//r SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION EEPOET OX THK SCIENTIFIC KESULTS OF THE VOYAGE OF S.Y DURING THE YEARS 1902, 1903, "SCOTIA" AND 1904, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF WILLIAM LL.U., F.R.S.E ZOOLOGY Volume IV TART ZOOLOGICAL LOU, I B.Sc., M.D., etc., and inc/ ml tin/ 100 by DAVID W WILTON, R Thirty-three N RUDMOSE BROWN, J H HARVEY Putin B.Sc and two Maps, THE EDITOR and THE AUTHORS /'/(;/ WILLIAM SMITH EDINBURGH : ccanograpljtcal tlaboratorg, Scotttjl) SOLD AT OCKAXOGUAPHICAL LAHORATORY 55 SOUTH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH & SONS, 61 ST VINCENT STREET, GLASGOW TUT SCOTTISH ; JAMES THIN, JAMKS MA///'/*) taken Scottish Oceanographical Laboratory, in ////) (.', natural Ventral aspect Day PLATE V Crab masked lat 18 with red aluie 26' S., long 37 ami 08' W sponges (1) from Abrolhos Hank, 36 fathoms, natural size) Photoijni/ih by T C 10 Securing a shot Oyster Catcher near Capi- Pembroke, Falkland Islands H" S graph by 11 Tussock Grass ( Bruce Dm-li/li^ t:Tx/'/tn.i), Stanley, Falkland Islands 12 Sea Elephant where sea lions l'li'-in ir /.'//" Port William, Falkland Islands _ , LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE PLATE VI 13 Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes wedife lit) 14 White Antarctic Seal (Lobodon carcinopliaga) 15 Sea Leopard Seal (Sfenorhynchus Jeptonyr) 1G Ross Seal (Ommatophoca Photograph, Inj W Bruce S Photograph ly R N R Brown H H Pirie J Photograph by Photograph by W.K.Bruce rossi) PLATE VII 17 Blue-eyed Shags (PhaJacrocorax atricepx) on Rudmose Rooks, South Orkne) 18 Gentoo Penguins papua) fishing (Pyi/oscelis T s 10 South Orkneys in Scotia Bay, Photographs ly W S Bruce PLATE VIII 19 Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) fishing Tail 20 in South Orkneys Scotia Bay, up Point on Shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps) nesting Blue-eyed Thomson 21 Macdougall and a friendly Blue-eyed Shag 22 Blue-eyed Shag, nest, and egg Shag Rock, opposite 12 Photographs by W S Bruce PLATE IX.- ! South Orkneys 23 Black-throated Penguins (Pygoscelis adeUx.) on Point Martin, A fight 24 Black-throated ! Penguins the Gauntlet on and 27 Island, Graptolite Photographs 25 26, lij W South Orkneys Running 14 Bruce S Emperor Penguins (Apt enodyt es forsteri) (height ihs.) Photographs by W S Bruce and about 70 to SO fully feet, J weight H H Pirie PLATE X 28 Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes 29 Weddell Seals on Mossinau Peninsula, Scotia Hay 30 Firmer Whale (Balxnoptera 31 Two Finner Whales iveddelli) off Coats Lane; 16 sp ?) Photographs />// W S Bruce PLATE XI 32 A 33 A new species of deep- water Antarctic Isopod (Serolix mfrii.liunalis) taken near Coats shallow-water Antarctic Isopod (Glyptonotus antarcticus) taken in Scotia Baj', in 10 to 20 fathoms (i natural size) Land in 1410 fathoms Lat 71 Photographs 34 A long-lost Ten-legged ' Scotia " Inj 22' S., long 16 1C S W (l natural size) Bruce Sea Spider (Decalopoda naturalists (| natural size) 34' atis/ni/ig), Photograph Inj rediscovered by the T C Day 20 SCOTIA BAY, SOUTH ORKNEYS, fit, i Same _':!/'/ Beach and not a birds as yesterday 97 1904 the penguins, however, have nearly all left The Latter) v Mossman has been noting a habit : couple of dozen remain of theirs during the night-time Up till 2.10A.M they lie sleeping peaceably; then some of them wake, and, stretching up their necks, start a chorus which is kept up about A.M by which time they are all more or less awake and on But all not keep awake and moving (either on laud or sea) all day intermittently the move till At any given time during long snow, very rarely on the beach days now Weddell seals seen in Jan Beach -24th some may be found asleep, usually on the Snowy petrels and shags have not been seen for some the water, and whales blowing to the north-west the day Three species of penguins back again in considerable numbers to The and gulls Smith reported seeing two Nellies, skuas, terns, Wilson's petrels entirely white birds about the size of gulls Bay Jan _',")/// Three species of penguins, one shag and one snowy petrels, (4ot Cape pigeons seen flying over Wilton nellies, gulls, skuas, more tape-worms out terns, and Wilson's of both and ringed gentoo penguins, the larger in the gentoo, but both similar in appearance and situation i.e No tape-worms in black-throated pencysts mostly near the upper end of gut guins killed to-day .Inn _'(!/// Three species of penguins, Weddell petrels seals swimming in nellies, Scotia Bay Jan '27f/i Black-throated Jan -2*'/i and ringed skuas, terns roots of Amongst on shore of Uruguay Cove, got numerous " worms and ophiuroids Wilson's petrels and one shag gulls, and Wilson's weed thrown up " of various kinds, also holothurians penguins, Seals in both Scotia nellies, Bay and Got two young snowy petrels on east skuas, terns gulls, Jessie Bav Bay, but the The birds emitted a harsh whistling side of Jessie parent birds were not at home in either case note like the old ones and ejected red fluid from their stomachs just as the parents stomachs crammed full of red crustaceans A Wilson's petrel egg also found About : half-a-dozen far across as young adelia penguins appeared on The Beach the North Beach The note of the young bird is very like Some had not entirely lost their down, and of them showing more than a trace of white the " uiaa inaa to-dav and " of a very and snowy got as young lamb the white ring round the eve Others birds about: three species of penguins, gulls, skuas, petrels some is nellies, terns, in none Wilson's petrels Visited the large penguin rookery: the great majority of the youiii: have not yet taken to the water since the casting of the down is not completed This process commences on the breast and under parts of the body, neck and flipper-, fn,i )f/i ( adelias and then on the dorsal aspects, the last parts to cast being generally above the root of the tail and at the base of the flippers, and finally the crown of the head The young gentoo penguins have not yet begun N to lose their down ZOOLOGICAL LOG OF OMOND HOUSE 98 Noted numerous young chasing the parent bird about to get food, but the parents seem to be getting tired of the game and generally tried to run off and avoid it, though the maternal instinct proved rather strong and would urge them to stop and have compassion How cases of the into the water we did not see, but, the plunge once taken, they are very soon left to shift for themselves, as the young birds we have seen on The the young get Beach were sometimes unaccompanied by any adult adelia penguin to be, the latter took no apparent interest in the youngsters If they happened Even on the rookeries young birds are to be seen congregated in parties of a dozen with no, or perhaps one, old bird near them But this early turning adrift makes the young bird pay a heavy toll Abundant remains of recently killed young ones are over the place, while nellies, filled to repletion, are waddling all around and Nemesis, in the person of a scientist, sleeping on the snow slopes above the moraine overtook one of these unwary sleeping murderers, but in return it was immortalized on lying all a photographic film before being sent per express to join hunting-ground where all is blood and blubber its ancestors in the happy Scores of skuas and dozens of gulls fiying in flocks about the nellies as jackals about lions, assist in completing the tale of this Herodian holocaust, making up in numbers what they lack in rapacity Some of the skuas' eggs are just chipping but the majority are hatched, and the birds, which are at the outside a week old, have already begun to wander out young light-brown masses of down are very difficult to make out Two were taken for specimens One young against the background of brown moss was taken, with the white feathers beginning to develop under the dark yellowpaddy of the nest, and the little would be about a fortnight old Two more crested penguins were caught, one, an old bird, on the shore just below where the previous three were got the other, at the same place as the previous ones, appears to be a this year's bird, brown down from the ; size it and immature appearance of the beak and crest If this is so, these birds breed in the South Orkneys or has this youngster made the long journey from South Georgia or the Falkland Islands to here at this early stage of its career ? A was shot which appears to be a Wilson's petrels and a few shags also noted gull Numerous Weddell seals round the two isopods this year's bird Ringed penguins, terns, shore when they were put in a basin, a worm was observed Traps which seemed like the one previously noted as parasitic on this animal, but I did not Also a few star-fish and cushionactually observe this one attached to the isopod lifted stars, : one polychaete and some amphipods 30th Three species of penguins, Jan petrels nellies, skuas, gulls, terns, Wilson's and shags At the young ; skuas' nests on bird The skuas the moraine, on the west side of Scotia Bay, we got one are not appreciably fiercer witli young than with eggs, SCOTIA BAY, SOUTH ORKNEYS, 99 1904 by they pursued him more energetically, swooping over good smack with their feet They rly over people in the same the dog was near although if him and hitting him a way but never appear If to hit anyone one stands at the nest, they keep Hying around A young gull, still completely few minutes but soon come within a yard or two downy, ran away from me and took readily to the water, swimming with case In observing Over 100 Weddell seals on the beach on the west side of Scotia Bay for a and they seem some even have a complete old coat, of which the in all stages of changing coats Then again the colour varies greatly, and apart from can easily be pulled out one finds there closelv their coats to lie is a great variation, no two being alike, ; hairs actual variations Ward it with the differs lie according to your point of view, i.e., whether you look from of the hair, abeam, or from aft for'ard against the grain When abeam, there is a silvery sort of sheen which is quite Some few were of an almost uniform creamy awaiiting if they are viewed from aft a colour with a yellowish tinge, sometimes greenish yellow, and in two cases a brownish looking aft, and to a less extent one the dorsal aspect is darker than the ventral Mottling is practically always visible, but where the old coat is complete it may be The amount and size of the mottling also varies very much and very indistinct In yellow may practically every Generally speaking however, take the form of small spots or of large patches comes to be light spots with a dark ground dorsally and dark spots with a light The mottling is best seen veutrally and about the flippers, as ground ventrally it these are the first places to cast the old coat ; a broad dorsal ridge is the last The coloration of the new coat is on an average a dark slatey-grey region to change in the dark parts and a yellowish white in the light, but the exact shades vary very much in their intensity / only one bad case was seen and that was on a this year's seal, which had a large bare patch over the back of the skull (an unusual situation), extending the whole width of the skull about inches in width at and it had one eye badly injured A large proportion, both male and its greatest Not many of these seals showed scars female, have sores Jan 30th (now mostly healed) about the genital organs A male sea-leopard shot on the North Beach Length, feet 1H stomach contained only a great quantity of small crustaceans 31st Three species of penguins; young adelias now pretty abundant and many have not yet lost all their down Nellies, gulls, skuas, terns and Wilson's petrels Numerous whales seen blowing to the north-west Two Weddell seals on The inches ; Jan Beach Feb \st Three species of penguins, skuas, gulls, nellies, terns, shags and Wilson's petrels Had three hauls of the dredge in the eastern part of the head of Scotia Bay First haul, 1:2 to 15 fathoms, shingle, weed and mud : star-fish, one heart-urchin, a large chaetopod and an annelid tube, some limpets, sea-spiders, and small gasteropoda and amphipods ZOOLOGICAL LOG OF OMOND HOUSE TOO Second haul, about (3 fathoms, sandy mud several heart-urchins, : some molluscs, {including a new species of brachiopod) and abundant worm-tubes Third some dead lamellibranch Birds Feb 2nd a : : a small fish, a heart-urchin, and shells An three species of penguins white colour; parasitic insects found on fine very to second similar conditions in haul, albino ringed penguin caught of Skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, it shags and Wilson's petrels In Uruguay Cove in pools There being a low tide to-day we went shore-collecting amongst boulders under the glacier face, we got a good many small amphipods, a few limpets, pycnogons and small orange coloured star-fish In rock pools on the west side of Scotia Bay w e got numerous amphipods, a broken off fixed tunicate, probably only washed up into the pool, several small disc-like coelenterates of the same species as already got (drawn and painted) some were r adherent to the stones and some swimming free in the pools limpets, small molluscs (gasteropoda chiefly), small orange-coloured star-fish and copepods Three species of penguins, skuas, Wilson's petrels and several fiocks of Feb 3rd occasion these latter have been seen for a long time Three species of penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's petrels, Feb 4th Cape pigeons and a flock of snowy petrels the first of these seen for some time and Cape pigeons, the first one shag after dark, especially on still nights, they keep up an almost Wilson's petrel continuous noise all through the night They make two sorts of noise, first a low : whistle, short but repeated at intervals of a few seconds to locate the birds follow it up that of the from this note ; I found it one never seems to get any nearer almost impossible it when trying to Secondly, they utter a harsh screaming chuckle, practically the same as snowy petrel The nearest resemblance I know to it is the noise of the wooden twirling known toy, as the " They not indulge corncrake." in the peculiar mixture of clucking and cooing that the Cape pigeons while sitting on their nests Feb 5th Three species of penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's and snowy petrels Was up at Cape pigeon's nest ; youngster still in down antl just a little bigger from which it may be fair to conclude that the than the young snowy petrels got lately, snowy petrels sit about the same length of time as the Cape pigeons Female sea-leopard killed on Young Weddell seal on The Beach Beach : uterus empty ; stomach contained penguin remains Total length over all, 1 Four species of penguins, state of moulting Feb 6th ft It was the North in a half-completed 8|- ins i.e., the three ordinary species and a young bird, again caught on The Beach and snowy petrels Sea-leopard in Jessie single specimen of the crested penguin, a Skuas, gulls, Bay Feb 7th nellies, terns, Wilson's Three species of penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's and snowy A young tern on the beach on the west side of Scotia Bay has petrels and shags SCOT NAT ANT Exp Zoological (Vol Log iv., of Part PLATE XXXIII i.) Scottish National Antarctic Expedition [I'hoto by J 100 Black-throated Penguin (Pygoscelis adelite) Feeding its II II [Photo by 101 Black-throated Pirie Young Penguin Rookery on Ferrier Peninsula, South Orkneys W S Bruce SCOTIA BAY, SOUTH ORKNEYS, almost lost down all its : as that ut Feb young gulls plumage is now of a mottled light brown, much the same Numerous Weddell seals on that beach its Three species of penguins, skuas, St/i 101 1904 nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's petrels and shags Three species of penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns and Wilson's petrels shags seen lately have been solitary birds no flocks have been observed Feb Vth Shags all : ; day or so no adult, but only young adelias, have been seen putting on weight, and we are getting ringed and gentoo penguins up to During the All are last (> and 17 now Ibs respectively Feb snowy Three species of penguins, skuas, lOf/i nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's and petrels usual place species of penguins, including one crested penguin at the Four Fcli llth at the rookery not a single adult bird seen at the rookery or in the bay, and Gentoos young birds not seem to have taken the water yet, Adelias : very few young ones and they have only made a start to cast their down : one or two birds only is the white baud over the head beginning to show, and the neck to darken in colour Ringed young birds have almost made up on the gentoos, for the black ring was noted as ; in : appearing in one or two cases A very heavy surf in Uruguay Cove, and a ringed penguin had a bad time landing there, bleeding about the head, back and nippers They can go out easily enough, but landing is not quite so simple, Paddies : young : Shags : down and got white plumage ; they We brought back two alive dark feathers appearing on the wings and along the sides of the breast a small flock out in the bay are not flying yet Skuas birds have lost most of their and snowy petrels also seen on The Beach and one young Lobodon Nellies, terns, gulls, Wilson's Several Weddell seals The skin of the latter very tine silver}' white looked at generally, but several shades darker if looked at from behind forward as in the Weddell seal all new coat no moulting, not spotted at all ventrally, but dorsally it is rather darker with small spots of silvery white; no is a ; dark mousey brown yellow or green tinge about it flippers a uniform obliquely across the middle of the back ; Feb ]-2tli /' \3tit snowy a bail scar Three species of penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's petrels Gentoo and ringed penguins, skuas, nellies, gulls, terns, Wilson's ami petrels Feb and Had Gentoo and ringed penguins, skuas, nellies, Return of the pigeons, the latter in Jessie Bay 1-ltJt (.'ape gulls, terns, Wilson's petrels " Scotia." Index References are not given to bare records of the occurrence of a species ABROLHOS BANK, Macrorhinus leoninus, see sea-elephant albacore, 81 Aptenodytes Madeira, forsferi, see Megalestris antarctica, see skua penguin, emperor Argentine coast, 62, 63 NET, Giesbrechr, Ascension, 80, 81, 42 39, 40, 41, Hensen, 12 Azores, 83 Scotia closing, 14 BURDWOOD BANK, CAPE PIGEON, eggs habits of, nesting young trammel, 79, 88 61 86, 87, of, Notothenia coriiceps, data regarding, 19 to 40, 42 86 51, 54, 56, 57, 59, 86, 'Of, 95 Oceanites oceanicus, see petrel, Wilson's 95, 96, 1UO of, 8, Cape Town, 78 Cape Verde Islands, Ommatophoca rossi, see seal, 82 2, Pagodronia nivea, see sheathbiU penguin, adelia, eggs of, 52 to 55, 86 Cliionis alba, see sheathbill young Coats Land, 67, 68 Da'ption capensis, see Cape pigeon eggs dated, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 85, 86 78 3, emperor, captive, 69, 71, 73, 74 17 to 43, 87, 90 to 93, 95, 96, 99, 100 FALKLAND ISLANDS, 62, 6, habits of, 64 young Fregetta melanogaster, nest and egg of, habits 88 of, 97, 10, of, 8, 11, 35, 36, 47 to GIESBRECHT NET, 39, 40, 41, 42 black-backed, eggs of, of, 49, of, 57, 58, 51, 52, 85 57, to 88, 93, 58, 85, 91 to 96 ,s, 91, 95 19, 21, to 98, gull, Leptonychotes u'eddelli, see Lobndon carcinophaga, see moulting of (see also penguins, young 11, 12, 97, 101 nesting 93 95 black-backed seal, seal, 48 of, 8, Weddell Lobodon petrel, giant, eggs of, habits snowy, eggs 87 60, 86, 90 94, 101 45, 48, 51, 53, 58, 95, 98 of, of, habits of, of), 56 of, nesting to 60, 65, 86, of, 8, young 16, 52, 85, 91, Larus domimcanus, see 87 94 ringed, eggs HENSEN QUANTITATIVE NET, 12 INSECTS, antarctic, 17, 15, 60, 86, macaroni, 94, 96, 98, 101 gulf-weed, 82, 83 nesting 101 12, 101 Island, 75, 76 young 67 57 freezing of animals, 22, 23 gull, 11, geutoo, eggs of (see also eggs dated), 53 to Fayal, 83 Gough ; 89, 91 discoloured sea, dredge, 96, 97, 98, 101 of, 89, 91, 36 captive, 35, Islaiid, Ross Otsijraga gigantea, see petrel, giant Catarrhactvs chrysoloplius, see penguin, macaroni Dassen 78 vertical, 67, 68, 70, 71, 75, 90 56 86, 87, 88, of, 9, 55, 56 90 INDEX petrel, of 86, s7, snowy, nesting young ,,f, f, nesting vising Weddell, moulting young 94 of, 90, habits seal, 97 of, Wilson's, eggs 103 to 97 ss, 90 100 sr,, sheathbill, eggs of, 90, 91, habits 57, 86, skua, eggs St Helena, so 40, 51, 13, 15, 60, 6, 4S 67 86, 87, 89, 90, 93 of, habits 2.'!, ' 96, 100 'J5, siplionophore tentacles, SADDLE ISLAND, S 52 to 55, 57, 65, 90, 94, 95, 98 to of, 99 St Paul's Rocks, nesting St Vincent, 90 59, 87, of, 98, 101 Saldanha Bay, young of, South Africa, 7s, 78, 79 Scotia Bay, 16 to 60, 65, 85 to 101 sea-ulephant, South Orkneys, Stanley, Port, sea-leopard, see seal, leopard habits of, 9, 39, 94, 96, 99, 100 sun-fish, 5, moulting Lubodon, captive, 65 habits of, to 10, moulting 12, 13, 36, 39 91, of, 6, 15 68, 91 Weddell, captive young, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51 habits of, nesting young of, 9, of, 64 62 TERNS, eggs 101 Ross, habits 15 to 60, 65, 85, 101 62, 6, 100 94, of, 7' 8, Stenorhynchus leptonyx, see seal, leopard Sterna hirundinacea, see tern 64 seal, leopard, of, yiiung