VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI NGUYỄN THỊ HUYỀN NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (CÓ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TIẾNG ANH) LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGÔN NGỮ HỌC HÀ NỘI - 2018 VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI NGUYỄN THỊ HUYỀN NGỮ NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (CÓ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TIẾNG ANH) Ngành: Ngôn ngữ học Mã số : 9229020 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGÔN NGỮ HỌC Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn khoa học: PGS TS Phạm Hùng Việt HÀ NỘI - 2018 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan cơng trình nghiên cứu khoa học riêng tơi Các kết khảo sát miêu tả luận án trung thực chƣa đƣợc cơng bố cơng trình nghiên cứu khác TÁC GIẢ LUẬN ÁN MỤC LỤC Trang DANH MỤC BẢNG BIỂU MỞ ĐẦU……………………………………………………………… Tính cấp thiết đề tài……………………………………………… Mục đích nhiệm vụ nghi n cứu uận án……………………… Đối tƣợng phạm vi nghi n cứu uận án……………………… Phƣơng pháp uận phƣơng pháp nghi n cứu uận án……… Đóng góp khoa học uận án……………………………… Ý nghĩa í uận thực tiễn uận án……………………………… Cấu trúc uận án……………………………………………… Chƣơng TỔNG QUAN TÌNH HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ CƠ SỞ LÍ LUẬN……………………………………………………………… 1 Tổng quan tình hình nghi n cứu……………………………… 1.1.1 Tình hình nghiên cứu nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị giới…… 1.1.2 Tình hình nghiên cứu nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị Việt Nam……… Cơ sở í uận……………………………………………………… 1.2.1 Cơ sở ngơn ngữ học………………………………………………… 1.2.2 Cơ sở sinh lí học hệ thần kinh cảm giác……………………… Tiểu kết……………………………………………………………… Chƣơng ĐẶC ĐIỂM CẤU TẠO VÀ CẤU TRÚC NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI, VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh)………………………………………………………………… .1 Đặc điểm cấu tạo nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) ………………………………………………… 2.1.1 Từ đơn… …………………….…………………………………… 2.1.2 Từ ghép……………………………………………………………… 2.1.3 Từ láy 2.1.4 Nhận xét 2.1.5 Liên hệ với tiếng Anh……………………………………………… 2.1.6 Tương đồng khác biệt cấu tạo từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt tiếng Anh………………………………………………………………… Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh)………………………………………………… 2.2.1 Khái niệm, đặc điểm chất cảm giác…………………… 2.2.2 Thành phần nghĩa cấu trúc nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt…………………………………………………………… 2.2.3 Liên hệ với tiếng Anh……………………………………………… Tiểu kết……………………………………………………………… 1 5 6 7 12 17 17 34 37 39 39 39 43 51 52 56 62 67 67 68 86 90 Chƣơng NGHĨA VÀ HIỆN TƢỢNG CHUYỂN NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI, VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh)………………………………………………………… 3.1 Nghĩa nhóm từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) 3.1.1 Nghĩa số từ mùi tiếng Việt 3.1.2 Liên hệ với tiếng Anh 3.1.3 Nghĩa số từ vị tiếng Việt 3.1.4 Liên hệ với tiếng Anh……………………………………………… Hiện tƣợng chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) 3.2.1 Về tượng chuyển nghĩa 3.2.2 Hiện tượng chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt 3.2.3 Hiện tượng chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Nhận xét…………………………………………………………… Li n hệ với tiếng Anh……………………………………………… 3.2.6 Nhận xét…………………………………………………………… Tiểu kết……………………………………………………………… KẾT LUẬN DANH MỤC CƠNG TRÌNH KHOA HỌC CỦA TÁC GIẢ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN LUẬN ÁN DANH MỤC TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO DANH MỤC TỪ ĐIỂN TRA CỨU NGUỒN TƢ LIỆU TRÍCH DẪN PHỤ LỤC 92 92 93 94 95 97 101 101 103 109 121 125 139 141 143 DANH MỤC CÁC BẢNG TRONG LUẬN ÁN Bảng 2.1 Danh sách từ đơn mùi, vị tiếng Việt Bảng 2.2 Danh sách từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt Bảng 2.3 Danh sách từ mùi, vị tiếng Anh Bảng 3.1 Phạm vi chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt Bảng 3.2 Phạm vi chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ mùi, vị tiếng Anh Trang 42 56 62 124 141 DANH MỤC CÁC HÌNH TRONG LUẬN ÁN Hình 2.1 Sơ đồ cấu trúc từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.2 Sơ đồ cấu trúc từ mùi tiếng Anh Hình 2.3 Sơ đồ cấu trúc từ vị tiếng Anh Hình 2.4 Mơ hình cấu tạo từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.5 Mơ hình cấu tạo từ vị tiếng Anh Hình 2.6 Thành tố nghĩa miêu tả cấu trúc nghĩa từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 2.7 Thành tố nghĩa miêu tả cấu trúc nghĩa từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.8 Thành tố nghĩa đánh giá cấu trúc nghĩa từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.9 Thành tố nghĩa đánh giá cấu trúc nghĩa từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 2.10 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 2.11 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.12 Cấu trúc nghĩa từ tiếng Việt Hình 2.13 Cấu trúc nghĩa từ lịm tiếng Việt Hình 2.14 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ vị tiếng Anh Hình 2.15 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ mùi tiếng Anh Hình 3.1 Sơ đồ chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 3.2 Sơ đồ chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt 54 60 61 65 66 76 76 82 83 84 84 85 85 89 90 124 125 MỞ ĐẦU Tính cấp thiết đề tài Mùi vị thuộc tính đa dạng vật đƣợc ngƣời cảm nhận thông qua hai giác quan khứu giác vị giác Trong ngôn ngữ, từ ngữ gắn với mùi vị phong phú, tạo thành trƣờng từ vựng mang tính phổ quát Việc nghiên cứu trƣờng từ vựng ngữ nghĩa mang tính phổ quát đƣợc nhà ngôn ngữ học quan tâm nhiều, nhiên, bên cạnh số lĩnh vực đƣợc nghiên cứu kĩ nhƣ nhóm từ phƣơng hƣớng, tình cảm, màu sắc, trƣờng từ vựng ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị chƣa đƣợc quan tâm, nghiên cứu cách thoả đáng Đối với tiếng Việt, có số viết, cơng trình nghiên cứu từ ngữ mùi, vị, nhƣng chƣa có chuyên khảo nhƣ chƣa có luận án tiến sĩ sâu nghiên cứu lớp từ ngữ Mùi, vị quen thuộc đời sống hàng ngày ngƣời để biểu thị cảm nhận mùi, vị với mức độ, sắc thái, tiếng Việt có lớp từ ngữ đa dạng phong phú Tuy nhiên có thực tế là, việc phản ánh lớp từ Từ điển tiếng Việt hạn chế Ở đƣa vào từ ngữ mùi, vị việc giải thích nghĩa chƣa phản ánh hết đƣợc đa dạng việc ngƣời dùng cảm nhận mùi, vị để biểu thị liên tƣởng khác sống Bên cạnh đó, nghiên cứu ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị, nhà nghiên cứu nhận định nhóm từ có cấu trúc nghĩa ―đơn giản đến mức hầu nhƣ khơng thể phân tích đƣợc…‖ nhà từ điển học thƣờng giải thích nghĩa theo lối trực quan (chỉ dẫn) Luận án nhận thấy rằng, cấu trúc nghĩa đơn giản nhƣng nhóm từ có cấu trúc với thành tố nghĩa đặc trƣng, không từ mùi, vị mà với lớp từ mùi, vị khác (từ mùi, vị với nghĩa khái quát, từ mức độ mùi, vị, từ ghép mùi, vị, từ láy mùi, vị…) Việc làm rõ thành phần cấu trúc nghĩa lớp từ mùi, vị yêu cầu cần thiết đặt luận án Với lí nêu trên, nhận thấy rằng, việc nghiên cứu cách toàn diện ngữ nghĩa lớp từ ngữ tiếng Việt nhiệm vụ cần thiết Bên cạnh đó, trƣờng từ vựng ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị ngôn ngữ phổ quát, nên với việc khảo sát đặc trƣng ngữ nghĩa từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt, việc liên hệ với từ mùi, vị tƣơng đƣơng tiếng Anh để tìm nét tƣơng đồng khác biệt nghĩa, cấu trúc nghĩa cảm nhận nhóm từ hai ngơn ngữ yêu cầu đặt Do đó, chúng tơi chọn vấn đề ‖Ngữ nghĩa nhóm từ mùi vị tiếng Việt (có liên hệ với tiếng Anh) làm đề tài cho luận án Mục đích nhiệm vụ nghi n cứu uận án 2.1 Mục đích nghiên cứu Mục đích luận án: Làm rõ đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa, cấu trúc nghĩa hƣớng chuyển nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt, có liên hệ với tiếng Anh 2.2 Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu Để đạt đƣợc mục đích nghiên cứu nêu trên, luận án tập trung giải nhiệm vụ cụ thể nhƣ sau: - Hệ thống hóa nghiên cứu từ ngữ mùi, vị tác giả ngồi nƣớc - Xác lập sở lí luận cho việc nghiên cứu gồm vấn đề: lí thuyết nghĩa từ, trƣờng ngữ nghĩa, cấu trúc nghĩa từ, phƣơng thức chuyển nghĩa từ,… - Xác lập danh sách từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt - Nhận diện, miêu tả làm rõ thành tố nghĩa cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt, có liên hệ với tiếng Anh - Khảo sát nghiên cứu đặc điểm cấu tạo, đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa tƣợng chuyển nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có liên hệ với tiếng Anh) nhằm tìm đặc trƣng ngữ nghĩa cách thức chuyển nghĩa q trình sử dụng chúng hai ngơn ngữ Đối tƣợng phạm vi nghi n cứu uận án 3.1 Đối tượng nghiên cứu Đối tƣợng nghiên cứu luận án từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt Bên cạnh đó, luận án xem xét từ ngữ mùi, vị tƣơng ứng tiếng Anh để tìm tƣơng đồng khác biệt cách cảm nhận mùi, vị cộng đồng sử dụng hai ngôn ngữ Đối với từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt, luận án thu thập đơn vị tự thân biểu thị mùi, vị sống qua liên hệ với vật đại diện (chua, mặn, đắng, thối, thơm, ), biểu thị mức độ mùi, vị (chua loét, đắng ngắt, nhạt toẹt, thối inh, thơm lừng, ), hay biểu thị nghĩa khái quát mùi, vị (chua cay, mặn ngọt, bùi, hôi tanh, hôi thối, khê khú,…) Các kết hợp mùi, vị nhƣ hương chanh, hương bưởi, vị dâu, vị cam, mùi chuột chết, không thuộc đối tƣợng nghiên cứu luận án kết hợp sử dụng, đơn vị ngôn ngữ 3.2 Phạm vi nghiên cứu Luận án nghiên cứu đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa (đặc điểm cấu tạo, cấu trúc nghĩa, tƣợng chuyển nghĩa) từ ngữ mùi, vị trong tiếng Việt có liên hệ với tiếng Anh Về phạm vi tƣ liệu nghiên cứu: Luận án chủ yếu khảo sát ngữ nghĩa từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt xuất Từ điển tiếng Việt đƣợc coi có giá trị xuất thời gian qua từ ngữ mùi, vị (kèm với ngữ cảnh sử dụng) xuất sách báo, trang mạng đặc biệt kho sở liệu tiếng Việt Phòng Từ điển Ngữ văn, Viện Từ điển học Bách khoa thƣ Việt Nam (kho phiếu tƣ liệu khoảng triệu phiếu ngân hàng liệu máy tính, khoảng 30 triệu âm tiết, đƣợc khai thác phần mềm tra cứu thƣờng xuyên cập nhật liệu mới) Để xác định từ mùi, vị (đặc biệt kết hợp từ mùi, vị với yếu tố cấu tạo biểu thị sắc thái, mức độ mùi, vị) đối tƣợng nghiên cứu cách dùng đƣợc coi nghĩa, luận án áp dụng nguyên tắc thông dụng ổn định việc lựa chọn mục từ xách định nghĩa biên soạn từ điển giải thích, là: từ (mục từ) phải xuất ngữ cảnh khác tác giả khác nghĩa xuất ngữ cảnh khác với kết hợp khác Tƣ liệu tiếng Anh dùng để liên hệ đƣợc thu thập số từ điển giải thích tiếng Anh, ấn phẩm tiếng Anh trang web https://books.google.com.vn đặc biệt từ kho ngôn ngữ khối liệu Anh (British National Corpus) website http://bncweb.lancs.ac.uk/ Phƣơng pháp uận phƣơng pháp nghi n cứu uận án - Phƣơng pháp miêu tả: phƣơng pháp dùng để miêu tả đặc điểm cấu tạo từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt tiếng Anh Phƣơng pháp dùng để phân tích nghĩa từ mùi, vị nhằm nghĩa gốc, nghĩa phái sinh đƣờng chuyển nghĩa nhóm từ tiếng Việt liên hệ với tiếng Anh 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 for any of the men It would take more than a sharp tongue to cut down Alexander Vass Only that you have a sharp tongue and an undisciplined sister, neither of which attributes I find endearing Her words were sharp and hurtful His lawyer's a sharp operator It was with difficulty that she refrained from making a sharp remark The firm had to face some sharp practice from competing companies At the annual meeting in 1961 there was sharp criticism of an ‗out of date‘ programme In spite of receiving sharp criticism of this practice from researchers such as Reeves and Chevannes (1981) the Swann Committee repeated this model of data collection But that policy has come in for sharp criticism from monetarists On the same page appeared a sharp rebuke to Ken Brown he invariably administered a sharp rebuke (…) her mother's sharp voice would echo up the stair She read out the list in sharp, clipped tones A sharp click sounded in her ears, but she was too busy to notice The air was smelly and dim I think I'd rather live in the park than go to the smelly old place He's got a really big nose and he smokes a horrible smelly pipe Barbs isn't so old or so smelly, but she reminds me of him The men led him down an alleyway, stinking from dog urine and heaps of excrement It also ensures that the city is permanently cloaked in a stinking cloud of smoke and dust I not want your stinking name,‘ Gina said They shall drink stinking water; they will sip, but scarcely swallow The street was just moist with rain, sweet-smelling Then, his mouth muffled against her sweet-smelling hair 220 323 323 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 She had made her a cool and sweet-smelling bed of grasses inside a circle of powder to keep away ants and other insects The trees were full of sweet-smelling, snowy-white flowers The plane is stuffy and the toilets are getting whiffy For a few days we have been conscious of a bit of a whiffy smell Trick is keeping the soap whiffy, so that means changing it every month or so Từ vị To the sweet Julia‘: that I'll tear away Goodbye, my sweet little sister Alice! Without hops, beer would be unpleasantly sweet Glutinous rice is sweet and its sticky texture makes it easy to mould She smelled warm and sweet, Like a marshmallow The air was thick with sawdust and the sweet smell of freshly cut wood The sweet smell comes to me and I recognise it as horse sweat Bad breath is one of the biggest turn offs so most men are pretty keen to keep theirs smelling sweet So you should have space for something sweet smelling outside those big patio doors And that means keeping the place looking good and smelling sweet he thought Annabel was a sweet child! Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds But all the sweet and strange scents of evening, the chill of night Sweet dreams,‘ said the woman He believes that such delights will never be encountered except in his own sweet dream land she would be able to sleep again, to dream sweet dreams Sweet victory for hungry Coleraine The taste of victory is sweet Red Bull Renault managed to have a sweet victory in the Formula final race this season 221 323 323 149 149 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 But, you should remember that no sweet without sweat The couple then sealed their agreement with a sweet kiss Saxophonist's sweet success Voices became sweet on the air he remembered her sweet voice, and the touch of her fingers on his face, and her warm breath on his lips She had a lovely sweet voice, and always had to sing without piano accompaniment Are you Mr Cuthbert of Green Gables?‘ she asked excitedly in a high, sweet voice It's Love's Old Sweet Song — that must come into things somewhere Look after her like this and she is a sweet tempered old soul The sugars dissolve into the water and the sweet liquid, called wort, is pumped to a copper My sweet love, you're tired a great deal too often She had found a sweet lover where there had been no love A ripe melon will smell sweet, and yield slightly at the stalk end There was only one smell on the wind: a strong, fresh, sweet fragrance that filled the air This, too, holds its sweet fragrance until the evening arrives The room was filled with a strange, sweet smell The valley is sweet with the fragrance of orange blossoms she had piled the bedsheets in a corner of the room; a sweet aroma of grapes still clung to them It's a piercing beauty, or a sweet sorrow that fire is hot and tends upwards, that water is cold and flows downhill, that honey is sweet It seems we're all losing our taste for sweet things because of the shortages But the taste was refreshingly sweet I handed Mary and Dad their cups of sweet tea and they both smiled Afterwards treat as if for shock with rest and a sweet drink The juice of the green melon is sweet 222 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 Annie and Kelly sat drinking sweet tea in a noisy café in the centre of Newmarket We must stress the importance of reading the labels carefully before purchasing sweet food Do not forget to provide one or two items of sweet food — individual cakes or petit fours She has a modest expression and a pale sweet face He had a sweet face She would listen to me reading Coleridge, black hair falling over her sweet face Mrs Allan is young and beautiful, and has a very sweet smile Karen sent him a sweet smile The frown, however, was quickly changed to a sweet smile when she saw Mr Bumble enter Most others insist that the young Richard got his looks from his mother (…) a sweet beauty He throws it into the water, and that immediately becomes sweet It made a sweet clear sound in the quiet room He wrote of the calm sea at St Malo, the pink sky, the sweet air She hurried through the door, then dragged in several lungfuls of the clean, sweet air we are all favoured with pressing invitations to have ‗sweet milk‘ The sweet water was strained, and used to make mead To the sick man sweet water tastes bitter in the mouth Frankly, I make clothes for women to look sweet I could not imagine such sweet temper if the Edinburgh to London train had been similarly jammed She's beautiful and courageous with a sweet nature and a very fine dignity She was such a lovely girl and had such a sweet nature that he would be distressed to think Harry might not be able to give her the depths of love she deserved She uses me according to her own sweet nature, and could no other for her life The foal is now an eight-year-old mare with a sweet disposition I thought that was a sweet gesture and thanked him 223 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 326 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 Sue Anne's body warmed at the sweet gesture Jan is a very sweet lady and a good professional My lord's sister seems a sweet lady,‘ Ellen chattered on, pouring the warm milk into a goblet Thanks, Nick, it was sweet of you So sweet of you to come It's so sweet of Susan to spare you tonight How sweet of him to remember me,‘ Doreen said effusively The sharp running and creative midfield work of Giusti and Burruchaga was a sweet sight for Bilardo I want to taste her sweet skin Immerse myself in her flesh Then he touched his lips to the sweet skin of her cheek one more time Mummy is sweet and good and kind I had a sweet and sour Hong Kong, and urgh, it was like leather a decent suspension makes this car handle sweet It's a sweet-sailing boat Everything on the boat that we tested was of maximum quality The air was filled with the sweetish, rotting odour of a paper mill It had a sweetish scent, like icing sugar, like childhood birthday cakes (…)so added sugar may only have the effect of making your child expect oversweet drinks Filling is packed with fruity bits but a touch oversweet Plus, the raspberry cognac sauce is oversweet a cup of oversweet tea They breakfasted on sugared porridge, boiled eggs, bread and butter, and a pot of tea Daine's booze had tasted like sugared water, mine was like sugared water with added grit It's got to be a sugared pill, always Less good for you are sugary drinks, sweets and jams I try and eat the rest of the doughnut as neat as I can but I end up all sugary and sticky 224 327 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 328 329 323 323 323 330 323 323 323 323 149 149 323 323 323 323 323 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 arbohydrates are found in flour, bread, cereals, cakes, biscuits and most sugary foods Eat fewer sugary foods like cakes, sweets and biscuits Dentists want to fight tooth decay in babies by warning parents about sugary drinks The ants like to feed on the sugary liquid which the aphids produce in large drops from their rear end I can't say I'm enchanted with this sugary scene ‗Probably a great deal better than you,‘ she replied with a sugary smile he reminded her that she hadn't been too sugary herself during that phone call Even the breeze lifting the honeyed hair from her neck was hot There is the sweet, strong sugary smell he has smelled on the previous days The movie being televised was a sugary romance did not speak any honeyed words about the inspectorate its honeyed words, its affectation of sensibility were only alibis for our aggressions She spoke in honeyed tones That and the honeyed smell of the fruit tell us that these pineapples are ready to eat He wooed her with honeyed words Breakfast was black coffee, plus a saccharine tab from the tube S is also for SUGAR, saccharine substitute Robinson begin by rattling off a handful of saccharine songs that sound like little more than fast-paced lift music A saccharine and simple minded song He had become too cloying in his affections, his talk as saccharine as the dialogue from the Christmas classics on the television ‗I suppose you like yours strong and black?‘ she enquired with saccharine civility Even though DeVito has extracted a toothsome performance which insiders predict could win Jack an Oscar nomination To Letterman, who was once a fan of Marcuse, it is a distinctly toothsome word 225 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 325 323 323 323 323 324 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 The pineapple … the luscious fruit … our meal … the tropical luxury We used to go on Lord Street and he used to be (…) where they sold luscious cakes What a marvellous flower it was, so fresh, so luscious, and such a smell Wearing beautiful jewellery, or luscious colours and wonderful fabrics, is an ancient pleasure Roses, alstroemeria and chrysanthemum heads make a luscious decoration for a long table To my eye, the flower is not at all melancholy but rather luscious Close up his eyes were even more luscious than they'd looked on stage He would always remember her luscious body WHO is that luscious young girl posing on the beach in romantic Mauritius He‘ll fall for a luscious Spanish girl who can match him in passion t has a good lock in case my lust for your luscious body gets the better of me He watched her lower her head until her luscious lips were but an inch from his impatient weapon Back then, those things which couldn't be said were hinted at in the grain of those luscious voices ‗Be still my restless heart,‘ the man had a strong, caressing voice and the slow luscious accent of America's deep south And yes, you can even order a curvy cake in the shape of luscious lady in basque and suspenders Think what a luscious stock the dogs would make Although Club members will receive this luscious lipstick free of charge with their magazine Lorna Lewis was a luscious Swedish beauty whose parents were leading actors at the famous Stockholm National Theatre Children's books today are of such a high standard, they are too luscious to ignore Louise was French and luscious, as every male between the ages of fourteen and eighty-four would testify Given some clay or loam it will thrive, producing beautiful, luscious leaves I will give you all my nectarous love I am sure we will never be bored together Beware of sugar-coated bullets Her lovely fingers merely hovered momentarily over the sugar-coated biscuits arranged on a china plate 226 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 They had beans and bacon on toast, sugar-coated buns, ice-cream and tea She could even hear background music, syrupy and soothing, in her head Now I was about to meet him again, it was as if I had suddenly woken up from a syrupy dream they were watching some particularly syrupy moment from a corny trailer Place the candied fruit in a bowl with the candied peel, currants and pecans and add half of the bourbon Can I press you to a candied starfish? I too am made tearful for those dear dead days beyond recall when bread tasted like bread and lawns were always newly mown and ladies smelled of candied violets I was next door getting some more of those candied mice It tasted of candied peel and nuts, and she was reaching for another one A sour taste flooded into his mouth She made the kind of face she made when tasting sour milk leaving her with nothing but a sour taste in her mouth My wonderful memories are now sour Her hair ia s mess and her breath is faintly sour The air of the house turned sour Your Annamite was scabious — and he snivelled constantly, " lie complained in a sour voice ―Lena, that‘s too much.‖ he said, and his voice turned sour Too often relationships go sour or become impoverished through lack of attention That's where it started to go sour Capital matters because it protects depositors should a bank's loans go sour Her hair ia s mess and her breath is faintly sour He remembered the sour smell of his tiny sisters that wrinkled the nose I could smell a sour smell of old cloth, of old weddings, old sorrows After he had gone I found that my nightie was covered in a horrible sticky mess with a strange sour smell 227 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 A strange, sour smell pervaded the air Rex's doubtful face became a very sour face Eliza was now very tall and thin, with a rather sour face, dressed in very plain clothes She looked back over her shoulder at him and pulled a sour face Lauren gave her a sour look He was watching Quigley, a sour look on his chapped little face Occasionally a sour smell from his doorway made me catch my breath Dalgliesh remembered the sour comment of a defending counsel after a verdict of guilty Can't understand any guy putting up with her,‘ was his sour comment It contained sourish milk mixed with water, and Miss Logan drank somewhat nervously They might be eaten for supper with a ladleful of thick sourish cream poured over them The wet garden was alive with smells: damp earth, the dry smell of bricks, faint smoke from yesterday's bonfire A dry sherry seemed just the thing, so I asked for one Although many of the wines are dry, sweet Vermentino wines are also produced Beginners sometimes describe dry wines as sweet because they confuse fruitiness with sweetness She could hear Salt's acid voice now; sniff her scent of vanilla The leaves when crushed give out a pungent or acid smell she almost gagged at the feel of his slimed cock under her hand, and the raw acid smell of his seed She was stung into acid defiance ‗I not understand you,‘ he rasped, ‗but coming from you I imagine it is some acid comment Reaching for a cup, her arm accidentally brushed his and she flinched as though she'd been burned, which brought forth another acid comment There is no label on the bottle, it tastes a wee bit vinegary Despite the somewhat vinegary aftertaste we found it very easy to drink She spoke, in an acid, vinegary voice: ―I think, sir, we need not trouble you further 228 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 149 149 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 Unfortunately, it was Mary she saw, with her usual vinegary face A vinegary smell pricked the still air for a moment, then faded Otley said, lifting the vinegary cloth from my eyes I rose, broke my fast and slipped the landlord some pieces of silver which made his vinegarish face look more congenial and subservient The wet garden was alive with smells: damp earth, the dry smell of bricks, faint smoke from yesterday's bonfire However, excessive grinding will cause the oils to evaporate and the coffee to taste bitter and acidic It was a mixture of oily-like stench with a blend of sour, acidic taste to it The acidic tone in his voice told everyone something was wrong He looked slightly hurt by my acidic tone, and I was glad that it had caused the right effect The occasional acidic comment at the conference was, perhaps, symptomatic of a looming problem She lets us peek at the acidic comments written in the guestbooks of fictional hotels Biting his tongue to prevent an acidic remark from coming off it, he glanced again at Meg Bright, acidic colors have always been warning colors His earlier, less subdued works contained elements of vibrant oranges and reds, acidic greens The gas, was easily dissolved in water, giving a sparkling drink with a ‗pleasant acidulous taste Usually as I return the books to the good professors with some such acidulous remark as: ―It appears very thin Nothing here The water became acrid and bitter there was the acrid smell of wood-smoke and an orange glow lit my way through the wild garlic An acrid smell polluted the room The leaves when crushed give out a pungent or acid smell The smell of disinfectant was acrid People began to cough in the acrid air, and to rub eyes reddened with smoke and tears Her perfume was strong and acrid in his nostrils When he arrived at the scene the shop was full of thick, acrid smoke 229 331 323 323 323 323 149 149 323 149 323 149 149 149 149 323 356 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 Logs had been kindled in the hearth, and the room held the faint, acrid tang of woodsmoke The atmosphere was acrid A bitter, astringent scent like hospital antiseptic is in the air Her body started to tremble, totally beyond her control, as she felt the astringent liquid soak into her skin Her godmother's astringent words had their effect and suddenly Sophie's nervousness disappeared He also says: ‗Jesus reserved his most astringent criticism for the Pharisees The strong astringent smell of ammonia invigorated Ted for the first time all morning Prior to processing, cocoa has a rather astringent taste She had tasted the fear of being cast out, and it left a bitter taste in her mouth In its flowering state, it's ignored by livestock because of a bitter taste, but that dies off in the autumn Even after swallowing it, its bitter taste lingered long in my mouth I sniffed at the mix of soap and sharp bitter smells The familiar smell of hot lead, and the bitter smell of ink, caught his nostrils It was a horrid, bitter smell And then a bitter wind blew the kites It's a bitter wind today He had the heaters full on: it was a raw morning with a bitter wind blowing from the east they were covered by a crust of snow which froze on in the bitter winds It's really bitter out today From behind them, they could feel the wind driving in, wild and bitter cold, from the open sea Winter and summer, except it's bitter cold It's bitter cold out I awoke at the sounding of five o'clock reveille, shivering in the bitter cold Despite the bitter night he lowered his window before starting the motor surveys the aftermath of a bitter night battle, surprised to have lived to see dawn 230 323 323 149 323 323 323 149 149 323 323 323 149 332 333 323 323 323 323 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 We were all frozen stiff in that bitter night Cold nights, bitter rain, the fear of predators, nothing would make me take that final step inside it's a harsh, cold, bitter climate in Antarctica n the bitter climate of the 1980s, the organisation, operation and quality of trade union education are hardly likely to be decisive She was an extremely angry, very bitter woman, who was determined to get everybody around her as angry as she could Her second, to musician Bill Hudson, brought a bitter custody battle I'm sure she'd end up forever suspicious, bitter and soured Instead the overwrought director turned it into a bitter battle which ends with the lover I'm still absolutely disgusted at what has happened, but the emotion is one of sadness and bitter regret rather than anger He's bitter about what happened he didn't want to lose From bitter experience, she knew it would be impossible to talk it over with Julius I've learnt that from bitter experience From bitter experience, she knew it would be impossible to talk it over with Julius She won her subsequent litigation but as far as penis envy goes, it was a bitter experience But it is altogether more rooted in the bitter experience of black people So, with a bitter sense of disappointment that still lingers to this day, I skipped it But first you gotta learn to take the bitter with the sweet He is bitter about his treatment by the media in general Her beer tasted overbitter suddenly They were neither overbitter nor entirely untrue but as they made me feel uncomfortable He's gracious in victory and not overbitter in defeat – at least outwardly He says he has yet to overbitter any of his beers using this simple method At the back, the taste is changed, it is no longer bitterish 231 334 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 149 323 323 335 336 337 338 339 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 Canadian balsam has a strong not disagreeable odour, and a bitterish taste Did you have a salty meal and therefore drink more? He cut two thick slices of bread and spread yellow, salty butter over each one but the temptation to add more salt to food, and to eat salty foods, should be resisted Each year, eel larvae, about three inches in length, appear in the salty seas off the European coast It must then be recharged by soaking in salty water I would like something to eat, something salty Christina could taste its salty tang and feel it settle stickily on her skin Somehow, this fragrance was able to overpower the salty smell of the sea he protein is then released from the agarose by adding a salty solution, he said He was thinking about school dinners and salty cabbage when he heard her other voice IT IS as well that the Princess Royal has a salty sense of humour I can tell you now it's going to have some of that salty humour to it He proceeded to insult everyone, telling them, in more salty language There's a salty rural saying, beloved of Finnish technocrats: ‗God never says no to grand thoughts her wild ways and salty language shocked the local gentry Stacy sighed and two briny tears ran through her cheeks Other men jumped into the briny water before they could be killed he cello concerto swelling through the house, the briny tang of the scallops in their marinade The fillets should have a mild, slightly briny smell Exchanges between surface water and ground-water also mean that the latter is becoming more saline A layer of photosynthetic bacteria lives permanently on the boundary between brackish and highly saline water Environmentalists claim the highly saline water discharged from desalination plants could harm marine life Other doctors were putting compresses of saline solution on the worst burns Lupins for her had a peppery smell, bracken a smell of the sea 232 440 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 149 149 149 149 149 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 Then a peppery voice snapped: "Mr Wilson, I've been defrauded He could hear peppery wave of pistol-and-musket-fire rolling around the place A peppery old colonel Retired generals are expected to be peppery She is sweet and spicy Jeremy is chatting up the hot American girl who lives in the next apartment I don't like her face…but she has a hot body a film director were sitting somewhere protecting the audience from the spicy scenes If a person has a hot temper, he needs to recognize that he doesn't have peace deep inside I love her nutty behaviour He came up with a few nutty proposals 233 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 335 323 323 234 ... Chƣơng NGHĨA VÀ HIỆN TƢỢNG CHUYỂN NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI, VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) ……………………………………………………… 3.1 Nghĩa nhóm từ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh). .. CẤU TRÚC NGHĨA CỦA NHÓM TỪ NGỮ CHỈ MÙI, VỊ TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) ……………………………………………………………… .1 Đặc điểm cấu tạo nhóm từ ngữ mùi, vị tiếng Việt (có i n hệ với tiếng Anh) …………………………………………………... trúc nghĩa từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 2.10 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ mùi tiếng Việt Hình 2.11 Cấu trúc nghĩa nhóm từ ngữ vị tiếng Việt Hình 2.12 Cấu trúc nghĩa từ tiếng Việt Hình 2.13 Cấu trúc nghĩa