FEOM THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE U S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH TALE UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON 1896 ,\ THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA BY OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH 133 CONTENTS Pajje Introduction Part I Triassic dinosaurs 143 — 146 Theropoda 146 Anchisaurida? 147 Anchisaurus 147 The skull The fore limbs The hind limbs 148 149 149 Anchisaurus solus Amniosaurus Eestoration of Anchisaurus Dinosaurian footprints Distribution of Triassic dinosaurs Part II Jurassic dinosaurs 149 rTT 150 150 151 152 — Theropoda Hallopus Fore and hind limbs Coelurus 152 153 : 153 154 155 _ The vertebra:The hind limbs 155 156 Ceratosaurus 156 The skull The brain The lower iaws The vertebra: The scapular arch The pelvic arch The metatarsals 157 159 159 159 160 160 162 Eestoration of Ceratosaurus Allosaurus 163 163 European Theropoda Sauropoda 163 164 Atlantosaurus beds Families of Sauropoda Atlantosauridie Atlantosaurus Apatosaurus The The 164 165 166 166 166 sacral cavity 166 vertebra- 167 Brontosaurus The scapular arch The The The The The The The 168 168 cervical vertebra.- 169 dorsal vertebree 169 sacrum 170 caudal vertebra- 171 pelric arch 172 fore limbs 173 hind limbs 173 135 CONTENTS 136 Part — Jurassic dinosaurs — Continued — Continued Atlantosaurida? — Continued II Page Sauropoda Restoration of Brontosaurus 173 Barnsaurus 174 Diplodoeida? 175 Diplodocus 175 The skull The brain The The The The The Size 175 178 lower jaws 178 teeth 179 vertebra; 180 sternal bones pelvic girdle 180 180 and habits 180 Morosaurida? 181 Morosaurus 181 The skull 181 The vertebra? The fore limbs The pelvis The hind limbs 181 182 182 183 Pleuroccelida? 183 : 183 Pleurocoelus The skull The vertebras 183 183 Distribution of the Sauropoda 185 Comparison with European forms Predentata 186 186 Stegosaurida' Stegosau rus The skull The brain The anterior vertebra* The sacrum The caudal vertebra? The sacral cavity The pelvis The fore limbs The hind limbs The dermal armor 185 » 186 ' 186 187 188 189 189 189 190 191 191 192 Diracodon Characters of Stegosauria Restoration of Stegosaurus 193 Distribution of Stegosauria 195 Camptosauridse Camptosaurus Restoration of Camptosaurus Laosauridas Dryosaurus Laosaurus 193 194 196 196 197 198 198 199 Nanoaauridas 199 Nanosaurus Determination of genera Restoration of Laosaurus 199 201 202 137 CONTENTS Page Part III — Cretaceous dinosaurs 203 Theropoda 203 203 203 204 Dryptosauridie Ornithomimida; Ornithomimus The metatarsals The pelvic arch 204 205 206 206 Predentata Ceratopsidae Ceratops beds 206 Triceratops 208 208 208 209 210 The skull The rostral bone The horn cores The posterior crest Base of skull 210 The lower javcs The brain The teeth Cervical and dorsal vertebra? The sacrum The caudal vertebrae The scapular arch and fore limbs The pelvis The posterior limbs The dermal annor 211 211 211 212 212 212 213 213 214 214 Torosaurus 214 The skull 214 Ceratops Sterrholophus 216 Agathaumas 216 217 Monoclonius 217 Restoration of Triceratops Distinctive characters of group Claosaurid;e Claosaurus Restoration of Claosaurus Trachodontidas Palaeoscincus 219 219 221 222 222 222 224 224 225 225 Nodosaurida? Nodosaurus 225 Distribution of Ornithopoda Part IV Conclusion 226 — Comparison of characters Restorations of European dinosaurs Compsognathus - Hypsilophodon Iguanodon 218 _ 219 The skull The teeth The brain The vertebrae The fore and hind limbs Scelidosaurus 218 227 227 228 228 229 230 230 138 CONTENTS Part IV — Conclusion — Continued I'age Affinities of dinosaurs with with with with Part V 231 232 232 birds — Classification of Dinosauria Theropoda Sauropoda Predentata Postscript 231 Aetosauria Belodontia Crocodilia ' 237 237 239 241 242 244 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate II III IV V VI VII VIII LX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVLI Anchisaurus colurus Marsh Triassic Anchisaurus and Ammosaurus TriaBsic Restoration of Anchisaurus colurus Marsh Footprints of Triassic dinosaurs Hallopus victor Marsh Jurassic Ccelurus fragilis Marsh Jurassic Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh Jurassic Ceratosaurus nasicornis Jurassic 250 252 254 256 ' 258 260 _ 266 Creosaurus atrox Marsh Jurassic Labrosaurus Jurassic Restoration of Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh Atlantosaurus montanus Marsh Jurassic Atlantosaurus immanis Marsh Jurassic Atlantosaurus and Apatosaurus Jurassic Apatosaurus Jurassic Apatosaurus and Morosaurus Jurassic Brontosanrus excelsus Marsh Jurassic Brontosanrus excelsus Jurassic Sternal plates of Brontosaurus and young Struthio Brontosaurus excelsus Jurassic Brontosaurus excelsus Jurassic Diplodoeus lougus Marsh Jurassic Diplodoeus longus Jurassic Diplodoeus longizs Jurassic Diplodoeus longus Jurassic Diplodoeus and Morosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus grandis Marsh Jurassic Morosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus lentus Marsh Jurassic Morosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus and Apatosaurus Jurassic Morosaurus Jurassic grandis 262 264 Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Ccelurus Jurassic Allosaurus fragilis Marsh Jurassic XXXVIII Morosaurus XXXIX 248 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 Jurassic Brontosaurus, Apatosaurns, Morosaurus, and Diplodoeus Jurassic Jurassic XL Plenroccelus nanus Marsh XLI Plenroccelus nanus Jurassic XLII Restoration of Brontosaurus excelsus Marsh XLIII Stegosaurns stenops Marsh Jurassic XLIV Stegosaurns and Priconodon Jurassic 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 139 140 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate XLV Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh Jurassic XLVI Stegosaurus ungulatus Jurassic XLVII Stegosaurus ungulatus Jurassic XLVIII Stegosaurus 336 338 340 Jurassic XLIX Stegosaurus ungulatus L Stegosaurus 334 Jurassic 342 344 346 Jurassic LI Diracodon laticeps Marsh Jurassic LII Restoration of Stegosaurus ungulatus Marsh LIII LI V LV Camptosaurus medius Marsh Jurassic Camptosaurus dispar Marsh Jurassic Camptosaurus, Dryosaurus, and Laosaurus Restoration of Camptosaurus dispar Marsh Restoration of Laosaurus consors Marsh Ornithomimus velox Marsh Cretaceous 348 350 352 Jurassic LVI LVII LVIII LIX Triceratops prorsus Marsh Cretaceous LX Sterrholophus and Triceratops Cretaceous LXI Triceratops Cretaceous LXII Torosaurus Cretaceous LXIII Ceratops, Sterrholophus, and Torosaurus Cretaceous LXIV Triceratops prorsus Cretaceous LX V Triceratops prorsus Cretaceous LXVI Triceratops prorsus Cretaceous LXVII Sterrholophus and Triceratops Cretaceous LXVIII Triceratops prorsus Cretaceous LXIX Sterrholophus and Triceratops Cretaceous LXX Triceratops Cretaceous LXXI Restoration of Triceratops prorsus Marsh LXXII Claosaurus annectens Marsh Cretaceous LXX1II Claosaurus annectens Cretaceous LXXIV Restoration of Claosaurus annectens Marsh LXXV Claosaurus, Trachodon, Nodosaurus, Pala-osciucus Cretaceous LXXVI Skulls of dinosaurs; showing size of brain LXXVII Brain casts of dinosaurs LXXVIII Teeth of predentate dinosaurs LXXIX Pubes of predentate dinosaurs LXXX Ischia of predentate dinosaurs LXXXI LXXXII Pelves of predentate dinosaurs Restoration of Compsognathus longipes Wagner LXXXIII Restoration of Scelidosaurus Harrisonii Oweu LXXXIV Restoration of Hypsilophodon Foxii Huxley LXXXV Fig Restoration of Iguanodon Bernissarteusis Boulenger Geological horizons of vertebrate fossils in North America Slab of Connecticut River sandstone; showing footprints of two dinosaurs on a surface marked by raindrop impressions Left leg and foot of Hallupus victor Marsh United metatarsal bones of Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh United metatarsal bones of great Penguin (Apteuodytes Pennantii) Tooth of Astrodon Johnstoni Leidy Cervical rib of Apatosaurus ajax Marsh; outer view inner view The same rib Proximal end of rib of Brontosaurus excelsus Marsh; front view 10 The same bone; back view 11 The same; superior view 12 Sternal ribs of Brontosaurus excelsus; outer view 13 The same specimen inner view ; ; 354 356 358 360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 408 410 412 414 145 146 154 162 162 164 167 167 170 170 170 171 171 PLATE LXXXII 407 PLATE LXXXII European Dinosaurs — Theropoda Compsogxathih.i; Page Outline restoration of the skeleton of Compsognathua iongipes One-fourth natural size Jurassic, Bavaria 408 Wagner 228 o z s> PLATE LXXXIII 409 PLATE LXXXIII European Dinosaurs — Predentata SCELIDOSAURIDJE Outline restoration of the skeleton of Scelidosaurue Harrisonii One-eighteenth natural size Jurassic, England 410 Owen Page 229 I z- i — O s PLATE LXXXIT 411 PLATE LXXXIV European Dinosa urs.— Predent ata HYP8ILOPHODONTID/K Page Outline restoration of the skeleton of Hypsilophudon Foxii Huxley One-eighth natural size Wealden, England 412 230 O O = o ~n PLATE LXXXY •113 PLATE LXXXV European Dinosaurs — Predentata Iguanodontid^e Outline restoration of the skeleton of Iguanodon Bernissartenais Boulenger One-fortieth natural size Wealdeu, Belgium 414 Paga 230 =- g m ... 143 DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA 144 The nearer relations of these groups to one another and to allied be treated more fully in the concluding portion of this article The geological range of the. .. situated on the nasals (PL Till, fig 1, b) Another feature is the large openings on the side of the skull, four in number The first of these is the anterior nasal orifice; the second, the very large... which is one of the most peculiar and characteristic parts of the skeleton The pubes of Coelurus are represented on the same plate The extreme narrowness of the pelvis is oue of the most marked