Chapter: Chapter 02: Psychology As A Science Multiple Choice Which of the following is most debatable as a true science? a) chemistry b) physics c) psychology d) biology Ans: c Feedback A: Less debatable than psychology Feedback B: Less debatable than psychology Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Less debatable than psychology Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Easy True/False Psychology, like other sciences, relies on the scientific method Ans: True Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Easy Psychological research is designed to both to separate out the relative contribution of factors like culture and personality and to think about how such various factors come together to influence human behavior Ans: True Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank The natural law of suggests that when something is set in motion, it has an effect on other things Ans: cause and effect Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What logical process starts with broad, basic principles and applies them in specific situations to prove many smaller truths? Ans: Deductive reasoning Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Essay What are the two essential beliefs that science has regarding the world? Ans: The universe operates according to natural laws and that such laws are discoverable and testable Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice What British philosopher argued against the use of deductive reasoning because he believed it was too susceptible to thinkers’ biases? a) Skinner b) Popper c) Kant d) Baker Ans: d Feedback A: Recognized that many of the processes that form the basis of psychology cannot be observed or described directly Feedback B: Argued that a sound scientific theory must establish, in advance, observations that would refute it Feedback C: Suggested that psychology is indeed empirical and very close to a “real” science Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium True/False If individuals carefully observe the events in the world around them, they are often able to discover the laws that govern those events Ans: True Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What term refers to personal beliefs or conventional wisdom that a particular thinker accepts as a broad, basic truth? Ans: Bias Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What logical process uses direct observations to generate broad conclusions? Ans: Inductive reasoning Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Essay 10 Define the term “hypothesis” and provide an example Ans: A hypothesis is a testable statement that can objectively be proven false Hypotheses are typically in the form of an if/then statement; applicable example must be provided Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 11 Observations of behaviors or any other events must be objectively testable Which of the following does not meet this criterion? a) dollars spent in a department store b) number of students in a school c) frequency of reported car accidents d) number of caring people in the world Ans: d Feedback A: Observable/measurable Feedback B: Observable/measurable Feedback C: Observable/measurable Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Easy True/False 12 Theories are the product of deductive reasoning Ans: False Feedback: Product of inductive reasoning Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 13 Ideas that psychologists develop about the laws that govern processes and behavior are called _ Ans: theories Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 14 What blended model is commonly used by psychologists to employ the best attributes of deductive and inductive reasoning? Ans: Hypothetico-deductive approach Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Essay 15 Describe the four steps used in the scientific approach to study behavior Ans: Making observations, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and developing a theory Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 16 A given field of study is defined as a science by virtue of its: a) methods b) equipment c) subject matter d) findings Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect A field is defined as a science by its use of the scientific method Feedback C: Incorrect A field is defined as a science by its use of the scientific method Feedback D: Incorrect A field is defined as a science by its use of the scientific method Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Easy 17 “Psychology is not a science,” Adam argues Which of the following is the BEST argument opposing this claim? a) Psychology is a science because it uses sophisticated technology in its research b) Psychology is a science because some of its early contributors were physiologists c) Psychology is a science because of the methods it uses d) Psychology is a science because it studies the brain and the rest of the nervous system Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific method, not because it uses sophisticated technology in its research Feedback B: Incorrect Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific method, not because of its historical roots in physiology Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific method, not because it studies the nervous system Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Medium 18 Which of the following adjectives would a scientist use most readily in describing the universe? a) mysterious b) lawful c) simple d) chaotic Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Scientists view the universe as fundamentally lawful Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Scientists view the universe as fundamentally lawful, but not necessarily simple Feedback D: Incorrect Scientists view the universe as fundamentally lawful Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Easy 20 Dr Arceneaux is a meteorologist Dr Bianchini is a psychologist With which of the following statements would they most likely agree? a) Like the weather, human behavior is inherently unpredictable b) The weather is predictable Human behavior is not c) While the weather is unpredictable, human behavior is predictable d) Both the weather and human behavior are ultimately predictable Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Drs Arceneaux and Bianchini would argue that both the weather and human behavior are predictable, rather than unpredictable Feedback B: Incorrect Drs Arceneaux and Bianchini would argue that both the weather and human behavior are predictable Feedback C: Incorrect Drs Arceneaux and Bianchini would argue that both the weather and human behavior are predictable Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Medium 21 The Greek philosophers used a type of reasoning known as reasoning a) deductive b) hypothetico-deductive c) Socratic d) inductive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The Greek philosophers relied on deductive reasoning, not hypothetico-deductive reasoning Feedback C: Incorrect The Greek philosophers relied on deductive reasoning The term “Socratic” is not used to refer to a type of reasoning Feedback D: Incorrect The Greek philosophers relied on deductive reasoning, not inductive reasoning Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Easy 22 Why did the Renaissance philosopher Francis Bacon question the validity of deductive reasoning? Which type of reasoning did he suggest as an alternative? a) Bacon believed that deductive reasoning was prone to biases He suggested hypothetico-deductive reasoning as an alternative b) Bacon believed that deductive reasoning was prone to biases He suggested inductive reasoning as an alternative c) Bacon believed that deductive reasoning often failed to result in general theories He suggested hypothetico-deductive reasoning as an alternative d) Bacon believed that deductive reasoning often failed to result in general theories He suggested inductive reasoning as an alternative Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Bacon suggested inductive reasoning, not hypothetico-deductive reasoning as an alternative to deductive reasoning Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Bacon believed that deductive reasoning was prone to biases, not that it failed to result in general theories He suggested inductive reasoning, not hypothetico-deductive reasoning as an alternative to deductive reasoning Feedback D: Incorrect Bacon believed that deductive reasoning was prone to biases, not that it failed to result in general theories Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Hard 23 Cecilia is using the formula F = M*A to solve a physics problem Cecilia is using reasoning a) hypothetico-deductive b) empirical c) inductive d) deductive Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Using a general formula to solve a specific problem exemplifies deductive, not hypothetico-deductive, reasoning Feedback B: Incorrect Using a general formula to solve a specific problem exemplifies deductive reasoning “Empirical” is not a term used to identify a type of reasoning Feedback C: Incorrect Using a general formula to solve a specific problem exemplifies deductive, not inductive, reasoning Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Medium 24 Why might one argue that inductive reasoning is less susceptible to bias than deductive reasoning is? a) Inductive reasoning begins with a general theory rather than specific observations b) In inductive reasoning, the observations that would refute the theory are specified in advance c) Inductive reasoning begins with objective observations rather than a theory in the reasoner’s mind d) Inductive reasoning is essentially the opposite of the sort of deductive reasoning that philosophers used Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Inductive reasoning may be less prone to bias because it begins with objective observations rather than a theory in the reasoner’s mind It is deductive reasoning that begins with a general theory Feedback B: Incorrect Inductive reasoning may be less prone to bias because it begins with objective observations rather than a theory in the reasoner’s mind It is hypothetico-deductive reasoning that specifies contradicting observations in advance Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Inductive reasoning may be less prone to bias because it begins with objective observations rather than a theory in the reasoner’s mind Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Difficulty Level: Hard 25 Recall your text’s discussion of the behaviorist perspective in Chapter According to your text, “Skinner argued [that] empirical – observable – information should be gathered first, and then theories could be formulated from that.” Skinner is endorsing _ reasoning, promoted early on by _ a) inductive; Bacon b) inductive; Descartes c) deductive; Bacon d) deductive; Descartes Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Inductive reasoning was promoted by Bacon, not Descartes Feedback C: Incorrect Inductive, not deductive, reasoning proceeds from observation to theory Feedback D: Incorrect Inductive, not deductive, reasoning proceeds from observation to theory Inductive reasoning was promoted by Bacon, not Descartes Section Ref: What is a Science? Learning Objective: List two core beliefs of science, and describe the steps in the scientific method Feedback B: Incorrect .15 is a weak positive relationship, not a very weak one Feedback C: Incorrect -.65 is a strong negative relationship, not a very strong one Feedback D: Incorrect -.65 is a strong negative relationship, not a modest one Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Medium 173 “I’m so excited! I got a correlation between scores on my sociosexual activity measure and scores on that anxious attachment scale, just like I predicted, “ enthuses Holly Based on your text’s discussion, the absolute value of Holly’s coefficient should be: a) at least 20 b) at least 30 c) at least 40 d) at least 60 Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Coefficients exceeding 30 are considered noteworthy in psychology Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Coefficients exceeding 30 are considered noteworthy in psychology Feedback D: Incorrect Coefficients exceeding 30 are considered noteworthy in psychology Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Medium 174 Correlational analysis is to experimental analysis as is to a) inferential statistics; descriptive statistics b) t-test; analysis of variance c) relationship; cause-and-effect d) cause-and-effect; relationship Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Correlational analyses identify relationships Experimental analyses establish causes Descriptive and inferential statistics are used to summarize and draw conclusions from experimental research Feedback B: Incorrect Correlational analyses identify relationships Experimental analyses establish causes Both t-tests and analyses of variance are statistical techniques used in experimental research Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Correlational analyses identify relationships Experimental analyses establish causes Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Medium 176 In a small study, a group of students in an Experimental Psychology course collected scores on two variables – Variables A and B – from five participants as follows: Participant 1: A = 3, B = 10; Participant 2: A = 3, B = 9; Participant 3: A = 8, B = 4; Participant 4: A = 6, B = 6; Participant 2: A = 10, B = “The mean score on Variable A is 6, and the variables are not correlated, “Ivy notes “The mean Variable B score is 5, and the variables are negatively correlated,” John states “No, the mean score on B is 6; but, yes, A and B are negatively correlated,” Kenya remarks “Wait The mean score on A is 5,” Lara adds Which of these students is correct? a) Only John is correct b) Kenya and Lara are correct c) John and Lara are correct d) Only Kenya is correct Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The mean score of Variable A is 6, as is the mean score of Variable B The variables are negatively correlated Only Kenya is correct Feedback B: Incorrect The mean score of Variable A is 6, as is the mean score of Variable B The variables are negatively correlated Only Kenya is correct Feedback C: Incorrect The mean score of Variable A is 6, as is the mean score of Variable B The variables are negatively correlated Only Kenya is correct Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 177 One statistic that tells researchers how much participants’ scores vary from one another is the: a) weighted mean b) standard deviation c) correlation coefficient d) inferential statistic Ans: b Feedback A: The standard deviation, not the weighted mean, indicates how much participants’ scores vary from one another Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The standard deviation, not the correlation coefficient, indicates how much participants’ scores vary from one another Feedback D: Incorrect The standard deviation indicates how much participants’ scores vary from one another There is no single statistic termed the “inferential statistic.” Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Easy 178 “The average was 75,”explains Dr Morales, handing back the semester’s first midterm The lowest score was 32, and there were several in the 40s But I had some 95s, 96s, and even a 98 – so it’s not like it’s impossible to well.” Handing back the second midterm, Dr, Morales notes, “The average was 75 again There were a few in the low 60s, but I got a bunch in the high 80s and into the 90s It’s looking better!” Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) The means were the same on the two tests, but the standard deviation was lower on the first than on the second b) The means were the same on the two tests, but the standard deviation was higher on the first than on the second c) The mean was higher on the second test than on the first, but the standard deviation was lower on the second test d) The means and standard deviations were the same on the two tests Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The standard deviation was higher on the first test than on the second Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The means were the same on the two tests Feedback D: Incorrect The standard deviation was higher on the first test than on the second Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 179 In an experiment containing one experimental group and one control group, the performance of the participants in the two groups would be compared using a(n): a) t-test b) standard deviation c) analysis of variance d) correlation coefficient Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The standard deviation describes the performance of a single group A t-test would be used to compare two groups Feedback C: Incorrect Analyses of variance are used when there or more groups T-tests are used when there are groups Feedback D: Incorrect Correlational coefficients aren’t computed in experimental work A t-test would be used to compare two groups Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Medium 180 Dr Nash is reading Odette’s thesis proposal “Recovering cocaine addicts will view three types of words flashed briefly on the computer screen: cocaine-related words, words related to drugs the participants did not abuse, and neutral words unrelated to drugs, “ reads one sentence Later, Dr Nash encounters this sentence: “Mean reaction times to the three types of words will be analyzed using a t-test.” Which piece of feedback is Dr Nash most likely to give to Odette? a) “The proposed analysis seems fine.” b) “I would suggest using analyses of variance, since you have three groups.” c) “Correlational analyses such as t-tests aren’t appropriate for experiments.” d) “I would propose computing correlation coefficients for this type of study.” Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Because the study contains groups rather than 2, an analysis of variance rather than a t-test would be used to analyze the results Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The t-test is not a correlational analysis Feedback D: Incorrect Correlational coefficients aren’t computed in experimental work An analysis of variance would be used to compare the groups Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 181 What does a psychologist usually mean when she says a particular experimental result is ‘significant’? a) The result reflects a large difference between the mean scores of one participant group and the mean scores of another b) The result is important in a practical sense c) The result will allow psychologists to support one theory over alternative theories d) The result is unlikely to have occurred solely as a result of chance Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect A significant difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance It is not necessarily large numerically Feedback B: Incorrect A significant difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance It is not necessarily important practically Feedback C: Incorrect A significant difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance It does not necessarily support one theory over another Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 182 Paulette encounters the following sentence in a psychology journal article she is reading: “Participants exposed to brief heat stress made more errors on the visual attention task than did participants not exposed to heat stress, p < 05.” Paulette can conclude each of the following EXCEPT: a) The difference between the groups in the number of errors most likely stems from heat stress b) There was a significant difference between the groups in the number of errors c) The number of errors was much larger in the heat stress group than it was in the other group d) There is less than a 5% chance that random coincidence was responsible for the difference between the groups in the number of errors Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The expression p < 05 suggests that the difference between the groups in the number of errors most likely stems from heat stress Feedback B: Incorrect The expression p < 05 indicates a significant difference between the groups in the number of errors Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The expression p < 05 indicates that there is less than a 5% chance that random coincidence was responsible for the difference between the groups in the number of errors Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 183 Why the editors of psychology journals sometimes insist that psychologists include an estimate of effect size along with the probability statistic when they report a significant result? a) By itself, a probability statistic indicates only whether the difference in means between the groups in the study is unlikely to reflect chance The effect size statistic indicates whether the difference is large b) By itself, a probability statistic indicates only that the difference in means between the groups in the study is large The effect size statistic indicates whether the difference is unlikely to reflect chance c) The effect size statistic replicates the probability statistic, providing additional evidence that the result is significant d) By itself, a probability statistic indicates only that there is a relationship between two variables The effect size statistic gives some indication of cause and effect Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect By itself, a probability statistic indicates only whether the difference in means between the groups in the study is unlikely to reflect chance The effect size statistic indicates whether the difference is large Feedback C: Incorrect By itself, a probability statistic indicates only whether the difference in means between the groups in the study is unlikely to reflect chance The effect size statistic indicates whether the difference is large Feedback D: Incorrect By itself, a probability statistic indicates only whether the difference in means between the groups in the study is unlikely to reflect chance The effect size statistic indicates whether the difference is large Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Hard 184 Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results hold up in different conditions with new samples is termed _ a) reproduction b) replication c) repetition d) restoration Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results will generalize is termed replication, not reproduction Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results will generalize is termed replication, not repetition Feedback D: Incorrect Redoing and expanding on a study to see if its results will generalize is termed replication, not restoration Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Easy 185 Immediately after the title of a journal article in psychology, a brief overview of the research always appears before the introduction begins This overview is called a(n) a) synopsis b) preface c) precis d) abstract Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The overview appearing at the very beginning of a scientific article is called an abstract, not a synopsis Feedback B: Incorrect The overview appearing at the very beginning of a scientific article is called an abstract, not a preface Feedback C: Incorrect The overview appearing at the very beginning of a scientific article is called an abstract, not a precis Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results? Learning Objective: Tell what information is conveyed by statistics, including correlation coefficients, means, and standard deviations, and explain how psychologists draw conclusions about cause and effect Difficulty Level: Medium 186 Which of the following incidents involved African American men who tested positive for syphilis purposefully not being treated so a control group of men who did not receive treatment could be formed by researchers? a) Monroe b) Tuskegee c) Lawrence d) Oahu Ans: b Feedback A: Not discussed Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Not discussed Feedback D: Not discussed Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Easy Essay Lydia checked into a psychiatric institution because she was suffering from depression and fatigue Doctors encouraged her to take part in an experiment on a new technique called “depatterning” During the experiment Lydia is subjected to large doses of drugs and put into a long-term drug-induced sleep, and is subjected to taped repetitive messages These practices are not proven techniques for treating depression but rather are aspects mind control technique that are being tested on human subjects At the end of the experiment Lydia was very emotionally disturbed Discuss the ethical violations that are problematic in this study Ans: First of all, researchers violated the research participant’s right to be free from harm The experiences that Lydia was subjected to in the name of science were both physically and psychologically hurtful Second, researchers subjected Lydia to drugs and techniques that are central to understanding brainwashing, not curing her depression The researchers were not acting with her best interest at heart Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Hard True/False Both the Canadian government and the United States CIA funded experiments to learn more about “depatterning”, a mind control technique Ans: True Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Easy 187 Modern psychologists no longer have reasons to be concerned about ethics in research Ans: False Feedback: Institutional Review Boards oversee research in research settings to ensure that researchers follow proper ethical practices; ethicality is foremost researchers’ responsibility Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 188 Before a researcher can test his/her hypotheses by collecting data, a(n) must provide ethical oversight Ans: institutional review board Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 189 What is the ethical goal of psychologists who are conducting research? Ans: To protect research participants from physical and emotional harm during the study Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Medium Essay 190 What special considerations must researchers give to participants such as children or the elderly? Ans: These populations are protected because they may not be able to give informed consent on their own Caregivers or parents must give permission for them to participate Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 191 What procedure at the end of an experiment provides participants with information regarding the full purpose and goals of the study? a) informed consent b) confidentiality review c) debriefing d) welfare review Ans: c Feedback A: Provided prior to the start of the experiment Feedback B: Plan to protect the identities and information provided by participants Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Avoid putting participants in situations that could cause physical or emotional harm Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Easy True/False 192 Research participants are fully responsible for protecting themselves from harm or discomfort in a research study Ans: False Feedback: Researchers have an ethical responsibility to protect participants as well Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 193 Protecting the identity and information collected from individual respondents in a research study refers to maintaining Ans: confidentiality Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 194 Identify pieces of information that are often included on a research study consent form? Ans: Details regarding purpose of the study, procedures to be used, disclosure of risks and benefits of participation, responsibility of participants Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Hard Essay 195 Evaluate the following statement: Animal testing has not benefited our understanding of human behavior Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? Ans: Much of the knowledge we have regarding the brain and nervous system has and will continue to be derived from animal research Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty: Hard 196 According to your text, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study continued for years a) b) 10 c) 25 d) 40 Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continued for 40 years Feedback B: Incorrect The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continued for 40 years Feedback C: Incorrect The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continued for 40 years Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 197 Trent, a doctoral student in psychology, is preparing his dissertation proposal The institutional review board (IRB) at his university will approve his research if: a) the research promises at least some scientific benefit b) participants will experience no risk or discomfort during the research c) the scientific benefit of the research outweighs the risk to the participants d) participants are fully informed of the study’s true purpose before the session begins Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Proposed research must not only promise scientific benefit, but the benefit must outweigh any risks to the participants Feedback B: Incorrect Some risk or discomfort to the participants is acceptable, so long as the potential scientific benefit outweighs the risk Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Participants not need to be fully informed of the study’s true purpose before the session begins Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 198 Dr O’Connor is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time Dr Quick is providing a detailed explanation to participants who have just completed a study Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) Dr O’Connor is obtaining informed consent from his participants Dr Quick is debriefing her participants b) Dr O’Connor is debriefing his participants Dr Quick is obtaining informed consent from her participants c) Both Dr O’Connor and Dr Quick are obtaining informed consent from their participants d) Both Dr O’Connor and Dr Quick are debriefing their participants Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Dr O’Connor is obtaining informed consent from his participants, not debriefing them Dr Quick is debriefing her participants, not obtaining informed consent from them Feedback C: Incorrect Dr Quick is debriefing her participants, not obtaining informed consent from them Feedback D: Incorrect Dr O’Connor is obtaining informed consent from his participants, not debriefing them Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 199 Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in a typical experimental session? a) informed consent debriefing experiment b) informed consent experiment debriefing c) debriefing informed consent experiment d) debriefing experiment informed consent Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Debriefing follows an experiment Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Debriefing follows an experiment Feedback D: Incorrect Informed consent precedes an experiment Debriefing follows an experiment Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 200 About _% of psychological research involves animals Of the animals used, approximately _% are primates a) 8; b) 10; 25 c) 25; d) 25; 25 Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Of the animals used in psychological research, approximately 5% are primates Feedback C: Incorrect About 10% of psychological research involves animals Feedback D: Incorrect About 10% of psychological research involves animals Of the animals used, approximately 5% are primates Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 201 How is animal research at colleges, universities, and institutes regulated? a) It is overseen by the same IRBs that regulate research with human participants b) It is overseen by an IACUC, a different board than the IRB that regulates research with human participants c) In contrast to research with human participants, the regulation of animal research is left to the common sense of individual scientists d) Application must be made to a state board prior to each study involving animal subjects Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Animal research is overseen by an IACUC, a different board than the IRB regulating research with human participants Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Animal research is overseen by an IACUC, a different board than the IRB regulating research with human participants Feedback D: Incorrect Animal research is overseen by an IACUC, a different board than the IRB regulating research with human participants Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium 202 According to your text, approximately _% of the public supports animal research, provided that the research serves scientific purposes a) 50 b) 65 c) 75 d) 90 Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The text states that 75% of the public supports animal research for scientific purposes Feedback B: Incorrect The text states that 75% of the public supports animal research for scientific purposes Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The text states that 75% of the public supports animal research for scientific purposes Section Ref: What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow? Learning Objective: Tell what ethical steps psychologists take to protect the rights of human research participants Difficulty Level: Medium ... research b) Psychology is a science because some of its early contributors were physiologists c) Psychology is a science because of the methods it uses d) Psychology is a science because it studies... nervous system Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific method, not because it uses sophisticated technology in its research Feedback B: Incorrect Psychology. .. a science because it uses the scientific method, not because of its historical roots in physiology Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Psychology is a science because it uses the scientific