gradually disappear as the the belly? and carefully closely four table, reptiles strips of dissector the as will gristle transform into mammals But in their place left is Mankind, without exception, shows Monkeys and apes also show the same remote stock these marks of that they too reptilian came from All aids them in the absorption and digestion of herbs and grasses Animals that live upon flesh have a very simple digestive tract in comparison, with no vermiform appendix, or one much reduced In the orang, a fruit eater, the appendix is long and It In the gorilla, living as in the cadaver just dissected upon herbs and fruits with a minimum of flesh, there is a long and spiral appendix The chimpanzee, however, whose food more closely resembles that of man, has a relatively short ap- coiled, pendix The function of the appendix seems to have been connected with the digestion of herbs and fruits As the diet changes, so does structure and form of the appendix Man, who eats everything, and most of that cooked, has very little need for the appendix, and nature is slowly getting rid of the useless structure In some individuals she succeeds in eliminating it entirely, in others she only reduces it, while in still others with a strong tendency to revert to ancestral type the appendix is correspondingly large The human body a series of strips of gristle as representatives of these ancient ribs origin looked for in the bowels of the lower animals that live upon grass, herbs and fruits have a well developed caecum, corresponding to the appendix function must be Its animals tendency this To to contains over one hundred organs that revert to the type of man's show ancient ancestors each one of them would require a good sized Every one of them illustrates the fact that man has slowly evolved from a very lowly ancestor call attention to book THE GOLDEN LAW By mind and "-/// matter, Tlie Iron 'Twos Law mothered out of spirit, all is of Struggle thus the poet ended Supreme the is Law FRANK GOSLING Of strife, present, past We of Life" The No, nor Mother-love! half the truth won't satisfy the philosophie mind.' surety deesn't follow that If not, he To ought to say it was 'I future, with Einstein knocking round he careful of our ground^ we can't leave strife behind/ — The not." think': the pseudo-scientific misinterpretation sad Kind Darwin He "There never was nor will be from the strife of life surcease" Is too dogmatic while 'The Riddle' plays the mystic Fleece "Time never was when and speak most cautiously, Darwinism, leads of It to Yet, in stanzas five above, He'd never mentioned altruism! Xow, need War! surely guessed the other seems It to Ind fraticide seems mad! we must ape the Ape~ way Humanity might shape never, never preached that be a law of nature, nature shall be fought! to why not turn our human minds to bring life's strife to nought? And thus, in fighting nature, win some peace for Man at least So poet, p'raps, was there? open mind won't dare With yet, perhaps, a modicum for fish and bird and beast use a poet's license thus in ivriting of The days If'lien laws long-lasting may, perchance, have 'worked' in nllier ways ! quibble"? An We early sexless being might have said "there can't be Love, I've made investigation, finding nought but 'Time never W'as when such was not find it Yet talk of Push and Shove.' and, therefore, don't you Maybe, Yes! hard to 'strife', To dwell upon It seems some struggle must remain, think of Life without we think of Pain: unqualified, allows the babe or fool the 'brute' and miss the Strife-won Golden Rule! sec This tiling called Love can never, never, never, never be.'" Perpetrated hid Sahretooth, though tasting love of mate and, p'raps of cubs Could hardly dream of oXher-love! rubs! — —And that's just where E it as 1-12-28, by F Gosling, of 23, an attempt to counteract the ton Hall in 'Evolution' far in (Oct thought as he has No effect Newick 1928) upon those offense Ro.id, of the beautiful who have whatever intended! Clapton, London, poem of Coving- not gone quite so EVOLUTION J.AXLARY, 1929 How Long Will the World in the last fifty years as to the past age and probable future of the earth The mathematician «as correct, but the physicist gave him the wrong material for his sum How can he be sure that he now He cannot be has the right material? absolutely sure, room little for but I doubt there how explain will now about is There is a general agreement about the point, and the skepticism of people who know no more about the subject the matter than they know about the arteries of a codas idle as the crackling of thorns fish, is under the pot how long it will life The water of question be fitted to sus- ocean was originally fresh, because its salts are being actually conveyed into it today by the rivers The water itself notoriously evaporates, leaving the salt behind, and returns, with a fresh burden of salt, in the rivers In other words, the proportion of salt in the ocean is steadily increasing, and by analysis of the water of many we rivers can quantity of salt viously, the roundly, ascertain, added is further the to it yearly we go back what Obpast in would be in the a fairly simple mathem- time, the less salt there ocean, and it is determine how far back we must go to find the waters of the earth Somewhere about seventy free from salt atical sura to million years, said the experts There was always a recognized weakness in through estimate this all It supposes that geological time the rivers bore to the sea much the same proportion as they today The same weakness, one may tion, say the same unjustifiable assumplay in the purely geological method American geologists how much have thus cal- of their precious land deposited on the floor of the Atlantic and Pacific every year When the majority working along this line reach- of geologists ed a tween conclusion fifty for the The not very different formation of the stratified rocks of the earth, it seemed impressive fallacy or weakness in both cases suppose that during all geological time the rivers bore, on the average, much the same load of sediment to the seas as they today It is a big assumption in the case of a globe which, as we now is Kelvin radio-active matter (ura- is heat-producing quality of which we realize as an absolute have only to fact in the laboratory nium, thorium, etc.), the We suppose that the interior of the stars is composed of masses of these heavy and unstable metals, and we have, since we know their weight, a source of heat which to know, has had so many ups and downs in the course of its that, on a third well known, this pressure in the is and the effect can be gathered The interior can be calculated, on the material matter in the interior of the sun, state of or even of the earth, beyond the power is of our imagination, but the abstract form- mathematician can penetrate very heart of it, and for those who are interested in these matters the modern analysis of the interior of stars is as imulae of the to the pressive as The it fascinating is energy poured out by the sun every minute or year is known The amount of radio-active matter needed to give off that energy astronomers now say energy is into that lo be converted known The weight of the sun is known Naturally one must not regard this conclusion as "mathematical" in the same sense as the addition of \-our bank-balance is For most of us it is enough that the masters of this branch of science have, total — — after always amusing to listen to the gentleman who prides himself on his common sense and asks us to be skeptical about Most of his these estimates and theories own opinions about cosmogony are inferences drawn by imperfectly educated dervishes from bad translations of forged documents of an age of colossal ignorance; but his opinons are sacred enough to be protected by gunmen if necessary, while he can smile at an opinion laboriously reached by a thousand mathematicians of almost magical skill, profoundly critical judgment, and years of the most learned calculations The mathematician asks the though the two physical astronomer branches are really combined, since every astronomer is a good mathematician what laborious estimates, agreed that the sun will It is — — the probability is active matter exist in the sun not prove it, as We — heavy radio-active metals in the interior of A few grains of uranium notoriously give off heat and other forms of energy, and one has at once a vague idea of the if of this But we have account ; we suppose that billions of material exists in the sun another matter to take into the terrific pressure put upon the mass of the globe of and critical give light and heat to life which a future period on this planet for nearer two hun- is dred million years than one hundred What matters to us conclusion to our the value of this is human outlook on life count our civilization as five or six thousand years old, and it is still so foul We with injustices and stupidities that many wonder occasionally if the human endeavor is not futile: if history is not going to be always a series of advances and retrogressions into Dark Ages On the ovher hand we have the thoughtless crowd and the imperfectly or wrongly educated people who seem incapable of visualizing any higher civilization than ours I As and stars bv the the total weight of am confident much that of this thoughtless attitude could be corrected if minds new conception of the mean- the school planted so deeply in the of pupils this ing of forget life never wholly that they could What it are five thousand years face of this stupendous future of the race? learn a healthy contempt of our own institutions; and by a healthy contempt I mean the sure and steady realization that every institution or idea of in We which we may be proud today like in We may human, but we are the infants tion is child- comparison with the ideas and stitutions of the future not the sun possibility more years probably continue enough to support can- we — tons or ten that vast stores of radio- central matter of the sun life Another mischief was the sun will last for billions of years that there must be vast quantities of the den of sediment the great rivers transfer from the land to the ocean-bottom every is source of and a hundred million years mud and sand and stones to where new strata are formed, and patient investigation can find what bur; culated a — be- The rivers bear year now know enormously more effective and would sustain the temperature of the sun during a period of time twenty times as long as the longest period assigned by is can prove the existence in the sun of oxygen or iron, because our instruments analyze only the glowing surface of the sun But it is an elementary truth of astronomy that the lighter elements remain at the surface of a globe and the heavier elements lie below it is just as natural a process as when you see the stones brought down by a river remain in its bed while sand is taken out to the seashore and the fine mud borne far out to sea and no one with any knowledge of these matters can have any doubt of calculating the age of the earth the sea We theory heat which This source twenty years ago we had three chief ways of determining the age of the earth which is closely connected with the Until tain and quite independent line of reasoning, Lord Kelvin gave a figure for the age oi the sun which seemed to harmonize with, and confirm the geological estimate In those days men could see no substantial source of the heat of the sun and the stars except the compression of the matter composing the'globes, and Kelvin started from this Last? JOSEPH McCABE By have dittered much SCIENTIFIC men Page Seven It of civiliza- has hardly yet begun hundreds of millions of in- be fully Tens years if of scientifically ordered life lie before us —U RUBE: What here Evolution YOKEL: R V Bulletin you think about this ? It's a good idea —but can they enforce it? —American Boy Magazine EVOLUTION Page Eight IDEAS TO CLASH IN EVOLUTION A A Journal of Nature To combat bigotry and superstition and develop the open mind by popularizing natural science clash real Publishing Evolution Corporation York, N Y Telephone: Watkins 7587 L E Katterfeld, Managing Editor Allan Strong Broms, Science Editor One Subscription rate: In lists dollar per year of five or more, fifty cents Foreign subscriptions ten cents extra copy 10c; 20 or more 5c each Single Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at New York, N Y., January 7, 1928, under the Act of March 3, 1879 VOL No II, JANUARY, 1929 CONVENTION REPORTS EVOLUTION goes As this issue of press world's the scientists greatest convening is gathering The number of contain some informal next reports of the Con- vention A RESOLUTION NEEDED Surely from is it much not too to hope that pending struggle against organized able terms to reli- speak in unmistakethose who would turn back it the hands on the clock of progress by pass- ing laws against the teaching of evolution Certainly the Advancement of Science de- mands right of teachers Anything science championship militant a to teach less the of the truths would be of a denial of all sense of social responsibility ALMOST The dum in Arkansas NO 63,410 is as; and spoken is McCabe Prof won disciples the only is him decision over a At which because of J Leon Williams on Man's Relationship to the Anthropoid Apes" in our last number, and the article by Prof Wm K Gregory the and debate, their During the course TION to have "THE FIGHT IS JUST BEGUN" EVOLUTION has endeavored to im- We mere a Anti-Evolution "The Other it YES Majority 45,581 It AGAINST pleased the 1928: encouraged we land may we all we over prohibition the like is went on with pass initiate Yes, push the work It We Arkan- States can did in Arkansas to make to in for fifty it got national prohibition is to enforce the pro- will be the It same way THE FIGHT We have won with evolution fight IS JUST BEGUN in Arkansas but there are forty-five other states where the fight must be made and then even after that we have the rest of the world Let us get narrow provincialism out of us and have a world vision for all the work There are many who people live outside of Arkansas and many who live even outside the United States Let us make Hence the debate to evolution illegal Let us thank all God and over the world take courage." a tremendous undertaking the proposed law was cast in some of the solidly fundamentalist rural districts This Is explicable only on the theory that these good people were confused by the awkward wording of the