MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS* Quadratic Formula If ax2 ϩ bx ϩ c ϭ 0, then x ϭ Derivatives and Integrals Ϫb Ϯ 1b2 Ϫ 4ac 2a n(n Ϫ 1)x2 nx ϩ ϩ 1! 2! (x2 Ͻ 1) ͵ ͵ ͵ : Let u be the smaller of the two angles between a and b : Then : : a и b ϭ b и a ϭ axbx ϩ ayby ϩ azbz ϭ ab cos u : ͉ ˆi : : : : a ϫ b ϭ Ϫb ϫ a ϭ ax bx ͉ ˆj ay by ͉ ͉ ay az ax Ϫ ˆj ϭ ˆi by bz bx ͉ kˆ az bz dx 2x2 ϩ a2 ex dx ϭ ex ϭ ln(x ϩ 2x2 ϩ a2) x dx ϭϪ (x2 ϩ a2)3/2 (x ϩ a2)1/2 x dx ϭ 2 (x2 ϩ a2)3/2 a (x ϩ a2)1/2 Cramer’s Rule ͉ ͉ az ax ϩ kˆ bz bx Two simultaneous equations in unknowns x and y, ͉ ay by a1x ϩ b1 y ϭ c1 and xϭ ͉ ͉ yϭ ͉ ͉ : |a ϫ b | ϭ ab sin u Trigonometric Identities cos a ϩ cos b ϭ cos ϩ b) cos (a ͉ ͉ ϭ c1b2 Ϫ c2b1 a1b2 Ϫ a2b1 ͉ ͉ ϭ a1c2 Ϫ a2c1 a1b2 Ϫ a2b1 c1 c2 b1 b2 a1 a2 b1 b2 and sin a Ϯ sin b ϭ sin 12(a Ϯ b) cos 12(a ϯ b) (a a2x ϩ b2 y ϭ c2, have the solutions ϭ (aybz Ϫ by az)iˆ ϩ (azbx Ϫ bzax)jˆ ϩ (axby Ϫ bxay)kˆ : cos x dx ϭ sin x d x e ϭ ex dx Products of Vectors : sin x dx ϭ Ϫcos x d cos x ϭ Ϫsin x dx Binomial Theorem (1 ϩ x)n ϭ ϩ ͵ ͵ ͵ d sin x ϭ cos x dx Ϫ b) * See Appendix E for a more complete list a1 c1 a2 c2 a1 b1 a2 b2 SI PREFIXES* Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka Y Z E P T G M k h da 10–1 10–2 10–3 10–6 10–9 10–12 10–15 10–18 10–21 10–24 deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto d c m m n p f a z y *In all cases, the first syllable is accented, as in ná-no-mé-ter E X T E N D E D FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N www.ebook3000.com This page intentionally left blank E X T E N D E D Halliday & Resnick FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS T E N T H E D I T I O N J EAR L WALK E R CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY www.ebook3000.com EXECUTIVE EDITOR Stuart Johnson SENIOR PRODUCT DESIGNER Geraldine Osnato CONTENT EDITOR Alyson Rentrop ASSOCIATE MARKETING DIRECTOR Christine Kushner TEXT and COVER DESIGNER Madelyn Lesure PAGE MAKE-UP Lee Goldstein PHOTO EDITOR Jennifer Atkins COPYEDITOR Helen Walden PROOFREADER Lilian Brady SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR Elizabeth Swain COVER IMAGE © 2007 CERN This book was set in 10/12 Times Ten by cMPreparé, CSR Francesca Monaco, and was printed and bound by Quad Graphics.The cover was printed by Quad Graphics This book is printed on acid free paper Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year.These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walker, Jearl Fundamentals of physics / Jearl Walker, David Halliday, Robert Resnick—10th edition volumes cm Includes index ISBN 978-1-118-23072-5 (Extended edition) Binder-ready version ISBN 978-1-118-23061-9 (Extended edition) Physics—Textbooks I Resnick, Robert II Halliday, David III Title QC21.3.H35 2014 530—dc23 2012035307 Printed in the United States of America 10 B R I E F C O N T E N T S V O L U M E V O L U M E Measurement 21 Coulomb’s Law Motion Along a Straight Line 22 Electric Fields Vectors 23 Gauss’ Law Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 24 Electric Potential Force and Motion—I 25 Capacitance Force and Motion—II 26 Current and Resistance Kinetic Energy and Work 27 Circuits Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 28 Magnetic Fields Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 10 Rotation 30 Induction and Inductance 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 13 Gravitation 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 14 Fluids 33 Electromagnetic Waves 15 Oscillations 34 Images 16 Waves—I 35 Interference 17 Waves—II 36 Diffraction 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of 37 Relativity Thermodynamics 38 Photons and Matter Waves 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 39 More About Matter Waves 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 40 All About Atoms 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 42 Nuclear Physics 43 Energy from the Nucleus 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang Appendices / Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems / Index v www.ebook3000.com C O N T E Measurement 1-1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS What Is Physics? Measuring Things The International System of Units Changing Units Length Significant Figures and Decimal Places 1-2 TIME Time T S Adding Vectors by Components 46 Vectors and the Laws of Physics 47 3-3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS Multiplying Vectors 50 50 REVIEW & SUMMARY QUESTIONS 55 What Is Physics? 62 Position and Displacement 63 PROBLEMS Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity Motion Along a Straight Line 13 2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY What Is Physics? 13 Motion 14 Position and Displacement 14 Average Velocity and Average Speed Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 13 4-4 PROJECTILE MOTION Projectile Motion Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 4-6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 18 78 4-7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 2-4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION 23 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case Another Look at Constant Acceleration 2-5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION REVIEW & SUMMARY 82 Force and Motion—I 94 5-1 NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS 27 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 29 29 QUESTIONS Vectors 40 3-1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS What Is Physics? 40 Vectors and Scalars 40 Adding Vectors Geometrically Components of Vectors 42 QUESTIONS PROBLEMS 84 26 27 30 81 80 80 23 2-6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS 31 PROBLEMS 40 32 5-2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES 41 102 102 5-3 APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS 46 94 What Is Physics? 94 Newtonian Mechanics 95 Newton’s First Law 95 Force 96 Mass 97 Newton’s Second Law 98 Some Particular Forces 3-2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS 46 78 20 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions REVIEW & SUMMARY 76 76 18 20 Free-Fall Acceleration 68 70 Relative Motion in One Dimension 2-3 ACCELERATION 67 70 4-5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 15 2-2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED 64 65 4-3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION Uniform Circular Motion vi 62 4-2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY REVIEW & SUMMARY Unit Vectors 57 6 Acceleration PROBLEMS 56 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 4-1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT 62 1-3 MASS Mass N 106 Newton’s Third Law 106 Applying Newton’s Laws 108 REVIEW & SUMMARY 114 QUESTIONS 114 PROBLEMS 116 CONTE NTS Force and Motion—II 6-1 FRICTION 124 8-4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE 124 Work Done on a System by an External Force What Is Physics? 124 Friction 124 Properties of Friction 127 8-5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Conservation of Energy The Drag Force and Terminal Speed Uniform Circular Motion 200 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 9-1 CENTER OF MASS 214 133 133 REVIEW & SUMMARY 138 QUESTIONS QUESTIONS PROBLEMS PROBLEMS 139 140 214 What Is Physics? 214 The Center of Mass 215 9-2 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES Kinetic Energy and Work 7-1 KINETIC ENERGY 149 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 149 9-3 LINEAR MOMENTUM Work 151 Work and Kinetic Energy Collision and Impulse 155 159 159 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 162 162 166 166 237 237 9-8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Collisions in Two Dimensions 240 240 9-9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET QUESTIONS 169 PROBLEMS Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY 177 What Is Physics? 177 Work and Potential Energy 178 Path Independence of Conservative Forces Determining Potential Energy Values 181 179 8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY Conservation of Mechanical Energy 187 Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket 187 241 241 REVIEW & SUMMARY 243 QUESTIONS 10 Rotation 257 10-1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES 257 245 PROBLEMS 246 177 What Is Physics? 258 Rotational Variables 259 Are Angular Quantities Vectors? 264 10-2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 184 8-3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE Reading a Potential Energy Curve 184 170 233 233 9-7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION Work Done by a General Variable Force REVIEW & SUMMARY 168 230 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 234 7-5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE Power 230 9-6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS 156 7-4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE Work Done by a Spring Force 226 Conservation of Linear Momentum Work Done by the Gravitational Force 225 226 9-5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 152 7-3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE 7-6 POWER 224 9-4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE 151 220 220 Linear Momentum 224 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles What Is Physics? 149 What Is Energy? 149 Kinetic Energy 150 7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 202 130 130 6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 195 195 REVIEW & SUMMARY 199 6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED 191 192 10-3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES Relating the Linear and Angular Variables www.ebook3000.com 266 266 268 268 vii viii CONTE NTS 10-4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION Kinetic Energy of Rotation Equilibrium 327 The Requirements of Equilibrium The Center of Gravity 330 271 271 10-5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA Calculating the Rotational Inertia 329 273 12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM 273 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 10-6 TORQUE Torque 332 332 277 12-3 ELASTICITY 278 10-7 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION Newton’s Second Law for Rotation REVIEW & SUMMARY 10-8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY REVIEW & SUMMARY 285 Indeterminate Structures Elasticity 339 279 279 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy PROBLEMS 286 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 295 11-1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED What Is Physics? 295 Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined 11-3 THE YO-YO 287 QUESTIONS 343 13 Gravitation 354 13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION What Is Physics? 354 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 355 13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 13-3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE 298 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 298 Gravitation Inside Earth 363 11-4 TORQUE REVISITED Gravitational Potential Energy 303 Angular Momentum Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 305 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form Satellites: Orbits and Energy 307 307 11-7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY 310 The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles 310 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 11-8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM Conservation of Angular Momentum 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 12-1 EQUILIBRIUM 327 327 327 QUESTIONS What Is Physics? 386 What Is a Fluid? 386 Density and Pressure 387 317 QUESTIONS 376 14 Fluids 386 14-1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE 312 317 318 374 374 319 PROBLEMS 377 311 312 11-9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE What Is Physics? REVIEW & SUMMARY 371 371 13-8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION Einstein and Gravitation 320 14-2 FLUIDS AT REST Fluids at Rest 388 389 14-3 MEASURING PRESSURE Measuring Pressure 368 369 13-7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY 11-6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM REVIEW & SUMMARY 364 364 13-6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER’S LAWS 305 Precession of a Gyroscope 359 362 13-5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY 302 357 357 360 13-4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH 301 11-5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 345 354 The Yo-Yo 302 Torque Revisited PROBLEMS 343 295 295 11-2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING The Kinetic Energy of Rolling The Forces of Rolling 299 338 282 282 QUESTIONS 338 392 392 386 PROBLEMS 378 ... Flying Circus of Physics and at flyingcircusofphysics.com VERSIONS OF THE TEXT To accommodate the individual needs of instructors and students, the ninth edition of Fundamentals of Physics is available... wrung of any connection with the real world The fun was missing I have packed a lot of real-world physics into Fundamentals of Physics, connecting it with the new edition of The Flying Circus of Physics. .. Pluto Radius of Earth Height of Mt Everest Thickness of this page Length of a typical virus Radius of a hydrogen atom Radius of a proton Length in Meters Measurements of the speed of light had