Flowering Plants “This page left intentionally blank.” Armen Takhtajan Flowering Plants Second Edition Armen Takhtajan Komarov Botanical Institute St Petersburg Russia ISBN: 978-1-4020-9608-2 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-9609-9 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929400 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Cover illustration: Front Cover: Photograph of Painting “Spring Flowers” by Martiros Saryan Back Cover: Photograph of Armen Takhtajan Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Foreword vii Preface xi Introduction xiii Synopsis xxxvii Phylum Magnoliophyta Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA Subclass I Magnoliidae Subclass II Ranunculidae Subclass III Hamamelididae Subclass IV Caryophyllidae Subclass V Dilleniidae Subclass VI Rosidae Subclass VII Asteridae Subclass VIII Lamiidae 11 69 101 129 167 293 435 511 Class LILIOPSIDA 589 Subclass I Alismatidae Subclass II Liliidae Subclass III Arecidae Subclass IV Commelinidae 595 625 693 699 Index 751 v “This page left intentionally blank.” Foreword Professor Armen Takhtajan, a giant among botanists, has spent a lifetime in the service of his science and of humanity As a thoroughgoing internationalist, he promoted close relationships between botanists and people of all nations through the most difficult times imaginable, and succeeded with his strong and persistent personal warmth He also has stood for excellent modern science throughout this life, and taught hundreds of students to appreciate the highest values of civilization whatever their particular pursuits or views, or the problems they encountered Takhtajan has made multiple contributions to our understanding of plant evolution, particularly concerning angiosperms and their classification As early as 1943, in his paper “Correlations of Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis in Higher Plants,” he put forward a theory of the macroevolution of many groups of plants through neoteny; he elaborated this theory in later publications Takhtajan’s ideas on macroevolution as a result of changes in developmental timing (heterochrony or heterobatmy) has been viewed favorably by a number of outstanding biologists, including Agnes Arber (in “The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form”, 1950) and Stephen Gould (in “Ontogeny and Phylogeny”, 1977) His principal ideas were that the origin of herbaceous angiosperms was the result of neoteny and that the origin of some arborescent forms was secondary He also offered hypotheses about the way in which monocot leaves, with their characteristic parallel venation, and discussed well the patterns involved in the origin of stomata Takhtajan produced a novel classification for the structural types of gynoecium and of their placentation He also wrote on the evolution of inflorescences, the evolution of pollen grains, and the evolutionary classification of fruit types His theory of the evolution of inflorescences, in which he postulated that a leafy cyme was the original type, was accepted by Stebbins (“Flowering Plants, Evolution Above the Species Level,” 1974: 263) One of the his most important contributions was the idea that the origin and evolution of male and female gametophytes of the angiosperms came about through evolutionary changes in developmental timing accompanied by drastic modifications of the ontogenetic processes involved Takhtajan’s most important achievement has been the development of his phylogenetic system of the flowering plants, a system that has greatly influenced all other recent systems of classification; in turn, Takhtajan was inspired by Hans Hallier’s earlier theories He published a preliminary phyletic diagram of the orders of angiosperms as early as in 1942, and this diagram was mentioned by Gundersen in his “Families of Dicotyledons” (1950) Later in his large book, “A System and Phylogeny of the Flowering Plants” (1966) and in his “Systema Magnoliophytorum” (1987), both in Russian, as well as in “Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1997), in English, Takhtajan provided a detailed exposition of his system as well as vii viii the reasons for his delimitation and arrangement of families and orders One of his main innovations was the subdivision of both the dicots and monocots into subclasses, which was widely accepted as a major advance in angiosperm classification and introduced into some textbooks, including the last edition of Strasburger’s “Lehrbuch der Botanik” Takhtajan’s system of classification is a synthetic, integrated one based on all available data, including recent studies in embryology, palynology, comparative anatomy, cytology, phytochemistry, and molecular data, as well as on cladistic analyses of many taxa This new book, as well as “Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants”, includes also intrafamilial classification (subfamilies and tribes) Armen Takhtajan has worked for many years at the Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia (LE), where he had access to its great herbarium collections and library He used these rich resources to supplement his field experience in many regions in the world As a result of his studies and the observations he was able to make during the course of his travels, he prepared a book entitled “Floristic Regions of the World,” in which he presented not only floristic divisions for the whole world, but also listed endemic families and genera and provided examples of endemic species for each province At the present, the classification of angiosperm families and our ideas of their relationships are moving forward rapidly; current studies have led and are leading to many significant changes in our interpretations, largely following the important clues about relationship that have come from molecular comparisons between taxa Because of the numerous examples of parallelism and evolutionary convergence among the angiosperms and their individual structures, some of the ideas gained by earlier, often meticulous analyses of morphological, anatomical, and even chemical features The classification presented in the current book should be understood as a summary of a life’s study of plants and the system that his insights support – the work of a very great botanist that takes into account not only his own meticulous studies but as much of the contemporary information as he was able to assimilate and take into account Although future classifications will clearly go beyond the stage of development represented here, it is important to be able to benefit from Armen Takhtajan’s insights into the features of flowering plants and the ways in which the suites of characteristics they present can be viewed in an evolutionary context Takhtajan is a botanist of the 20th century, and the views developed from his vast experience – he is nearly 100 years of age – richly deserve publication Younger research workers and students will appreciate the opportunity to be informed of Armen Takhtajan’s ideas, and to be acquainted with the wide ranging data on where they are based This book naturally draws extensively on the rich Russian literature in the field of plant classification, and many readers will find ideas expressed that are of interest to them The new insights and ideas in the book likewise will inspire new levels of thinking about the relationships between the families of angiosperms and their evolutionary history, including the convergent and parallel evolution of particular features Peter Stevens, one of the reviewers, has pointed out that additional evidence has accumulated regarding the relationships of many angiosperm families, and that comparisons of their DNA have revealed unsuspected similarities Armen Takhtajan has taken into consideration some, but not all, of this evidence, and future treatments will result in major revisions of some of the concepts presented here Importantly, he brings to our attention the pertinent Russian botanical literature, which is poorly Foreword Foreword ix known in the West This book presents challenging new ideas and insights clearly, and it is very important to publish for its demonstrated value as the final work of a great scientist, representing the culmination of his experience and study It is also important to mention that this book summarizes the ideas and understanding of a lifetime of investigation and thought by one of the most able and influential botanists of our time Considering his age, it will probably be the last one – Peter H Raven, President and Director, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri, USA Short Biography Armen Takhtajan was born on June 10, 1910 in Shusha, Nagorny Karabakh He was graduated from the Institute of Subtropical Cultivation in Tbilisi (1929–1932) He got his Ph.D (candidate of sciences) in Leningrad, 1938; and his Dr Sci (Doctor of Sciences) at the Yerevan State University, Armenia in 1943 He worked as Research fellow, at the Natural History Museum in Yerevan (1932–1937), and as Senior Botanist, at the Biological Institute in Armenia (1935–1943) He was also Lecturer and later Professor of Botany at the Yerevan State University (1936–1948); Director of Botanical Institute, Armenian Academy of Sciences (1943–1948); and Professor of Botany, Leningrad State University (1949–1960) He has been a member of the staff at the Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences since 1955, first as a Chief of the Laboratory of Palaeobotany (1955–1987) and also as Director of the Institute (1976–1986) Now he is an Advisor of the Komarov Botanical Institute He is a full member (Academician) of the Armenian Academy of Sciences and of the Russian Academy of Sciences, foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, foreign member of Finnish Academy of Sciences and Letters, German Academy of Naturalists (Leopoldina), Polish Academy of Sciences, Norwegian Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the Linnaean Society of London For many years he was President of the Soviet Union Botanical Society Armen Takhtajan was awarded the A.L Komarov Award (1969), Russian State Award (1981), the Allerton Medal (1990) and Henry Shaw Medal (1997) for Botany, and he has 20 books and more than 300 scientific papers to his name He served as editor for many books and series published in Russia, including the Botanisky Zhurnal As an editor, he read and corrected the entire text line by line The recent publication of this kind was the 6-volume series “Plant Life,” which serves for many high school and university students as a wonderful textbook Armen Takhtajan has been and is an individual of outstanding accomplishment and influence on the biological sciences both in Russia and throughout the world Index Spielmannia, 569 Spielmanniaceae, 569 Spigelia, 518 Spigelia, 514 Spigeliaceae, 514, 518, 520 Spigelieae, 518 Spiloxene, 648 Spinacia, 143 Spinaciaceae, 142 Spingiphila, 566 Spinifex, 746 Spiradiclis, 518 Spiraea, 319 Spiraeaceae, 319 Spiraeanthemaceae, 295 Spiraeanthemum, 294, 296 Spiraeanthus, 319 Spiraeeae, 319 Spiraeoideae, 318, 319, 321 Spiraeopsis, 295 Spiranthera, 375 Spiranthes, 649 Spirella, 522 Spirodela, 619 Spirogardnera, 422 Spirolobium, 521 Spiropetalum, 359 Spirorhynchus, 253 Spirostachys, 288 Spirostegia, 566 Spirostigma, 570 Spirotecoma, 566 Spirotheca, 270 Spirotropis, 352 Spondiaceae, 378 Spondianthus, 287 Spondias, 378 Spondieae, 378 Spondioideae, 378 Spongiocarpella, 353 Spongiosperma, 521 Sporadanthus, 739 Sporobolus, 742, 745 Sporoxeia, 340 Spraeanthemum, 295 Spraguea, 138 Spragueanella, 422 Sprekelia, 669 Sprengelia, 193 Spryginia, 253 Spyridium, 432 Squamellaria, 518 Sredinskya, 215 Staavia, 444 Staberoha, 739 Stachyandra, 287 Stachyanthus, 467, 469 Stachyarrhena, 519 Stachydeoma, 573 Stachyopsis, 573 Stachyothyrsus, 351 857 Stachyphrynium, 708 Stachys, 573 Stachystemon, 287 Stachystemonoideae, 287 Stachytarpheta, 571 Stachyuraceae, 171, 173, 226 Stachyurus, 173, 457 Stackhousia, 412 Stackhousiaceae, 410, 412 Stackhousioideae, 412 Stadiochilus, 707 Staelia, 519 Stahlia, 351 Stahlianthus, 707 Staintoniella, 253 Stanfieldiella, 716 Stanfordia, 252 Stangea, 462 Stanhopea, 649 Stanleya, 252 Stanleyaceae, 252 Stapeliaceae, 521 Stapelianthus, 522 Stapeliopsis, 522 Stapella, 522 Stapfiella, 228 Staphylea, 361, 363 Staphyleaceae, 361, 363, 364 Stathmostelma, 522 Staticaceae, 157 Staticoideae, 156, 157 Staudtia, 46 Stauntonia, 78 Stauntonieae, 78 Stauracanthus, 352 Stauranthera, 567 Stauranthus, 375 Staurogyne, 569 Staurophragma, 565 Stawellia, 667 Stayneria, 138 Steganotaenia, 479 Steganthera, 50 Stegnosperma, 138 Stegnospermataceae, 130, 132, 138 Stegolepis, 724 Steirachne, 745 Stelechantha, 518 Stelechocarpus, 42 Steleostemma, 522 Stelestylis, 682 Stelis, 649 Stellaria, 135, 141 Stellariaceae, 141 Stellarioides, 668 Stellera, 272 Stelleropsis, 272 Stellularia, 566 Stelmacrypton, 521 Stelmagonum, 522 Stelmation, 522 858 Stelmatocodon, 522 Stemmacantha, 502 Stemmadenia, 521 Stemodia, 565 Stemodieae, 565 Stemodiopsis, 565 Stemona, 688 Stemonaceae, 685, 688, 689 Stemonales, 687, 690 Stemonocoleus, 350 Stemonoporus, 268 Stemonuraceae, 469 Stemonurus, 469 Stemotria, 552, 564 Stenachaenium, 503 Stenandrium, 570 Stenanona, 42 Stenanthemum, 432 Stenanthium, 627 Stenocactus, 140 Stenocarpus, 72 Stenocereus, 140 Stenochilus, 569 Stenodon, 340 Stenodraba, 253 Stenodrepanum, 351 Stenogonum, 155 Stenogyne, 558, 573 Stenomeria, 522 Stenomeridaceae, 690, 691 Stenomeris, 690, 691 Stenomesseae, 669 Stenomesson, 669 Stenopetaleae, 254 Stenopetalum, 254 Stenosiphon, 342 Stenosiphonium, 570 Stenosolen, 521 Stenosolenium, 542 Stenospermation, 618 Stenostelma, 522 Stenostephanus, 570 Stenotaenia, 479 Stenotalis, 739 Stenothyrsus, 570 Stephanandra, 319 Stephania, 80 Stephanocaryum, 542 Stephanocereus, 139 Stephanococcus, 520 Stephanodaphne, 271 Stephanomeria, 503 Stephanopodium, 327 Stephanostegia, 521 Stephanostema, 521 Stephanotis, 522 Steptorhamphus, 503 Sterculia, 269 Sterculiaceae, 264, 269, 284 Sterculieae, 269 Sterculioideae, 269, 270 Index Stereocaryum, 343 Stereosandra, 649 Stereospermum, 566 Sterigmapetalum, 401 Sterigmostemum, 253 Steriphoma, 252 Steris, 142 Sternbergia, 669 Stetsonia, 140 Steudnera, 619 Stevenia, 253 Stevensia, 520 Stevia, 503 Stewartia, 172, 173 Stewartieae, 173 Steyerbromelia, 700 Steyermarkochloa, 746 Steyermarkochloeae, 746 Stichoneuron, 688 Stictocardia, 534 Stifftia, 502 Stifftieae, 502 Stigmaphyllon, 404, 405 Stigmatodactylus, 649 Stigmatorhynchus, 522 Stilaginaceae, 286 Stilbaceae, 550, 564 Stilbanthus, 142 Stilbe, 564 Stilbocarpa, 474, 479 Stilboideae, 564 Stillingia, 288 Stilobasieae, 376 Stilpnophyllum, 519 Stimpsonia, 215 Stipa, 744 Stipaceae, 742 Stipagrostis, 744 Stipeae, 744 Stipecoma, 521 Stiptanthus, 573 Stipularia, 519 Stipulicida, 141 Stirlingia, 72 Stirtonanthus, 352 Stixeae, 252 Stixis, 252 Stizolobium, 352 Stizolophus, 502 Stizophyllum, 566 Stocksia, 364 Stockwellia, 343 Stokesia, 503 Stomatium, 138 Stomatocalyceae, 288 Stomatostemma, 521 Stonesia, 313 Stonesiella, 352 Storckiella, 351 Stracheya, 353 Stranges, 72 Index Stranvaesia, 321 Strasburgeria, 186 Strasburgeriaceae, 183, 184, 186 Stratiotaceae, 603 Stratiotes, 603 Straussiella, 253 Streblacanthus, 570 Streblorrhiza, 353 Streblosa, 518 Streblus, 281 Strelitzia, 703, 706, 735 Strelitziaceae, 702, 703, 706, 707 Strelitzieae, 706 Strempeliopsis, 521 Strephonema, 331, 332, 339 Strephonematoideae, 339 Streptantella, 253 Streptanthella, 252 Streptanthus, 252 Streptocalyx, 701 Streptocarpus, 567 Streptocaulon, 521 Streptochaeta, 742 Streptochaetaceae, 742 Streptochaeteae, 742 Streptoglossa, 503 Streptolirion, 716 Streptoloma, 253 Streptomanes, 521 Streptopeae, 630, 633 Streptopetalum, 228 Streptopus, 633 Streptosiphon, 570 Streptosolen, 533 Streptothamnus, 218 Striga, 566 Strigosella, 253 Strobilacanthus, 570 Strobilanthes, 570 Strobilanthopsis, 570 Strobilopsis, 565 Stroeberia, 138 Stroganowia, 253 Stromanthe, 708 Strombocactus, 140 Strombosia, 417, 421 Strombosiaceae, 421 Strombosiopsis, 421 Strongylodon, 352 Strophanthus, 521 Strophioblachia, 288 Strophostyles, 353 Strumaria, 669 Strumariaceae, 669 Struthanthus, 422 Struthiola, 272 Strychnaceae, 514, 517, 522 Strychnopsis, 80 Strychnos, 511, 517 Stryphnodendron, 351 Stubendorffia, 253 859 Stuckertia, 522 Stuhlmannia, 351 Stussenia, 340 Stylapterus, 339 Stylidiaceae, 492, 493, 494 Stylidiales, 492 Stylidieae, 494 Stylidium, 493, 494 Stylisma, 534 Stylobasium, 368, 373, 376, 377 Styloceras, 113, 114, 115 Stylocereae, 115 Stylochaeton, 618 Stylochaetoneae, 618 Stylodon, 571 Stylogyne, 215 Stylomecon, 95 Stylophorum, 95 Stylosanthes, 352 Stypandra, 661, 667 Styphelia, 193 Styphe-liaceae, 191 Styphelieae, 193 Styphelioideae, 188, 190, 192 Styphnolobium, 352 Styracaceae, 199, 208, 209 Styracales, 199, 208, 211 Styrax, 208, 209 Suaeda, 143 Suaedeae, 143 Suberanthus, 520 Subularia, 254 Succisa, 460, 463 Succisella, 463 Succowia, 253 Suchtelena, 542 Suckleya, 143 Suessenguthia, 570 Suessenguthiella, 141 Sukinia, 519 Suksdorfia, 306 Sulaimania, 573 Sulitia, 519 Sulla, 353 Sullivantia, 306 Sumatroscirpus, 731 Sumbaviopsis, 288 Suphesia, 138 Suregada, 288 Suriana, 373, 376 Surianaceae, 373, 376 Surianeae, 376 Sutera, 565 Sutherlandia, 353 Suzukia, 573 Svensonia, 571 Svitramia, 340 Swainsona, 353 Swartzia, 351 Swartziaceae, 350 Swartzieae, 351, 353 860 Sweetia, 352 Swertia, 520 Swida, 451, 453 Swietenia, 378 Swieteniaceae, 377 Swietenieae, 378 Swietenioideae, 377 Swinglea, 376 Swintonia, 378 Syagrus, 695 Sycopsis, 108, 109 Sylvichadsia, 352 Symbegonia, 235, 236 Symbolanthus, 520 Symmeria, 155 Symonanthus, 530, 534 Sympegma, 143 Sympetalandra, 351 Symphionema, 72 Symphionematoideae, 72 Symphonia, 182 Symphorema, 571 Symphoremataceae, 555, 571 Symphoricarpos, 462 Symphostemon, 573 Symphyandra, 488 Symphyllia, 288 Symphyllophyton, 520 Symphyochlamys, 270 Symphyopappus, 503 Symphysia, 193 Symphytum, 542 Symplocaceae, 208, 209 Symplocarpeae, 618 Symplocarpus, 616, 618 Symplococarpon, 173 Symplocos, 209 Synadenium, 289 Synandra, 573 Synandrina, 226 Synandrodaphne, 271 Synandrodaphneae, 271 Synandrospadix, 618 Synaphea, 71, 72 Synapsis, 565 Synaptantha, 519 Synaptolepis, 271 Synaptophyllum, 137 Synardisia, 215 Syncarpia, 343 Syncarpieae, 343 Synclisia, 80 Syncolostemon, 573 Syndiclis, 51 Syndyophyllum, 288 Synechanthaceae, 694 Synechanthus, 695 Syngenetiaceae, 502 Syngonanthus, 722, 723, 724 Syngonium, 619 Synoum, 377 Index Synsepalum, 212 Synsndropus, 80 Synstemon, 253 Synthlipsis, 253, 254 Synthyris, 566 Syntriandrium, 80 Sypharissa, 668 Syrenia, 253 Syrenopsis, 253 Syringa, 545, 546 Syringaceae, 546 Syringantha, 520 Syringodea, 658 Syringodium, 610, 612 Syrmatium, 353 Syrrheonema, 80 Systellantha, 215 Systemonodaphne, 51 Systenotheca, 155 Syzygieae, 342 Syzygium, 337, 342 Szovitsia, 479 T Tabebuia, 566 Tabernaemontana, 521, 522 Tabernaemontaneae, 521 Tabernanthe, 521 Tacarcuna, 287 Tacarcuneae, 287 Tacazze, 522 Tacca, 690, 691 Taccaceae, 689, 690, 691 Taccarum, 618 Tachia, 520 Tachiadenus, 520 Tachigali, 351 Tachydium, 573 Tacinga, 139 Tacitus, 305 Tadehagi, 353 Taeniophyllum, 649 Tagetes, 503 Tahitia, 268 Taihangia, 320 Takhtajaneae, 31 Takhtajania, 30, 31 Takhtajaniaceae, 31 Takhtajaniella, 253 Talauma, 35, 36 Talbotia, 685, 686 Talbotiella, 350 Talguenea, 432 Talinaceae, 138 Talinaria, 138 Talineae, 138 Talinella, 138 Talinopsis, 138 Talinum, 138 Talipariti, 270 Index Talma, 364 Taltalia, 641 Tamaceae, 691 Tamaricaceae, 158, 159 Tamaricales, 158 Tamariceae, 159 Tamarindaceae, 350 Tamarindus, 350 Tamarix, 158, 159 Tambourissa, 47 Tambourissa, 50 Tamijia, 707 Tamijioideae, 707 Tamilnadia, 519 Tammsia, 519 Tamnaceae, 691 Tamonea, 571 Tamus, 691 Tanacetaceae, 502 Tanacetum, 503 Tanaecium, 567 Tanakaea, 303, 306 Tangtsima, 648 Tannodia, 288 Tanquana, 138 Tapeinia, 658 Tapeinochilos, 702, 708 Tapeinochilus, 707 Tapeinosperma, 215 Tapeinostemon, 520 Taphrospermum, 253 Tapinanthus, 422 Tapirira, 378 Tapirocarpus, 378 Tapiscia, 361, 363 Tapisciaceae, 362, 363 Tapoides, 288 Tapura, 326, 327 Tara, 351 Taraktogenos, 226 Taralea, 352 Tarasa, 270 Taraxacum, 503 Taraxis, 739 Tarchonantheae, 502 Tarchonanthus, 502 Tarennoidea, 519 Tarrena, 519 Tarrietia, 269 Tarrietieae, 269 Tasmanneae, 31 Tasmannia, 30, 31 Tassadia, 522 Tateanthus, 340 Tauscheria, 253 Tauschia, 479 Tavaresia, 522 Taverniera, 353 Taxillus, 422 Teclea, 375 Tecna, 567 861 Tecoma, 553, 566 Tecomanthe, 566 Tecomeae, 566 Tecomella, 566 Tecophilaea, 655, 657 Tecophilaeaceae, 655, 656, 657 Tecophileales, 678 Tecticornia, 143 Tectiphiala, 695 Tectona, 571 Tectoneae, 571 Tecunumania, 235 Tedingea, 669 Teedia, 565 Teedieae, 565 Teesdalia, 254 Teesdaliopsis, 254 Tegicornia, 143 Tejsmanniodendreae, 571 Tejsmanniodendron, 571 Telectadium, 521 Telekia, 503 Telephiaceae, 141 Telephieae, 141 Telephium, 134 Telephium, 141 Telesonix, 306 Telfairia, 235 Teline, 352 Telitoxicum, 80 Tellima, 304, 306 Telminostelma, 522 Telopea, 72 Telosiphonia, 521 Telosma, 522 Teloxys, 143 Temnadenia, 521 Temnopteryx, 519 Temon, 342 Templetonia, 352 Tenaris, 522 Tengia, 567 Tenicroa, 668 Tennantia, 519 Tephrosia, 352 Tepualia, 342 Tepuia, 193 Tepuianthaceae, 265, 271 Tepuianthus, 265, 271 Teramnus, 352 Terebinthaceae, 378, 476 Terminalia, 331, 332, 339 Terminaliaceae, 339 Terminaliopsis, 339 Ternstroemia, 173 Ternstroemiaceae, 171, 173 Ternstroemieae, 173 Tersonia, 247, 254 Tesmophora, 564 Tessarandra, 545, 546 Tessmannia, 350 862 Tessmanniacanthus, 570 Tessmannianthus, 340 Testudinaria, 691 Testulea, 187 Tetilla, 387, 388, 389 Tetraberlinia, 350 Tetracarpaea, 304 Tetracarpaeaceae, 300, 302, 304 Tetracentraceae, 103, 104, 105 Tetracentron, 103, 104 Tetraceroideae, 168 Tetrachaete, 745 Tetrachne, 745 Tetrachondra, 564 Tetrachondraceae, 549, 564 Tetraclea, 572 Tetraclis, 209 Tetracme, 253 Tetracmidion, 253 Tetracoccus, 287 Tetractomia, 375 Tetradenia, 573 Tetradiclidaceae, 391, 393, 395 Tetradiclidoideae, 395 Tetradiclis, 395 Tetradium, 375 Tetradoxa, 461, 462 Tetradyas, 422 Tetradymia, 503 Tetraena, 391, 392, 394 Tetraenoideae, 394 Tetragastris, 378 Tetraglochin, 320 Tetragonia, 137 Tetragoniaceae, 137 Tetragonioideae, 137 Tetragonolobus, 353 Tetralix, 268 Tetralocularia, 534 Tetramelaceae, 235, 236 Tetrameles, 235, 236 Tetramerantheae, 42 Tetrameranthus, 42 Tetramerista, 177, 178 Tetrameristaceae, 173, 175, 177, 178 Tetramerium, 570 Tetranema, 565 Tetrapanax, 478 Tetrapathaea, 228 Tetrapetalum, 42 Tetraphyllum, 567 Tetraphysa, 522 Tetraplandra, 289 Tetraplasandra, 474, 478 Tetrapleura, 351 Tetrapogon, 745 Tetrapollinia, 520 Tetrapteris, 405 Tetrapterocarpon, 351 Tetrardisia, 215 Tetraria, 731 Index Tetraselago, 565 Tetrasida, 270 Tetraspidium, 566 Tetrastigma, 315, 316 Tetrastylidiaceae, 421 Tetrastylidium, 421 Tetrasynandra, 50 Tetrataxis, 341 Tetratheca, 232 Tetrathecaceae, 232 Tetrathylacium, 226 Tetrathyrium, 109 Tetraulacium, 565 Tetrazygia, 340 Tetreacera, 168 Tetroncium, 608, 611 Tetrorchidium, 288 Teucridium, 572 Teucrieae, 572 Teucrium, 572 Teyleria, 352 Thacla, 87 Thailentadopsis, 351 Thalassia, 601, 603 Thalassiaceae, 603 Thalassioideae, 603 Thalassodendron, 612 Thaleropia, 342 Thalia, 706, 708 Thalictraceae, 86 Thalictreae, 86, 87 Thalictroideae, 87, 88 Thalictrum, 85, 87 Thamnea, 444 Thamnocharis, 567 Thamnochortus, 739 Thamnosma, 375 Thapsia, 479 Thaumasianthes, 422 Thaumato, 708 Thawatchaia, 313 Thea, 173 Theaceae, 170, 172, 173, 181, 191 Theales, 170, 173, 180, 191, 203, 206, 220, 226 Thecacoris, 287 Thecocarpus, 479 Thecorchis, 519 Theeae, 173 Theilera, 488 Theineae, 169 Thelephieae, 305 Thelethylax, 313 Theligonaceae, 517 Theligonum, 520 Thelionema, 667 Thellungiella, 253 Thelocactus, 140 Thelymitra, 649 Thelypodieae, 252, 254 Thelypodiopsis, 252 Thelypodium, 252 Index Themeda, 746 Themidaceae, 660, 666, 668 Themis, 668 Themistoclesia, 193 Themum, 724 Thenardia, 521 Theobroma, 269 Theobromataceae, 269 Theobromeae, 269 Theodoravia, 487 Theophrastaceae, 213, 214, 215, 216 Theophrastaceae, 212 Thereianthus, 658 Theriophonum, 619 Thermopsideae, 352 Thermopsis, 352 Theropogon, 677 Therorhodion, 192 Thesiaceae, 422 Thesidium, 422 Thesieae, 422 Thesium, 419, 422 Thespesia, 270 Thevenotia, 502 Thevetia, 521 Thibaudia, 193 Thilachlum, 252 Thiloa, 339 Thinicola, 352 Thinouia, 364 Thismia, 636, 637 Thismiaceae, 636, 637 Thladiantha, 235 Thlaspeocarpa, 253 Thlaspi, 254 Thlaspiaceae, 252 Thomandersiaceae, 569 Thomasia, 269 Thompsonella, 305 Thomsonieae, 619 Thonningia, 428 Thophoenix, 695 Thoracocarpus, 682 Thorncroftia, 573 Thornea, 182 Thottea, 58, 59, 60 Thouinia, 362, 364 Thouinidium, 364 Thouinieae, 364 Threlkeldia, 143 Thrinax, 695 Thryallis, 405 Thryptomene, 343 Thsochloa, 745 Thunbergia, 561, 569 Thunbergiaceae, 569 Thunbergianthus, 566 Thunbergieae, 569 Thunbergioideae, 569, 570 Thuranthos, 668 Thurneraceae, 729 863 Thurnia, 731 Thurniaceae, 730, 731 Thurniaceae, 724 Thurya, 141 Thuspeinantha, 573 Thylacanthus, 350 Thylacodraba, 253 Thylacospermum, 141 Thymbra, 573 Thymelaea, 271 Thymelaeaceae, 266, 271, 272 Thymelaeoideae, 271 Thymus, 573 Thyridocalyx, 519 Thyrocarpus, 542 Thyrsanthemum, 716 Thyrsanthera, 288 Thyrsosalacia, 412 Thysanocarpus, 253 Thysanolaena, 745 Thysanolaeneae, 745 Thysanostemon, 182 Thysanostigma, 570 Thysanotus, 667 Tianschaniella, 542 Tiarella, 304, 306 Tibetia, 353 Tibouchina, 340 Tibouchinopsis, 340 Ticodendraceae, 120 Ticodendron, 119, 120 Ticorea, 375 Tidestromia, 142 Tieghem, 427 Tieghemella, 211 Tienmuia, 566 Tigrideae, 658 Tigridia, 658 Tilia, 267, 268 Tiliaceae, 226, 232, 262, 267, 268, 269, 272, 278, 279, 432 Tiliacora, 80 Tilieae, 268 Tilioideae, 267 Tillaea, 305 Tillaeaceae, 305 Tillandsia, 699, 701 Tillandsiaceae, 700 Tillandsieae, 701 Tillandsioideae, 700 Timonius, 520 Tina, 364 Tinantia, 716 Tinguarra, 479 Tinnea, 572 Tinomisclum, 80 Tinospora, 80 Tinosporeae, 80 Tintinnabularia, 521 Tipuana, 352 Tiquilia, 541 Tirania, 252 864 Tirpitzia, 398, 401 Tisonia, 226 Titanopsis, 138 Titanotrichum, 566 Tithymalaceae, 287 Tittmannia, 444 Tobagoa, 519 Tochloa, 708 Tococa, 340 Tocoyena, 519 Toddalia, 375 Toddalieae, 375 Toddalioideae, 375 Toddaliopsis, 375 Tofieldia, 598 Tofieldia, 595, 596, 597, 598 Tofieldiaceae, 598 Tolmiea, 303, 304, 306 Tolpis, 503 Tolypanthus, 422 Tomanthera, 566 Tonduzia, 521 Tonella, 565 Tonina, 724 Tontelea, 412 Toona, 378 Topobea, 340 Tordylieae, 479 Tordylium, 479 Torenia, 565 Toricellia, 477 Toricelliaceae, 476, 477 Torilis, 479 Tormentillaceae, 319 Toronia, 72 Torulinum, 731 Touchardia, 281 Toulicia, 364 Tournefortia, 540, 542 Tournonia, 139 Touroulia, 187 Touroulla, 186 Tourretia, 553 Tourrettia, 554, 567 Tourrettieae, 567 Toussaintia, 42 Tovaria, 255 Tovariaceae, 245, 246, 248, 255 Tovomita, 182 Tovomitidium, 182 Tovomitopsis, 182 Toxicodendron, 378 Toxicoscordion, 627 Toxocarpus, 522 Tozzia, 566 Trachelanthus, 542 Trachelium, 488 Trachelospermum, 521 Trachomitum, 521 Trachyandra, 667 Trachycalymma, 522 Index Trachycarpus, 694, 695 Trachydium, 479 Trachymene, 478, 479 Trachyphrynium, 708 Trachypogon, 746 Trachyspermum, 479 Trachystemon, 542 Trachystigma, 567 Trachystoma, 253 Trachystylis, 731 Tractema, 668 Tradescantia, 716 Tradescantiaceae, 715 Tradescantieae, 716 Traganopsis, 143 Traganum, 143 Tragia, 288 Tragiaceae, 287 Tragiella, 288 Tragiola, 565 Tragopogon, 503 Tragus, 745 Trailliaedoxa, 520 Trapa, 342 Trapaceae, 332, 338, 341 Trapella, 569 Trapellaceae, 560, 569 Trattinnickia, 374, 378 Traubia, 669 Trautvetteria, 88 Trautvetterieae, 88 Treculia, 281 Treichelia, 488 Trema, 280 Tremacron, 567 Tremandra, 231, 232 Tremandraceae, 232 Tremandreae, 231, 232 Tremastelma, 463 Trematolobelia, 489 Trematosperma, 469 Trembleya, 340 Tremulina, 739 Tresanthera, 516, 519 Treutlera, 522 Trevesia, 478 Trevoa, 432 Trewia, 288 Trewiaceae, 287 Triadenum, 182 Triadica, 289 Triadodaphne, 51 Triaenophora, 566 Triainolepis, 518 Trianaea, 533 Trianaeopiper, 59 Trianoptiles, 731 Trianthema, 137 Tribelaceae, 438, 441 Tribeles, 441 Tribolium, 744 Index Tribonanthes, 714, 717 Tribulaceae, 393 Tribulocarpus, 137 Tribuloideae, 392, 394, 395 Tribulopis, 394 Tribulus, 394 Tricalistra, 677 Tricalustra, 675 Tricalysia, 519 Tricardia, 541 Tricarpelema, 716 Triceratella, 716 Triceratelleae, 716 Trichadenia, 226 Trichantha, 567 Trichanthera, 570 Trichaulax, 570 Trichilia, 371 Trichilla, 377 Trichlora, 669 Trichloris, 745 Tricho, 689 Trichocalyx, 570 Trichocephalus, 432 Trichocereeae, 139 Trichocereus, 140 Trichochiton, 253 Trichocladus, 109 Trichodesma, 542 Trichodiadema, 138 Trichogonia, 503 Tricholepis, 502 Trichoneura, 745 Trichopetalum, 667 Trichophorum, 731 Trichopodaceae, 689, 690, 691 Trichopus, 689, 690, 691 Trichosacme, 522 Trichosanchezia, 570 Trichosandra, 522 Trichosantheae, 235 Trichosanthes, 235 Trichoschoenus, 731 Trichoscypha, 378 Trichospermeae, 432 Trichospermum, 268 Trichostachys, 518 Trichostema, 572 Trichostephanus, 226 Trichostigma, 136 Trichotaenia, 565 Trichotolinum, 253 Trichuriella, 142 Tricliceras, 228 Triclisia, 80 Tricomaria, 405 Tricomarieae, 405 Tricoryne, 663, 667 Tricostularia, 731 Tricyclandra, 235 Tricyrtidaceae, 630, 633 865 Tricyrtidoideae, 634 Tricyrtis, 634 Tridactylina, 503 Tridax, 503 Tridens, 745 Tridentea, 522 Tridesmostemon, 212 Tridimeris, 42 Tridynamia, 534 Trieenea, 565 Trientalis, 216 Trifi, 353 Trifolieae, 353 Trifolium, 353 Triglochin, 608, 611 Triglochinaceae, 611 Trigonella, 353 Trigonia, 325, 326, 327 Trigoniaceae, 326, 327 Trigoniastrum, 325, 326, 327 Trigoniodendron, 327 Trigonobalanoideae, 117 Trigonobalanus, 117 Trigonocapnos, 96 Trigonocaryum, 542 Trigonopleura, 287 Trigonostemon, 288 Trigonostemoneae, 288 Trigonotideae, 542 Trigonotis, 540, 542 Triguera, 533 Trigynaea, 42 Trilepidea, 422 Trilepideae, 731 Trilepis, 731 Trilepislum, 281 Trilliaceae, 629, 634 Trilliales, 628 Trillidium, 629 Trillium, 628, 629 Trilobachne, 746 Trimenia, 25 Trimeniaceae, 25, 26 Trimeniales, 24 Trimeria, 226 Trimeris, 489 Trimezia, 658 Trinia, 479 Triodanis, 488 Triodia, 745 Triolena, 340 Triomma, 378 Triosteum, 459, 462 Triostomeae, 462 Tripetaleia, 192 Triphasia, 376 Triphyophyllum, 161, 162, 163, 164 Triphysaria, 566 Tripladenia, 633 Triplarideae, 155 Triplarina, 343 866 Triplaris, 154, 155 Triplobaceae, 269 Triplochiton, 269 Triplochitonaceae, 269 Triplochitoneae, 269 Triplostegia, 462 Triplostegiaceae, 460, 462, 463 Tripodanthus, 422 Tripodion, 353 Tripogandra, 716 Tripogon, 745 Tripora, 572 Tripsacum, 746 Tripteris, 503 Tripterocalyx, 137 Tripterococcus, 412 Tripterospermum, 520 Tripterygium, 409, 412 Tripterygoideae, 412 Trischidium, 351 Trisepalum, 567 Trisetum, 744 Tristagma, 669 Tristania, 342 Tristanieae, 342 Tristaniopsis, 342 Tristemma, 340 Tristemonanthus, 412 Tristerix, 422 Tristicha, 312 Tristichaceae, 312 Tristichoideae, 312 Triteleia, 666 Triteleiopsis, 668 Trithecanthera, 422 Trithrinax, 695 Trithuria, 724 Trithuria, 723 Triticaceae, 742 Triticeae, 744 Triticum, 744 Tritonia, 658 Tritoniopsis, 658 Triumfetta, 268 Triumfetteae, 268 Triumpheteae, 432 Triunia, 72 Triuridaceae, 683 Triuridales, 683 Triurideae, 683 Triuridopsis, 683 Triuris, 683 Trivalvaria, 42 Trixis, 502 Trochetia, 269 Trochiscus, 253 Trochocarpa, 193 Trochodendraceae, 103, 104 Trochodendrales, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108 Trochodendranae, 102, 107 Trochodendron, 103, 104 Index Trochomeria, 235 Trochomeriopsis, 235 Trollieae, 87 Trollioideae, 87 Trollius, 85, 87 Tromotriche, 522 Tropaeastrum, 240 Tropaeolaceae, 239, 240 Tropaeolales, 240 Tropaeolum, 240 Trophis, 281 Tropidocarpum, 253 Tropis, 353 Truellum, 155 Trukia, 519 Trymalium, 432 Trymatococcus, 281 Tryphostemma, 228 Tryssophyton, 340 Tsebona, 212 Tsoongia, 571 Tsoongiodendron, 35, 36 Tsusiophyllum, 192 Tuberaria, 271 Tubocapsicum, 533 Tuerckheimocharis, 565 Tulasneantha, 313 Tulbaghia, 666, 669 Tulbaghiaceae, 669 Tulbaghioideae, 669 Tulipa, 630, 634 Tulipaceae, 634 Tulipeae, 634 Tumamoca, 235 Tupeia, 422 Tupidanthus, 474, 478 Tupistra, 675, 677 Tupistraceae, 677 Turanga, 225 Turbina, 534 Turgenia, 479 Turnera, 228 Turneraceae, 220, 223, 228 Turpinia, 363 Turraea, 377 Turraeanthus, 377 Turraeeae, 377 Turricula, 541 Turrigera, 522 Turrillia, 73 Turritis, 253 Tussilago, 503 Tutcheria, 173 Tweedia, 522 Tylecodon, 305 Tyleria, 187 Tylophora, 522 Tylopsacas, 567 Tylosema, 350 Tylosperma, 320 Tynanthus, 567 Index Typhaceae, 734, 735 Typhales, 734, 736 Typhonium, 619 Typhonodorum, 619 Tyrbastes, 739 Tytthostemma, 141 Tzeltalia, 533 U Uapaca, 287 Uapacaceae, 286 Ubochea, 571 Uebelinia, 142 Uebelmannia, 140 Ugni, 336, 343 Uittienia, 351 Uldinia, 479 Uleanthus, 352 Ulearum, 619 Ulex, 352 Ullucaceae, 138 Ullucus, 139 Ulmaceae, 278, 279, 280, 281 Ulmariaceae, 319 Ulmoideae, 280 Ulmus, 280 Ultricularia, 571 Ulugbekia, 542 Umbelliferae, 478 Umbellularia, 52 Umbiliceae, 305 Umbilicus, 305 Umtiza, 351 Uncaria, 520 Uncarina, 568 Uncinia, 731 Ungeria, 269 Ungernia, 669 Ungnadia, 364 Ungulipetalum, 80 Unigenes, 489 Uniola, 745 Unisemataceae, 716 Unonopsis, 42 Upuna, 268 Uragoga, 518 Uraria, 353 Urariopsis, 353 Urbania, 571 Urbanodendron, 51 Urbanodoxa, 252 Urceola, 521 Urceolina, 669 Urena, 270 Urera, 281 Urginea, 668 Urgineoideae, 668 Urgineopsis, 668 Uribea, 352 Urobotrya, 421 867 Urocarpidium, 270 Urocarpus, 375 Urochondra, 745 Urodon, 352 Urogentias, 520 Uromices, 734 Uromyrtus, 343 Urophylleae, 518 Urophyllum, 518 Urophysa, 87 Uroskinnera, 565 Urospatha, 618 Urospermum, 503 Urostelma, 522 Ursinia, 503 Ursulaea, 701 Urtica, 281 Urticaceae, 278, 280, 281 Urticales, 278, 279 Urticeae, 281 Urvillea, 364 Usteria, 513, 517 Utleria, 521 Utleya, 193 Utricularia, 563, 564 Utriculariaceae, 570 Utsetela, 281 Uvariastrum, 42 Uvarieae, 42 Uvariodendron, 42 Uvariopsis, 42 Uvulareae, 633 Uvularia, 633 Uvulariaceae, 633, 634 Uvularioideae, 633, 675, 677 V Vaccaria, 141 Vacciniaceae, 191 Vaccinieae, 193 Vaccinioideae, 190, 193 Vaccinium, 188, 193 Vagaria, 669 Vahadenia, 521 Vahlia, 442 Vahliaceae, 436, 437, 442 Vailia, 522 Valantia, 519 Valdivia, 440 Valentiniella, 542 Valeriana, 459, 462 Valerianaceae, 458, 459, 462, 463 Valerianeae, 462 Valerianella, 459, 462 Vallariopsis, 521 Vallaris, 521 Vallea, 231, 232 Vallesia, 521 Vallisneria, 603 Vallisneriaceae, 603 868 Vancouveria, 83 Vanda, 649 Vandasina, 352 Vandeae, 649 Vandellia, 565 Vandoideae, 649 Vangueria, 519 Vanguerieae, 519 Vangueriella, 519 Vangueriopsis, 519 Vanheerdea, 138 Vanhouttea, 567 Vanilla, 646, 648 Vanillaceae, 648 Vanilloideae, 648 Vanover, 707 Vanroyenella, 312 Vantanea, 399, 401 Vantaneeae, 401 Vanwykia, 422 Vanzijlia, 138 Varronia, 542 Vasconcellea, 244 Vaseyanthus, 235 Vasivaea, 268 Vassilczenkoa, 157 Vassobia, 533 Vatairea, 352 Vataireopsis, 352 Vateria, 268 Vateriopsis, 268 Vatica, 268 Vatovaea, 352 Vaughania, 352 Vaupesia, 288 Vauquelinia, 321 Vavaea, 377 Vavaeeae, 377 Vavara, 570 Vavilovia, 353 Vegaea, 215 Veillonia, 695 Veitchia, 695 Velascoa, 324 Velezia, 142 Vella, 253 Velleia, 499, 501 Vellozia, 684, 685, 686 Velloziaceae, 685, 686, 700 Velloziales, 684 Velloziella, 566 Veltheimia, 668 Ventilagineae, 432 Ventilago, 429, 432 Vepris, 375 Veratraceae, 626 Veratrilla, 515, 520 Veratrum, 626, 627 Verbascaceae, 565 Verbasceae, 565 Verbascum, 550, 565, 587 Verbena, 571 Index Verbenaceae, 556, 569, 571, 574 Verbeneae, 571 Verbeno, 571 Verbenoideae, 571 Verbesina, 503 Verbuellia, 59 Vernicaceae, 378 Vernicia, 288 Vernonia, 503 Vernoniaceae, 502 Vernonieae, 503 Veronica, 566 Veronicaceae, 565 Veronicastrum, 566 Veroniceae, 566 Verreauxia, 499, 501 Verrucularia, 404, 405 Verschaffeltia, 695 Versteegia, 519 Verticordia, 343 Veselskya, 253 Vesicarex, 731 Vesselowskya, 294, 295 Vestia, 533 Vexatorella, 72 Viburnaceae, 458, 461 Viburnum, 458, 461 Vicia, 353 Viciaceae, 350 Vicieae, 353 Victoria, 16, 17 Vidalasia, 519 Vieisia, 612 Vigia, 288 Vigna, 349, 352 Viguieranthus, 351 Viguierella, 745 Villadia, 305 Villaresia, 469 Villarsia, 499, 501 Viminaria, 352 Vinca, 521 Vincaceae, 521 Vinceae, 521 Vincetoxicopsis, 522 Vincetoxicum, 522 Vindasia, 570 Viola, 227 Viola, 222 Violaceae, 219, 222, 227 Violales, 218, 219, 226, 227, 233, 247, 261, 284, 285 Violanae, 168 Violates, 220 Violeae, 227 Violioideae, 227 Virectaria, 519 Virectarieae, 519 Virgilia, 352 Viridantha, 701 Viridivia, 228 Virola, 46 Virotia, 73 Index Viscaceae, 420, 422, 423 Viscainoa, 392 Viscalnoa, 394 Visceae, 423 Viscum, 420, 423 Vismia, 182 Vismianthus, 359 Vismieae, 182 Visnea, 173 Vitaceae, 315, 316 Vitales, 315 Vitaliana, 215 Vitellaria, 211 Vitellariopsis, 211 Vitex, 571 Viticaceae, 571 Viticeae, 571 Viticipremna, 571 Viticoideae, 555, 571 Vitis, 315, 316 Viviania, 388 Vivianiaceae, 385, 388 Vlokia, 138 Voacanga, 521 Voanioala, 694, 695 Voatamalo, 287 Vochisiaceae, 327 Vochysia, 337, 343 Vochysiaceae, 338, 343 Vochysieae, 343 Vochysioideae, 343 Volkensinia, 142 Volkiella, 731 Volutaria, 502 Votomita, 339 Vouacapoua, 351 Voyria, 520 Voyrieae, 520 Voyriella, 511, 515, 520 Vriesea, 701 Vrueseeae, 700 Vulpia, 744 Vvedenskyella, 253 W Wachendorfi, 714, 715 Wachendorfiaceae, 716 Wahlenbergia, 488 Wahlenbergieae, 488 Wajira, 352 Walafrida, 565 Waldsteinia, 320 Wallacea, 187 Wallaceodendron, 351 Wallenia, 215 Walleria, 655, 656 Walleriaceae, 655, 656 Wallichia, 695 Walsura, 377 Walteranthus, 254 Waltheria, 269 869 Warburgia, 31, 519 Wardenia, 478 Warea, 252 Warneckea, 339 Warnockia, 573 Wasabia, 253 Washingtonia, 695 Waterhousea, 342 Watsonia, 658 Watsonieae, 658 Weberbauera, 253 Weberbauerella, 352 Weberocereus, 139 Websteria, 731 Weddellina, 312 Weddellinoideae, 312 Wedelia, 503 Weigela, 459, 462 Weinmania, 295 Weinmannia, 294 Welchiodendron, 342 Weldenia, 716 Welfi, 695 Wellingtoniaceae, 366 Wellstedia, 542 Wellstediaceae, 541 Wellstedioideae, 540, 542 Wenchengia, 572 Wenchengioideae, 572 Wendandiella, 695 Wendlandia, 520 Wendtia, 386, 388 Wenzelia, 376 Werauhia, 701 Wercklea, 270 Werdermannia, 253 Werneria, 503 Westia, 350 Westringia, 572 Westringieae, 572 Wetria, 288 Wettinia, 695 Wettsteiniola, 312 Whipplea, 446 Whiteheadia, 668 Whiteo, 342 Whiteodendron, 87 Whitesloanea, 522 Whitfieldia, 570 Whitfieldieae, 570 Whitfordiodendron, 352 Whitmorea, 469 Whittonia, 225, 227 Whyanbeelia, 287 Whytockia, 567 Wiborgia, 352 Widgrenia, 522 Wiedemannia, 573 Wielandia, 286 Wielandieae, 286 Wiesneria, 606 Wigandia, 539, 540, 541 870 Wightia, 550, 565 Wightieae, 565 Wikstroemia, 271 Wilbrandia, 235 Wilhelmsia, 141 Wilkiea, 50 Willardia, 352 Willdenowia, 739 Williamodendron, 51 Willisia, 313 Willughbeia, 521 Willughbeiaceae, 521 Wilsonia, 534 Wilsonieae, 534 Wimmerella, 489 Wimmeria, 412 Windsorina, 724 Winifredia, 739 Winklera, 253 Winklerella, 313 Winteraceae, 30, 31 Wintereae, 31 Wislizenia, 252 Wissadula, 270 Wisteria, 352 Withania, 533 Witheringia, 533 Witsenia, 657 Wittmackanthus, 519 Wittrockia, 701 Wittsteinia, 496 Wittsteinia, 496, 497 Wodyetia, 695 Woehleria, 142 Wolffia, 617 Wolffiella, 619 Wolffioideae, 619 Wolffiopsis, 619 Woodfordia, 341, 378 Woodia, 522 Woodiellantha, 42 Wooleya, 138 Woollsia, 193 Woonyoungia, 36 Woronowia, 320 Worsleya, 669 Woytkowskia, 521 Wrightia, 521 Wrightieae, 521 Wrixonia, 572 Wulfenia, 566 Wulfeniopsis, 566 Wulffia, 501 Wullughbeieae, 521 Wurdackanthus, 520 Wurmbea, 633 Wurmbeeae, 633 X Xantheranthemum, 570 Xanthiaceae, 502 Index Xanthium, 503 Xanthoceras, 364 Xanthocercis, 352 Xanthoceroideae, 364 Xanthomyrtus, 342 Xanthophyllaceae, 357 Xanthophylleae, 357 Xanthophyllum, 356, 357 Xanthophytum, 518 Xanthorhiza, 87 Xanthorhizeae, 87 Xanthorrhoeaceae, 662, 667, 670, 677 Xanthorroea, 667 Xanthosia, 479 Xanthosoma, 619 Xanthostemon, 342 Xanthostemoneae, 342 Xantolis, 212 Xenoscapa, 658 Xenostegia, 534 Xeranthemum, 502 Xeroaloysia, 571 Xerochlamys, 268 Xeroclada, 351 Xeroderris, 352 Xerodraba, 253 Xerolirion, 727, 728 Xeronema, 667 Xeronemataceae, 661, 667 Xerophyllaceae, 626 Xerophylleae, 626, 627 Xerophyllum, 626, 627 Xerophyta, 684, 686 Xeroplana, 564 Xerosicyos, 235 Xerospermum, 364 Xerospiraea, 319 Xerothamnella, 570 Xerotia, 141 Xerotieae, 141 Xestaea, 520 Ximenia, 416, 417, 421 Ximeniaceae, 421 Ximenieae, 421 Xiphidiaceae, 716 Xiphidium, 715, 716 Xiphotheca, 352 Xizangia, 566 Xolocotzia, 571 Xylanche, 566 Xylia, 351 Xylocalyx, 566 Xylocarpeae, 378 Xylocarpus, 378 Xylococcus, 192 Xylomelum, 72 Xylonagra, 342 Xylonymus, 411 Xyloolaena, 268 Xylophragma, 567 Xylopia, 40, 41, 42 Index Xylopieae, 42 Xylopodia, 447 Xylosma, 226 Xylotheca, 226 Xymalos, 47, 50 Xyridaceae, 719, 721, 723, 724, 725 Xyridales, 719, 729 Xyridoideae, 723 Xyris, 721, 723 Xysmalobium, 522 Y Yeatesia, 570 Yinshania, 253 Yoania, 649 Youngia, 503 Ypsilandra, 627 Yua, 316 Yucaratonia, 353 Yucca, 660, 663, 664, 668 Yuccaceae, 668 Yuccoideae, 668 Yunckeria, 215 Z Zabelia, 462 Zacateza, 522 Zahariadia, 668 Zaleya, 137 Zaluzianskya, 565, 587 Zamioculcadeae, 618 Zamioculcas, 615, 618 Zandra, 731 Zanha, 364 Zannichellia, 610, 612 Zannichelliaceae, 608, 610, 612 Zanona, 233 Zanonia, 235 Zanoniaceae, 235 Zanonieae, 235 Zantedeschia, 618 Zantedeschieae, 618 Zanthoxylaceae, 375 Zanthoxyleae, 375 Zanthoxylum, 368, 375 Zapoteca, 351 Zataria, 573 Zauschneria, 342 Zea, 746 Zeaceae, 742 Zehnderia, 313 Zehneria, 235 Zelkova, 279, 280 Zenia, 351, 353 Zenkerella, 350 Zenobia, 193 Zephira, 664 Zephyra, 657 Zephyranthaceae, 669 871 Zephyranthes, 664, 669 Zerdana, 253 Zeugandra, 488 Zeugites, 745 Zeuktophyllum, 138 Zeuxine, 649 Zeyhria, 566 Zeylanidium, 312 Zhumeria, 573 Zieria, 369, 375 Zigadenus, 626, 627 Zilla, 253 Zimmermannia, 286 Zimmermanniopsis, 287 Zingiber, 702, 705, 707 Zingiberaceae, 702, 703, 705, 707, 708 Zingiberales, 702, 706, 715 Zingiberanae, 700, 702, 707, 711 Zingibereae, 707 Zingiberoideae, 707 Zinnia, 503 Zinowiewia, 412 Zippelia, 56, 57, 59 Zizania, 743 Ziziphaceae, 432 Ziziphora, 573 Ziziphus, 432 Zoegea, 502 Zoelleria, 539, 540, 542 Zollernia, 352 Zollingeria, 364 Zombia, 695 Zombitsia, 235 Zomicarpa, 619 Zomicarpella, 619 Zonanthus, 520 Zornia, 352 Zosima, 479 Zostera, 612 Zosteraceae, 611, 612 Zosterella, 716 Zoysia, 745 Zuccagnia, 351 Zuckia, 143 Zuelania, 226 Zuvanda, 253 Zygia, 351 Zygocarpum, 352 Zygogynum, 30, 31 Zygopetalum, 649 Zygophyllaceae, 391, 392, 393, 395 Zygophyllales, 391 Zygophylleae, 394 Zygophylloideae, 394 Zygophyllum, 394 Zygoruellia, 570 Zygosicyos, 235 Zygostelma, 522 Zygostigma, 520 Zygotritonia, 658 .. .Flowering Plants “This page left intentionally blank.” Armen Takhtajan Flowering Plants Second Edition Armen Takhtajan Komarov Botanical Institute St... Phylogeny of the Flowering Plants (1966) and in his “Systema Magnoliophytorum” (1987), both in Russian, as well as in “Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants (1997), in English, Takhtajan. .. benefit from Armen Takhtajan s insights into the features of flowering plants and the ways in which the suites of characteristics they present can be viewed in an evolutionary context Takhtajan