MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN VIETNAM ================ NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FEEDSTUFFS AND OPTIMUM LEVELS OF APPARENT ILEAL AMINO ACIDS DIGESTIBILITY IN COMMERCIAL PIG DIETARY Subject : Animal Sciences ID : 62 62 01 05 INTRODUCTION The urgency of thesis The true nutritional values of feed are determined properly through the animal digestion and absorption only, therefore, digestibility is an important indicator to evaluate the nutritional values of the feed Determining the feedstuffs digestibility will more accurately evaluate the protein, amino acids in the feed content to be digested, as well as the digestible protein and amino acid demands to provide adequate protein and amino acids for animals With this evaluation system, the livestock demands for amino acids are now defined and expressed in digestible amino acids form and it was replaced to the previously calculation to identified and calculated the needs of amino acids by crude protein form The studies on ileal digestibility of feedstuffs are fair new in Vietnam and there was very few experimental in native pigs or in few raw materials supplied protein and /or energy in animal dietary There was no publication about apparent ileal amino acids digestibility in commercial pigs in Vietnam currently, so, the study on the topic is necessary to evaluate exactly the optimum amino acids level needed to supply for commercial pig dietary It helps to avoid the excess of amino acids in diets, thus, reducing environment pollution as well as increasing the feed cost Besides, it also meets the increasing demands of livestock producers about the optimal ration for livestock Thesis objective - Determining chemical composition and amino acids content in 25 commonly used feed ingredients in commercial pigs diets in Vietnam - Determining apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of the 25 feed ingredients in commercial pigs diets in Vietnam - Determining the optimum levels of amino acids needs in commercial pigs dietary by apparent ileal digestibility method The novelty of thesis Thesis results are contributed systematic information about chemical compositions, nutrional values and up-to-date the data of apparent ileal amino acids digestibility properly Amino acids requirements of commercial pigs is calculated by apparent ileal amino acids digestibility instead of under crude protein form Therefore, it helps to supply the nutrients which matched the needs for growth performance and development in pigs Studies on determining the amino acids requirements of apparent ileal digestibility in commercial pigs were very few and just few results were published Therefore, the research is totally new in Vietnam Scientific and pratical values - Supply a relatively comprehensive set of data on chemical composition and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and proteins of most commonly used feed ingredients to dietary ration in commercial pigs in Vietnam today - Determining the apparent ileal amino acids digestibility of commercial pigs to get digestible amino acids amount exactly which match to the growth performance and development in the pigs, so that avoid the excess or shortage nutritional replenishment leading to waste, which still does not guarantee the best growth performance of the pigs Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH 1.1 International research situation Nutrition researchers in the world suggested that in order to properly assess the value of amino acids for pigs, the digestibility must be determined at the end of the small intestine instead of the entire digestive tract due to the effect of microflora in large intestine and determination of the ileal digestibility method were more appropriate for pigs Crude protein content in dietary affected to ileal amino acids digestibility and close related to properties of dietary fiber High environmental temperatures did not affect the total digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter, as well as apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) in pigs Feed ration of pigs based on AA digestibility instead of total AA could reduce nitrogen excretion 1.2 Vietnam research situation There were few feedstuffs experimented by ileal digestibility in Vietnam such as: soybean products (extruded soybean, roasted soybean, soybean meal from Argentina and India); high protein ingredients (fishmeal, peanut oil cake, shrimp meal, fresh shrimp meal and silaged shrimp meal; high energy ingredients (maize, broken rice, rice bran, wheat bran, cassava) and some traditional ingredients (rubber oil cake, coconut oil cake, dried/ silage cassava leaves, peanut stalk and arrowroot leaves Studies on AID of AA conducted to determine lysine digestibility/ME in in commercial pigs (4 blood) diets and demands of energy, protein and AA digestibility (lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine) in Landrace and Yorkshire gilts Chapter 2: CONTENTS, MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Contents of the research - Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular feedstuffs for pig dietary - Determining of apparent ileal amino acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary - Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs 2.2 Materials 2.2.1 Time and places of the research - Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular feedstuffs for pig dietary at the livestock laboratory under Institute of Animal Sciences Southern Vietnam from Jul 2011- Nov 2011 - Determining of apparent ileal amino acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary was conducted at Binh Thang pig research & Development Center and livestock laboratory under Institute of Animal Sciences Southern Vietnam from Nov 2011May 2012 - Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs was conducted at Thai my pig farm, My Khanh B Hamlet, Thai My Commune, Cu Chi, HCMC from 27 March 2013 – 21 Nov 2014 2.2.2 Experimental subjects - The feedstuffs: 25 samples of common ingredients which used diet ration were collected at feedmills, retails and as well as feed factories in Vietnam - Grower pigs: 504 exotic grower pigs were entired into the research, in which included 400 pigs ((Duroc×(Yorkshire× Landrace), 200 castrated male pigs and 200 female pigs) with an average weight of 20,1 ± 0,3 kg and 104 pigs (Yorkshire× Landrace), with an average weight of 32 ± kg 2.3 Reserach method 2.3.1 Analysis of chemical composition and AA in some popular feedstuffs for pig dietary The kg of each samples were collected and analysed the chemical compositions and nutrient values at the livestock laboratory under Institute of Animal Sciences Southern Vietnam The sampling protocol was followed the standard of TCVN 4325-2007 Analysed parameters: Humidity (TCVN 4326-2001), Crude protein (TCVN 4328-1:2007), crude fat (TCVN 4331-2001), Crude fiber (TCVN 4329-2007), ash (TCVN 4327-2007), Calci (TCVN 15261:2007), total Phosphorus (TCVN 1525-2001), ME according to formula published by Just (1984); amino acid analysis: reversedphase HPLC amino acid analysis method Water ACCQ•Tag according to handbook of Institute of Animal research, Queensland, Australia and referred to AOAC 994.12 2.3.2 Determining of Apparent Ileal Amino Acids Digestibility (AIAAD) in the feedstuffs for pig dietary 2.3.2.1 Materials - 25 kinds of feedstuffs used in pig industry and basal diet - 104 castrated males (Yorkshire x Landrace) in growing phase with an average starting weight of 32 ± kg 2.3.2.2 Experimental design The experiment was designed as Completely Randomized Design with 26 treatments (diets) included 25 diets with the 25 kinds of feedstuffs and one basal, the experiment was replicated times (4 rounds, each round conducted with 25 diets from the 25 kinds of feedstuffs and a basal diet The total experiment time was 70 days in which feeding program each round was 14 days and time for preparing between rounds was 4-5 days The experimental pigs were housed in individual cages The basal diet: corn starch, casein, DCP, salt, minerals and vitamins premix, crude protein 18% (NRC, 1998) The experimental diets: basal diet + 20% of a feedstuffs The experimental pigs were fed twice per day at 8:00h and 15:00h with 90% amount of ad libitum program The feed was mixed with water at ratio of 1:1 Drinking water was provided by well water through nipples The digesta was collected according to Donkoh method (1994) On the 14th day of each round, after hours of the last feeding, the animals were slaughtered to collect ileal digesta immediately at the last 20 cm section of ileal (counted up from ileocecal valve) and weighed The ileal digesta was stored at minus 200C and be dried within 48 hours, milled and to analyse dry matter, protein and amino acids 2.3.3 Determining of the optimum level of AIAAD for commercial pigs 2.3.3.1 Materials - Ingredients of experimental dietary: high quality maize, high quality rice bran, cassava root, soybean meal 47% CP, fishmeal 50% CP, vegetable oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins premix, DCP, etc - 400 grower pigs (Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire) at 60 dayold with an average weight of 20,1 ± 0,3 kg 2.3.3.2 Experimental design A total of 400 grower pigs (Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire) at 60 days-old with an average weight of 20,1 ± 0,3 kg, and allocated to treatments (10 castrated male and 10 female/treatment with replications The experimental diets was formulated by software Feedlive 1.5 based on the practice ingredients and data results of past part of the research The experimental animals were accessed fed and water ad libitum The experiment design as follows: Treatment 1: diet with level of AIAAD (=90% amount of AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 2: diet with level of AIAAD (=100% amount of AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 3: diet with level of AIAAD (=110% amount of AIAAD according to NRC 1998) Treatment 4: diet with level of AIAAD (=120% amount of AIAAD according to NRC 1998) 2.1 Experiment diets of grower pigs stage (20 – 50 kg) Ingredients High quality maize High quality rice bran Cassava root Vegetable oil Soybean meal 47% CP Fishmeal 50% CP Min and vit premix NaCl L-Lysine DL-Methionine L-Threonine DL-Tryptophan Total Treat 700,00 56,46 10,00 11,78 140,72 75,62 2,50 2,46 0,46 0 1.000 Treat 700,00 58,08 10,00 11,84 136,92 75,83 2,50 2,45 1,57 0,24 0,48 0,1 1.000 Treat 700,00 59,70 10,00 11,88 132,66 76,06 2,50 2,44 2,69 0,72 1,04 0,31 1.000 Treat 700,00 61,37 10,00 11,90 128,57 76,27 2,50 2,43 3,68 1,15 1,70 0,44 1.000 Table 2.2 Experiment diets of grower pigs stage (50 kg -finishing) Ingredients High quality maize High quality rice bran Cassava root Vegetable oil Soybean meal 47% CP Fishmeal 50% CP Min and vit premix NaCl L-Lysine DL-Methionine L-Threonine Total Treat 661,31 10,00 137,84 8,49 100,00 77,47 2,39 2,50 0 1.000 Treat 513,32 123,07 157,86 25,76 100,00 74,00 2,51 2,50 0,63 0,11 0,24 1.000 Treat 316,99 200,00 250,00 39,01 116,86 69,86 2,66 2,50 1,04 0,50 0,59 1.000 Treat 315,51 200,00 250,00 38,70 116,95 69,88 2,66 2,50 1,80 0,89 1,11 1.000 2.3.3.3 Measurements and records + Feed intake: daily record, and then calculated at end of each phase and whole trial + Initial weight, weight at d60 of trial and finishing weight (d120) 2.3.3.4 Data analysis The data will be recorded and analysed by Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and ANOVA analysis -MINITAB software version 16.20 for Windows Differences among treatments will be separated Tukey test The significance level will be considered at P